TNIVrnsITY   OF  PENNSYLVANIA 


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BUDGETS  O^     AMILIES  AND  INDI 

VIDUALS  OF  Ki^:nsingto:\. 

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ESTTir;.   LOT  iSE  LITTLE,  A 


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WILLIAM  JO^EPii  HENRY  COTTON,  AM 


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UNIVERSITY  OF  PENNSYLVANIA 

BUDGETS  OF  FAMILIES  AND  INDI 

VIDUALS  OF  KENSINGTON, 

PHILADELPHIA 


BY 

ESTHER  LOUISE  LITTLE,  A.M. 

AND 

WILLIAM  JOSEPH  HENRY  COTTON,  A.M. 


A  THESIS 

Presented  to  the  Faculty  of  the  Graduate  School  in 

Partial  Fulfillment  of  the  Requirements  for  the 

Degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy 


•    •  •  •!  -     •. 


•  •-  •',1   ■> 


PRESS  OF 

THE  NEW  ERA  PRINTING  COMPANY 

LANCASTER,  PA. 

1920 


■'^^CMAWGE 


\ 

/ 


PREFACE. 

Miss  Little  and  Mr.  Cotton,  as  members  of  a  seminar  in  Economics 
(1913-1914)  under  my  direction,  were  encouraged  to  make  an  in- 
vestigation of  the  budgets  of  textile  workers  of  the  northeast  section 
of  Philadelphia.  At  the  end  of  the  year  a  dissertation,  of  which  the 
present  work  is  an  extended  study,  was  written  by  them  and  ac- 
cepted by  the  Faculty  of  the  Graduate  School  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  in  partial  fulfillment  of  the  requirements  for  the 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy. 

/ .  Simon  N.  Patten. 


^33180 


ui 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

INTRODUCTION 1-9 

Scope  and  Method  of  the  Study,  and  Trustworthiness  of  Data 1-9 

CHAPTER  I.    Budgets    of    Selected    Families    in    the    Northeast 

Section  of  Philadelphia 10-132 

Summary  of  Family  Budgets 10-24 

Family  Budgets  in  Detail 25-132 

CHAPTER  II.  Prevailing  Standards  of  Living  Among  Textile- 
Mill  Workers'  Families  in  the  Northeast  Section  of  Phila- 
delphia   133-166 

A  Suggested  Budget,  Fair  Standard,  for  a  Textile-Mill  Worker's  Family 

of  Five,  for  One  Year,  1913  or  1914 133-145 

Incomes  and  Their  Relation  to  Standard  of  Living 145-148 

Variation  in  Weekly  Earnings 148-150 

Wages  of  Nineteen  Representative  Men  Textile-Mill  Workers  in  the 
Northeast  Section  of  Philadelphia 150-166 

CHAPTER  III.     Budgets  of  Selected  Individuals  in  the  Northeast 

Section  of  Philadelphia 167-229 

Summary  of  Budgets  of  Individuals 167-178 

Budgets  in  Detail,  of  Individuals 178-229 

CHAPTER  IV.  Prevailing  Standards  of  Living  Among  Women 
Textile-Mill  Workers  in  the  Northeast  Section  of  Phila- 
delphia   230-261 

A  Suggested  Budget,  Fair  Standard,  for  a  Woman  Textile-Mill  Worker 
With  No  One  Dependent  Upon  Her  for  Support,  for  One  Year,  1913 

or  1914 230-238 

Incomes  and  Their  Relation  to  Standard  of  Living 238-240 

Variation  in  Weekly  Earnings 240,  241 

Wages  of  Twenty-seven  Representative  Women  Textile-Mill  Workers 
in  the  Northeast  Section  of  Philadelphia 242-261 

APPENDIX  A.  Table  Giving  Cost  of  Maintenance  for  a  Year  for 
Individuals  of  Various  Ages  for  Those  Things  that  Vary  with 
the  Size  of  the  Family — Fair  Standard,  Taken  from  61st  Con- 
gress, 2d  Session,  Senate  Document  No.  645,  Report  on  Condition 
of  Woman  and  Child  Wage-Earners  in  the  United  States,  Vol.  XVI: 
Family  Budgets  of  Typical  Cotton-Mill  Workers,  Page  243 262 

v 


VI  CONTENTS. 

APPENDIX  B.  Table  Giving  Average  Retail  Prices  of  the  Prin- 
cipal Articles  op  Food  for  the  City  of  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  for 
March  15,  1913,  March  15,  1914,  March  15,  1915,  March  15, 
<k  19l8,  March  15,  1917,  and  March  15,  1918,  Based  Upon  Retail 
Prices  of  the  Bureau  op  Labor  Statistics,  U.  S.  Department 
op  Labor 263 

APPENDIX  C.  Table  Giving  the  Amounts  in  a  Suggested  Budget, 
Fair  Standard,  for  a  Textile-Mill  Worker's  Family  of  Five, 
Revised  by  the  Use  of  Index  Numbers  to  Conform  to  the  Scale 
op  Prices  for  March,  1918,  and  March,  1919 264,  265 

APPENDIX  D.  Table  Giving  the  Amounts  in  a  Suggested  Budget, 
Fair  Standard,  for  a  Woman  with  No  One  DependenIt  Upon 
Her  for  Support,  Revised  by  the  Use  of  Index  Numbers  to 
Conform  to  the  Scale  op  Prices  for  March,  1918,  and  March, 
1919 265 


INTRODUCTION. 

SCOPE  OF  THE  STUDY. 

Purpose. — The  purpose  of  the  investigators  in  making  this  study 
has  been :  (1)  to  present  in  detail  the  budgets  of  a  number  of  repre- 
sentative textile-mill  workers  of  the  northeast  section  of  Philadel- 
phia, known  as  Kensington;  (2)  to  attempt  to  ascertain,  from  an 
analysis  of  the  data  obtained  in  the  investigation,  what  may  be 
considered  a  fair  standard  of  living  for  a  textile-mill  worker's  family 
of  Kensington,  and  what  may  be  considered  a  fair  standard  of  living 
for  an  unmarried  woman  textile-mill  worker  of  Kensington;  and  (3) 
to  discover,  in  so  far  as  the  data  obtained  might  justify  the  drawing 
of  any  general  conclusions,  what  likelihood  there  is  that  a  man 
employed  in  the  textile  industry  of  Kensington  can  earn  an  income 
sufficient  for  the  support  of  a  family  according  to  a  fair  standard 
of  living,  and  what  likelihood  there  is  that  a  woman  employed  in 
the  textile  industry  of  Kensington  can  earn  an  income  sufficient  to 
enable  her  to  support  herself  according  to  a  fair  standard  of  living. 

Number  of  Budgets  Presented. — Fifty-five  persons  were  asked  to 
keep  accounts  for  this  study,  and  agreed  to  do  so.  Of  these,  all 
but  thirty-four  either  failed  entirely  to  keep  accounts,  or  kept 
them  for  periods  too  brief  to  be  of  use.  Twenty-three  of  the 
thirty-four  accounts  that  were  kept,  were  those  of  fariiilies;  eight 
of  these  were  kept  for  an  entire  year.  The  other  eleven  accounts 
that  were  kept,  were  those  of  unmarried  persons  (nine  women  and 
two  men) ;  seven  women  and  one  man  each  furnished  data  covering 
a  year  or  more. 

Period  of  Investigation. — The  investigation  for  this  study  was 
begun  in  March,  1913,  and  most  of  the  budgets  cover  a  part  of  the 
year  1913,  and  a  part  of  the  year  1914;  a  few  extend  into  1915. 
Four  of  the  unmarried  women  who  kept  accounts  for  this  study 
(Individuals  No.  1,  No.  2,  No.  3,  and  No.  4),  and  one  of  the  families 
(Family  No.  19),  allowed  use  to  be  made  also  of  accounts  which 
they  had  kept  prior  to  the  period  of  the  investigation. 

Budgets  of  Families. — The  families  whose  budgets  are  presented 
in  this  monograph  (Chapter  I),  represent  the  important  types  to  be 
found  in  the  Kensington  mill  district,  with  the  exception  that  little 

1 


2  .\   1^  i  .  *  .RUJPG^TS   OF   FAMILIES   AND   INDIVIDUALS 

emphasis  is  put  upon  the  class  living  below  the  ''poverty  line." 
Owing  to  the  ignorance  and  the  intemperance  common  among 
members  of  the  families  of  this  lowest  class,  it  is  impossible  to  get 
accurate  accounts  from  them  for  any  length  of  time. 

Budgets  of  Individuals. — As  a  rule,  the  family  is  the  economic 
unit  among  the  mill  workers  of  Kensington;  the  father  and  the 
other  wage-earning  members  of  the  family  ordinarily  turn  all  of 
their  earnings  into  a  common  fund,  of  which  the  mother  has  charge, 
and  out  of  which  she  provides  for  the  needs  of  the  family.  Where 
a  child  does  not  turn  all  of  his  earnings  into  the  family  fund,  but 
pays  a  stated  sum  to  his  mother  each  week,  he  is  saici  to  ''pay 
board."  The  custom  of  "paying  board,"  however,  is  the  exception 
in  Kensington.  The  children  generally  give  over  all  of  their  earn- 
ings to  their  mother  until  they  are  grown  up,  or  even  longer, — 
unmarried  daughters  sometimes  giving  over  their  earnings  into  the 
family  fund  until  they  are  middle-aged  women. 

This  custom  of  pooling  the  family  earnings,  although  in  many 
cases  it  enables  the  child  to  enjoy  a  higher  standard  of  living  than 
would  be  possible  if  he  were  obliged  to  support  himself  entirely 
out  of  his  own  earnings,  has  the  disadvantage,  from  a  social  point 
of  view,  particularly  in  the  case  of  women,  of  obscuring  the  issue 
of  a  living  wage.  Where  a  daughter  gives  over  her  earnings  into 
the  family  fund,  her  budget  cannot  be  separated  from  the  family 
budget,  and  it  is  impossible  to  know  what  her  standard  of  living 
would  be,  if  she  were  obliged  to  support  herself  entirely  out  of  her 
own  earnings. 

The  great  majority  of  women  and  girls  who  are  employed  in  the 
textile  industry  of  Kensington,  are  members  of  textile-mill  workers' 
families  of  the  district,  and  live  at  home;  and  by  far  the  larger 
number  of  those  who  live  at  home  turn  over  their  entire  earnings 
to  their  mothers.  It  is,  therefore,  only  from  the  comparatively 
small  class  of  women  textile-mill  workers  of  Kensington  who  live 
independently,  boarding  with  strangers,  or  who,  if  they  live  at 
home,  follow  the  practice  of  "paying  board,"  that  it  is  possible  to 
obtain  complete  personal  budgets.  Eight  of  the  nine  women  whose 
accounts  are  presented  in  that  part  of  this  monograph  (Chapter  III) 
which  deals  with  the  budgets  of  individuals,  either  lived  independ- 
ently, or  else  "paid  board "  at  home.  The  ninth  woman  (Individual 
No.  8)  lived  at  home,  "paying  board"  for  a  part  of  the  period  of 
her  account;  for  the  remainder  of  the  period,  only  her  clothing 
expenditure  could  be  separated  from  the  family  expenditures. 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  3 

The  budgets  of  two  unmarried  young  men  are  given  among  the 
budgets  of  individuals,  in  order  that  the  standards  of  living  of 
these  two  men  with  no  dependents  may  be  compared  with  the 
standards  of  living  of  the  nine  women.  As  a  rule,  the  problem 
which  is  of  social  interest  in  connection  with  the  earning  power  of  a 
man,  is  not  whether  the  man  can  earn  an  income  sufficient  to 
enable  him  to  maintain  a  fair  standard  of  living  himself,  but  whether 
he  can  earn  enough  to  enable  him  to  support  a  family.  Except  for 
purposes  of  comparison,  therefore,  the  budgets  of  unmarried  young 
men  who  have  no  persons  dependent  upon  them  for  support,  have  less 
social  significance  than  have  the  budgets  of  self-supporting  women. 

■Supplementary  Wage  Data  Obtained  from  Pay  Rolls. — In  addition 
to  the  material  furnished  by  the  twenty-three  families  whose 
budgets  are  presented  in  Chapter  I,  and  to  that  furnished  by  the 
eleven  individuals  whose  budgets  are  presented  in  Chapter  III, 
data  with  regard  to  the  wages  of  nineteen  representative  men 
textile-mill  workers  and  twenty-seven  representative  women  textile- 
mill  workers,  for  the  year  1912-1913,  or  the  year  1913,  were  obtained 
by  the  investigators  from  the  pay  rolls  of  three  Kensington  mills, 
with  the  permission  of  the  mill  owners.  Tables  and  charts  based 
upon  the  data  obtained  from  these  pay  rolls,  are  presented  in 
Chapter  II  and  Chapter  IV.  The  tables  and  charts  in  Chapter  II, 
showing  the  earnings  of  nineteen  representative  men  textile-mill 
workers,  if  examined  in  connection  with  the  budgets  of  the  twenty- 
three  families  of  Chapter  I,  will  give  some  idea  as  to  the  standard 
of  living  that  can  be  maintained  by  the  family  of  a  man  employed 
in  any  one  of  the  lines  of  textile  work  represented  in  these  tables 
and  charts.  The  tables  and  charts  in  Chapter  IV,  showing  the 
earnings  of  twenty-seven  representative  women  textile-mill  workers, 
if  examined  in  connection  with  the  budgets  of  the  nine  unmarried 
women  of  Chapter  III,  will  give  some  idea  as  to  the  standard  of 
living  'that  can  be  maintained  by  a  self-supporting  woman  who  is 
employed  in  any  one  of  the  lines  of  textile  work  represented  in 
these  tables  and  charts. 

Fair  Standard  of  Living  for  Cotton-Mill  Workers^  Families  of  Fall 
River,  According  to  Report  of  United  States  Government. — The  authors 
of  the  United  States  government  report  of  1911,  entitled  "Family 
Budgets  of  Typical  Cotton-Mill  Workers,"  ^  attempted,  from  an 

1  61st  Congress,  2d  Session,  Senate  Document  No.  645,  Report  on  Condition  of 
Woman  and  Child  Wage-Earners  in  the  United  States,  Vol.  XVI:  Family  Budgets 
of  Typical  Cotton-Mill  Workers,  1911. 


4  BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 

analysis  of  the  budgets  of  a  number  of  representative  families  of 
cotton-mill  workers  in  the  South,  and  in  Fall  River,  Massachusetts, 
to  determine  what,  according  to  the  customs  prevailing  in  each  of 
thesfe  localities,  was  a  fair  standard  of  living.  The  amounts 
allowed  in  that  report  for  the  items  entering  into  what  its  authors 
determined  upon  as  a  fair  standard  of  living  for  a  Fall  River  family, 
are  frequently  referred  to  in  the  present  monograph,  for  the  purpose 
of  comparison.  It  should  be  borne  in  mind,  however,  in  using  these 
figures  for  comparison,  that  the  standard  of  the  government  report 
was  based  upon  an  investigation  made  in  1909,^  while  the  investi- 
gation for  the  present  study  was  not  begun  until  1913;  there  was, 
therefore,  some  change  in  prices  between  the  periods  of  the  two 
investigations. 

Fair  Standard  of  Living  for  Textile-Mill  Workers  of  Kensington, 
Based  upon  Present  Investigation. — In  Chapter  II,  the  investigators 
have  suggested  a  fair  standard  budget  for  a  textile-mill  worker's 
family  of  Kensington,  and  in  Chapter  IV  they  have  done  the 
same  for  an  unmarried  woman  textile-mill  worker  of  Kensington. 
These  suggested  budgets  are  based,  for  the  most  part,  upon  customs 
and  standards  prevailing  in  Kensington,  as  revealed  by  the  investi- 
gation for  the  present  study. 

METHOD  PURSUED  IN  THE  STUDY. 

Budgets  of  Families. — The  general  information  with  regard  to 
the  families  whose  budgets  are  presented  in  this  monograph,  was  ob- 
tained by  questioning  the  housewives,  and  by  personal  observation. 
Following  is  the  questionnaire  used : 

Questionnaire. 

Composition  of  Family. 

1.  Name. 

2.  Address. 

3.  Members.     Age.     Sex. 

4.  Years  in  Kensington. 

5.  Name  of  establishment  employing  member  of  family. 

6.  Occupation. 

7.  Age  at  marriage. 
Family  Income. 

8.  Work  outside  the  home. 

9.  Home  work. 

10.  Lodgers.    Boarders. 

\  61st  Congress,  2d  Session,  Senate  Document  No.  645,  Vol.  XVI,  op.  cit.,  p.  15. 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  5 

11.  Additional  income. 

12.  Remarks  explaining  particular  conditions  of  idleness. 
Housing. 

13.  Type  of  house. 

14.  Number  of  families  in  house. 

15.  Rent  or  taxes. 

16.  Number  of  rooms. 

17.  Bathing  and  toilet  facilities. 

18.  How  heated. 
Health. 

19.  General  physical  condition  of  members. 
Insurance. 

■    20.  Life,  industrial,  or  accident .     Member. 

21.  House. 

22.  Furniture. 
Dues.     Contributions. 

23.  Paid  for  whom.     Paid  to  labor  unions. 

24.  "  "  "  "  "  societies. 

25.  "  "  ''  "  "  church. 

26.  ''  "  "  "  ''  charity. 
Reading. 

27.  Newspapers  and  periodicals. 
SairinQS. 

28.  Amount.    How  invested. 
Debts. 

29.  Amount  and  character  of. 
General  Remarks. 

30.  Pocket  money,  etc. 

Each  housewife  was  then  given  a  blank  book  in  which  she  was 
asked  to  record  the  family  earnings  and  the  family  expenditures, 
putting  down  the  items  day  by  day,  just  as  they  occurred.  The 
investigators  kept  in  close  touch  with  the  housewives,  visiting 
them  frequently,  collecting  the  old  account  books,  leaving  new 
ones  in  place  of  the  old,  and  learning  as  much  as  possible  about 
the  economic  affairs  of  the  families. 

After  the  books  were  collected,  the  food  items  were  first  picked 
oi.t  and  tabulated  on  large  sheets,  according  to  the  following  scheme: 

Detailed   Analysis  of  Food   Expenditures 

1.  Meats:  2.  Dairy  Products: 
Fresh.  Milk. 

Cured.  Cream. 

Canned.  Butter. 

Fish.  Cheese. 

Poultry.  Oleomargarine,  etc. 


BUDGETS    OF    FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 


3. 

Eggs. 

7. 

Cereals: 

4. 

Staples  and  Other  Materials: 

Prepared  for  use. 

Sugar. 

Unprepared. 

,  Flour. 

8. 

Baked  goods  from  bakery: 

'  T,ard. 

Bread. 

Yeast. 

Cake. 

Baking  powder. 

Crackers. 

Molasses. 

Other  kinds. 

Vinegar. 

9. 

Beverages : 

Seasonings. 

Tea. 

Corn  meal. 

Coffee. 

Corn  starch. 

Cocoa. 

Rice. 

AlcohoUc.                    • 

Tapioca. 

Soft  drinks. 

Gelatine. 

Other  kinds. 

5. 

Vegetables : 

10. 

Miscellaneous: 

Potatoes. 

Sauce,  reUshes. 

Truck. 

Pickles. 

Canned. 

Sauer  kraut. 

Dried. 

Peanut  butter. 

6. 

Fruits: 

Ice  cream. 

Fresh. 

Candy. 

Dried. 

Ice. 

Preserved. 

Meals  away  from  home, 

The  food  summaries  and  the  other  items  of  expenditure,  as  well 
as  the  items  of  income,  were  then  tabulated  by  weeks,  by  means  of 
the  card  system,  according  to  the  following  outline : 


Outline  for  Family  Budgets. 


A.  General  Information. 

B.  Income. 

C.  Expenditures. 

I.  House: 

1.  Rent. 

2.  Interest  on  mortgage. 

3.  Taxes  and  water  rent. 

4.  Improvements  and  repairs. 

5.  Fuel  and  hght. 
Food: 

1. 
2. 
3. 

4.  Staples  and  other  materials. 

5.  Vegetables. 

6.  Fruits. 

7.  Cereals. 

8.  Baked  goods  from  bakeries. 


II. 


Meats. 

Dairy  products. 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  7 

9.  Beverages. 
10.  Miscellaneous. 

III.  Household  Expenses: 

1.  Furniture. 

2.  Furnishings.^ 

3.  General  supplies  .^ 

4.  Laundry. 

IV.  Personal: 

1.  Clothing. 

2.  Medical  attention. 

3.  Insurance.^ 

4.  Dues:  Lodge  and  union. 

5.  Education. 

6.  Reading  matter. 

7.  Church. 

8.  Charity. 

9.  Recreation. 

10.  Pocket  money. 

11.  Car  fare. 

12.  Gifts. 

13.  Other  items. 

V.  Savings  and  Investments. 
VI.  Debts. 

The  expenditure  tables  were  finally  reduced  to  the  form  in  which 
they  appear  in  this  monograph,  each  column  representing  a  period  of 
four  weeks,  the  four- week  period  beginning  with  the  date  indicated 
at  the  top  of  the  column.  The  income  tables  were  not  reduced,  the 
amounts  earned  appearing  in  the  monograph  on  a  weekly  or  a  bi- 
weekly basis,  according  to  the  frequency  of  the  wage-earner's  pay 
days,  the  first  day  of  each  fourth  week  being  indicated  in  the  date 
column. 

Since  the  textile-mill  workers  of  Kensington  are  always  paid 
at  weekly  or  bi-weekly  intervals,  a  year  is  taken,  in  the  presentation 
of  the  family  budgets,  and  elsewhere  throughout  this  monograph, 
to  consist  of  fifty-two  exact  weeks,  or  364  days. 

Budgets  of  Individuals. — The  method  pursued  in  gathering  the 
data  with  regard  to  the  nine  unmarried  women  and  the  two  un- 
married men    whose  budgets  are  presented  in  Chapter  III,    was 

1  Household  articles  that  do  not  need  frequent  replacement,  such  as  rugs, 
pictures,  curtains,  and  dishes. 

2  Household  and  toilet  articles  that  need  frequent  replacement,  such  as  brooms, 
kitchen  soap,  washing  powder,  matches,  starch,  bluing,  toilet  and  shaving  soap, 
tooth  powder  and  paste,  and  shoe  pohsh. 

^  Life,  industrial,  or  accident  insurance.  House  or  furniture  insurance  is 
entered  under  Household  Expenses. 


8  BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES  AND    INDIVIDUALS 

the  same  as  that  pursued  in  the  case  of  the  families,  with  such 
modifications  in  the  questionnaire  and  in  the  outline  of  tabulation 
as  the  circumstances  required.  The  budgets  of  these  unmarried 
wom'en  and  men  are  presented  in  practically  the  same  way  as  are 
the  budgets  of  the  families.  The  date  system  used  for  the  budgets 
of  the  unmarried  women  and  men,  is  identical  with  that  used  for 
the  budgets  of  the  families,  and  a  year,  as  in  the  case  of  the  budgets 
of  the  families,  and  elsewhere  throughout  this  monograph,  is  taken 
to  consist  of  fifty-two  exact  weeks,  or  364  days. 

TRUSTWORTHINESS  OF  DATA.  * 

The  budgets  as  presented  in  this  monograph,  are  based,  so  far  as 
possible,  upon  the  figures  actually  recorded  in  the  account  books. 
Wherever  it  has  been  necessary  for  the  investigators  to  make 
estimates,  in  order  to  fill  out  an  account  for  a  longer  period  than 
that  for  which  it  was  kept  by  the  person  who  furnished  the  data, 
the  estimated  account  is  separated,  in  the  tables,  from  the  actually 
recorded  account. 

As  to  the  accuracy  of  the  records,  it  should  be  remembered  that 
they  have  been  kept,  in  most  instances,  by  women  of  limited  edu- 
cation, who  are  wholly  unaccustomed  to  keeping  track  of  their 
expenditures.  The  housewives  of  Kensington,  moreover,  as  a  rule 
buy  in  small  quantities,  and  consequently  have  many  purchases  to 
record,  when  they  attempt  to  keep  expenditure  accounts;  it  is  there- 
fore to  be  expected  that  mistakes  should  sometimes  occur  in  such 
accounts.  The  women  and  the  men,  however,  who  have  furnished 
the  budgetary  data  for  this  study,  have  tried  to  keep  their  accounts 
conscientiously,  and  their  records  are  believed  by  the  investigators 
to  be  accurate  in  all  essential  points. 

It  should  here  be  added  that  both  of  the  investigators  were 
familiar  with  the  district  of  Kensington  before  they  undertook  this 
investigation,  and  that  their  personal  acquaintance  with  many 
families  of  the  district  enabled  them  to  obtain  the  budgetary  data  for 
this  study.  One  of  the  investigators,  as  a  worker  in  a  social  settle- 
ment in  Kensington,  had  known  the  families  of  many  of  the  mill 
workers  for  eight  years  before  this  investigation  was  begun.  The 
other  investigator  was  born  and  reared  in  a  textile-mill  worker's 
family  in  Kensington,  and  worked  for  seven  and  one-half  years 
in  the  carpet  industry  in  that  section ;  later,  he  was  for  three  years 
educational   director  in   the    Kensington   Young  Men's  Christian 


mi 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  9 

Association.  Most  of  the  accounts  for  this  study  were  kept  as  a 
favor  to  one  or  the  other  of  the  investigators,  and  it  is  owing  to 
their  personal  acquaintance  with  the  women  and  the  men  who  kept 
the  accounts,  that  the  investigators  feel  justified  in  asserting  that 
the  accounts  have  been  conscientiously  kept,  that  many  of  them 
are  accurate  to  a  high  degree,  and  that  almost  all  of  them  are  as 
accurate  as  the  persons  who  kept  them  were  able  to  make  them. 


10  BUDGETS    OF    FAMILIES    AND    INDIVIDUALS 


CHAPTER  I. 

BUDGETS   OF  SELECTED  FAMILIES  IN  THE   NORTHEAST  SECTION 
OF  PHILADELPHIA. 

SUMMARY  OF  FAMILY  BUDGETS. 

Explanation  of  Tables. 

In  the  present  section,  the  sources  of  income  and  the  chief 
expenditures  of  the  twenty-three  families  whose  budgets  are  pre- 
sented in  this  study,  are  brought  together  in  the  form  of  summary 
tables.  In  these  summary  tables,  the  several  families  are  numbered 
to  correspond  with  the  numbers  assigned  to  them  in  the  detailed 
presentation  of  the  budgets.  Persons  residing  with  a  family  either 
as  lodgers,  or  as  boarders  and  lodgers,  are  included  in  the  summary 
table  for  housing  conditions.  Persons  residing  with  a  family  either 
as  boarders,  or  as  boarders  and  lodgers,  are  included  in  the  summary 
table  for  food.  Boarders  and  lodgers  are  excluded  from  all  other 
summary  tables.  Where  wage-earning  children  in  a  family  do  not 
turn  all  their  earnings  into  the  family  fund,  but  ''pay  board," 
they  have  been  treated  in  the  same  way  as  boarders  and  lodgers 
who  are  not  members  of  the  family, — being  included  only  in  the 
summary  tables  for  housing  conditions  and  food.^ 

SOURCES  OF  FAMILY  INCOME. 

Five  of  the  twenty-three  families  of  this  study  were  each  entirely 
dependent  upon  one  wage-earner:  Family  No.  16,  consisting  of 
father,  mother,  and  three  children,  was  supported  by  the  father; 
Family  No.  19,  consisting  of  father,  mother,  and  one  child,  was 
supported  by  the  father;  Family  No.  23,  consisting  of  father  and 
six  children,  was  supported  by  the  father;  Family  No.  2,  consisting 
of  husband  and  wife,  was  supported  by  the  husband;  Family  No. 
13,  consisting  of  husband  and  wife,  was  supported  by  the  husband. 
Two  other  families, — No.  1,  consisting  of  father,  mother,  and  two 
children,  and  No.  5,  consisting  of  father,  mother,  and  two  children, — 
were  each  supported  almost  entirely  by  the  father. 

^  The  plan  adopted  in  these  summaries  is  modeled  after  that  of  the  govern- 
ment report:  61st  Congress,  2d  Session,  Senate  Document  No.  645,  Vol.  XVI, 
op.  dt.,  pp.  20-36;  176-187. 


OF  KENSINGTON,  PHILADELPHIA.  11 

The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  families  with  the  speci- 
fied number  of  wage-earners,  and  the  number  of  families  with 
boarders,  or  lodgers,  or  both: 

TABLE   1. 

Number  of  Families  -v^ith  Income  from  Each  Specified  Number  of  Wage-Earners. 

Sources  of  Income.  Number  of  Families. 

1  wage-earner 5 

1  wage-earner  and  boarders  or  lodgers  or  both 7 

2  wage-earners 2 

■    2  wage-earners  and  boarders  or  lodgers  or  both 2 

3  wage-earners 3 

3  wage-earners  and  boarders  or  lodgers  or  both 3 

4  wage-earners  and  boarders  or  lodgers  or  both 1 

Total 23 

HOUSING  CONDITIONS  AND  RENT. 

Philadelphia  has  justly  been  called  'Hhe  city  of  homes."  This 
term  applies  to  the  northeast  district,  or  Kensington,  as  well  as 
to  any  other  section  of  the  city.  Great  numbers  of  seven-room 
houses,  two  stories  high,  with  modern  conveniences,  have  been  built 
for  occupancy  by  the  textile-mill  workers'  families.  Besides  these, 
there  are  many  houses,  two  and  three  stories  high,  with  the  number 
of  rooms  varying  from  four  to  ten.  Seldom  or  never  are  any  of 
these  houses  owned  by  mill  companies.  Many  of  the  textile-mill 
workers  are  members  of  building  and  loan  associations,  and  through 
these  they  are  buying  their  own  homes.  Seven  of  the  twenty-three 
families  of  this  study  were  buying  their  homes. 

Certain  conditions  were  common  to  the  homes  of  all  or  most  of 
the  families  studied.  Each  family  lived  in  a  separate  house  (an 
apartment,  in  one  instance),  which  it  owned,  or  rented  from  an 
individual  owner, — not  from  an  employing  corporation.  Each 
house  had  a  back  yard,  and  was  supplied  with  city  water.  All 
but  one  were  supplied  with  gas.     All  but  two  had  bath  tubs. 

The  following  table  gives  the  total  number  of  rooms  occupied 
by  each  of  the  twenty-three  families,  and  the  number  used  for 
sleeping  rooms;  it  also  shows  which  families  had  bath  tubs  in  their 
homes.  A  study  of  the  table  will  show  the  degree  of  crowding, 
and  the  accommodations  in  the  way  of  different  sleeping  rooms  for 
those  of  different  sex,  twelve  years  of  age  and  over.  The  table 
also  gives  the  amount  per  month  and  the  amount  per  year  spent 
for  rent  by  each  of  the  families,  and  the  per  cent,  of  the  total 
2 


12 


BUDGETS    OF    FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 


expenditures  which  the  yearly  rent  amounted  to.  The  highest  per 
cent,  of  total  expenditures  spent  for  shelter  by  any  of  the  families 
whose  budgets  cover  a  year,  was  27.21;  the  lowest,  5.38.  The 
ave/age  per  cent,  spent  for  shelter  by  the  families  whose  budgets 
cover  a  year,  was  15.94;  the  median,  16.98. 


TABLE   2. 

Housing  Conditions  of  23  Kensington  Families,  for  One  Year,  1913-1914. 


Number  of 

Composition  and  Size  of 

Rent. 

Number 

of 
Rooms, 
Includ- 

B^th- 

Rooms  Used  for 

Family 

Family 
Num- 

Sleep- 
ing. 

Bath. 

Males. 

Females. 

Per 
Month. 

• 
Total  per 
Year.i 

Per  Cent. 

ber. 

12  Yrs. 
and 

Under 

12  Yrs. 
and 
Over. 

Under 

of  Total 
Expendi- 

rooms. 

Over. 

12  Yrs. 

12  Yrs. 

tures. 

1 

5 

2 

1 

1 

1 

22 

1 

$11.00 

$132.00 

22.04 

2 

7 

1 

1 

0 

1 

0 

12.00 

144.00 

19.59 

3 

5 

2 

1 

2 

1 

0 

own 

81.27 

13.48 

4 

7 

3 

33 

0 

2 

0 

own 

245.27 

13.50 

5 

7 

2 

1 

2 

1 

0 

17.00 

204.00 

24.93 

6 

7 

3 

3 

0 

1 

1 

15.00 

180.00 

12.90 

7« 

7 

3 

0 

0 

36 

0 

own 

57.34 

16.67 

8« 

81 

3 

17 

28 

1» 

2 

0 

13.00 

130.00 

26.16 

9 

7 

3 

310 

1 

2 

0 

own 

269.04 

22.84 

10 

7 

3 

1 

3 

1 

311 

1 

14.00 

168.00 

7.98 

10« 

7 

3 

^ 

-3 

1 

2 

1 

14.00 

112.00 

9.89 

11 

618 

3 

113 

2 

0 

3 

0 

14.00 

168.00 

9.48 

12 

9 

5 

5" 

0 

3 

0 

own 

91.50 

5.38 

13 

5 

1 

1 

0 

1 

0 

12.00 

144.00 

27.21 

14 

7 

3 

1« 

0 

4 

0 

13.00 

156.00 

12.08 

15i« 

7 

3 

1 

0 

3" 

0 

14.00 

28.00 

16.16 

16 

7 

3 

2 

1 

1 

1 

own 

105.00 

8.31 

17 

7 

3 

318 

119 

1 

0 

own 

235.80 

19.80 

18» 

5 

2 

0 

0 

4 

0 

14.00 

42.00 

18.69 

19 

7 

2 

1 

1 

1 

0 

16.00 

192.00 

17.11 

20a 

513 

3 

lis 

2 

1 

222 

c 

12.00 

30.00 

16.84 

2123 

4 

2 

0 

1 

3 

2 

0 

8.00 

8.00 

17.78 

22 

413 

2 

113 

22* 

1 

1 

2 

8.00 

96.00 

17.29 

23 

4 

2 

0 

1 

2 

2 

2 

11.00 

132.00 

16.98 

1  If  the  family  owned  the  house,  the  amount 
in  this  column  is  the  expenditure  for  taxes, 
water  rent,  repairs,  etc.;  if  the  family  rented 
the  house,  the  amount  is  the  expenditure  for 
rent,  during  the  period  of  the  account. 

2  Including  a  young  woman  boarder  and 
lodger  of  7  weeks. 

3  Including  a  son  who  pays  board. 

•  Account  kept  for  33  weeks. 

s  Including  a  daughter  who  pays  board. 

•  Account  kept  for  37  weeks. 

1 1ncluding  outside  shed  which  contains  a 
bath  tub. 

"i  Including  a  son  who  pays  board  and  a 
young  man  boarder  and  lodger. 

•  Including  a  child  boarder  and  lodger  of  11 
weeks. 

10  Including  first  son  who  paid  board  for  5 
months  and  second  son  who  paid  board  through- 
out the  year. 


11  Including  a  young  woman  boarder  and 
lodger  of  50  weeks. 

12  Account  kept  for  31  weeks  of  the  following 
year. 

13  Bath  tub  in  one  of  the  sleeping  rooms. 
1*  Including  2  sons  who  pay  board. 

16  Including  a  son  who  pays  board. 
i«  Account  kept  for  9  weeks. 
1^  Including  2  young  women  boarders  and 
lodgers. 

18  Including  2  men  boarders  and  lodgers. 
i»  Including  a  baby  boarder  and  lodger. 

20  Account  kept  for  11  weeks. 

21  Account  kept  for  8  weeks.  Description 
of  house  and  composition  of  family  are  given 
in  this  table  for  the  first  four  weeks. 

22  Including  a  woman  boarder  and  lodger  for 
the  first  4  weeks. 

23  Account  kept  for  4  weeks. 

2<  Including  a  man  boarder  and  lodger. 


FUEL  AND  LIGHT. 


The  houses  of  seventeen  of  the  twenty-three  families  were  heated 
by  hot  air  furnaces.     In  the  case  of  two  of  the  other  six,  one  fire 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


13 


in  each,  served  to  heat  all  the  rooms;  this  was  the  fire  in  the  kitchen 
range,  in  one  instance,  and  the  fire  in  a  heating  stove,  in  the  other. 
All  but  two  of  the  houses  were  supplied  with  coal  ranges  for  cooking, 
and  all  but  three,  with  gas  for  cooking.  The  coal  used  was  anthra- 
cite, and  this  cost  from  $5  to  $7.50  per  ton  of  2,240  pounds.  A 
little  kindling  was  purchased  for  starting  the  fires.  All  but  one 
of  the  houses  were  lighted  with  gas.  Since  gas  was  used  in  most 
instances  for  both  cooking  and  lighting  purposes,  and  since  one 
rneter  registered  the  total  amount  of  gas  consumed,  the  cost  of 
fuel  and  the  cost  of  light  could  not  be  separated. 

The  following  table  shows  the  manner  of  heating  and  lighting 
the  houses,  and  the  manner  of  cooking,  together  with  the  amount 
spent  for  fuel  and  light,  and  the  per  cent,  which  this  was  of  the  total 
expenditures.  The  highest  per  cent,  of  total  expenditures  spent  for 
fuel  and  light  by  any  of  the  families  whose  budgets  cover  a  year, 
was  8.63;  the  lowest,  1.97.  The  average  per  cent,  spent  for  fuel 
and  light  by  the  families  whose  budgets  cover  a  year,  was  5.28;  the 
median,  5.04. 

TABLE   3. 

Expenditure  for  Fuel  and  Light  of  23  Kensinqton  Families,  for  One  Year,  1913-1914. 


Num- 
ber of 

Ex- 

Per 

Family 

Rooms, 

pendi- 

Cent. 

Num- 
ber. 

In- 
cluding 
Bath- 

Manner of  Heating  and  Cooking. 

Kind  of 
Light. 

tiu-e  for 
Fuel 
and 

of  Total 

Ex- 
pendi- 

rooms. 

Light. 

tures. 

1 

5 

Coal  range,   gas  range,  heating  stove,* and  gas 

radiator. 
Furnace,  coal  range,  and  gas  range. 
Coal  range,  hot-plate,  heating  stove,  and  two  hot 

Gas. 

$31.02 

5.18 

2 

7 

51.92 

7.06 

3 

5 

37.87 

6.28 

water  radiators. 

4 

7 

Furnace,  coal  range,  and  gas  range. 

67.86 

3.74 

5 

7 

Furnace,  coal  range,  and  hot-plate. 

70.60 

8.63 

6 

7 

Furnace,  coal  range,  and  gas  range. 

55.00 

3.94 

71 

7 

Furnace,  coal  range,  and  gas  range. 

42.56 

12.38 

82 

83 

Coal  range  and  two  heating  stoves. 

" 

29.72 

5.98 

9 

7 

l^urnace,  coal  range,  and  gas  range. 

66.50 

5.65 

10 

7 

Furnace,  coal  range,  and  gas  range. 

45.60 

2.16 

10* 

7 

Furnace,  coal  range,  and  gas  range. 

14.00 

1.24 

11 

6 

Furnace  and  coal  range. 

Kerosene 
lamps. 

34.92 

1.97 

12 

9 

Furnace  and  coal  range. 

Gas. 

106.00 

6.23 

13 

5 

Furnace,  coal  range,  and  gas  range. 

45.00 

8.50 

14 

7 

Furnace,  coal  range,  and  gas  range. 

58.50 

4.53 

156 

7 

Furnace,  coal  range,  and  gas  range. 

1.50 

.87 

16 

7 

Furnace,  coal  range,  and  gas  range. 

54.50 

4.31 

17 

7 

Furnace,  coal  range,  and  gas  range. 

60.00 

5.04 

18« 

5 

Furnace,  coal  range,  and  gas  range. 

3.65 

1.62 

19 

7 

Furnace,  coal  range,  and  gas  range. 

88.00 

7.84 

207 

5 

Furnace,  coal  range,  and  gas  range. 

9.10 

5.11 

21» 

4 

Two  heating  stoves  and  a  hot-plate. 

•• 

1.00 

2.22 

22 

4 

Heating  stove  and  a  hot-plate. 

27.00 

4.86 

23 

4 

Coal  range  and  a  hot-plate. 

30.00 

3.86 

1  Account  kept  for  33  weeks. 

2  Account  kept  for  37  weeks. 

'  Including  outside  'shed  which  contains  a 
bath  tub. 

*  Account  kept  for  31  weeks  of  the  following 


year. 

*  Account  kept  for  9  weeks. 

*  Account  kept  for  11  weeks. 
'  Account  kept  for  8  weeks. 

'  Account  kept  for  4  weeks. 


14  BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND   INDIVIDUALS 


FOOD. 

The  menus  which  are  given  in  the  detailed  presentation  of  the 
family  budgets,  show  the  kind  of  food  eaten  by  the  Kensington  mill- 
wqrkers'  families. 

For  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  comparative  cost  of  food  for 
the  different  families, — since  the  quantity  of  food  needed  varies 
with  the  age  and  the  sex  of  the  individual, — the  families  were  re- 
duced to  a  common  basis  by  means  of  the  table  of  values  adopted 
by  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  for  its  dietary 
studies.  This  table  of  values,  in  which  a  man  in  full  vigor  at 
moderate  work  is  taken  as  the  unit,  is  as  follows :  ^  • 

Man,  period  of  full  vigor:  Boy: 

At  moderate  work 1.0  15  to  16  years  old 0.9 

At  hard  work 1.2  13  to  14  years  old 8 

Sedentary  occupation 8  12  years  old 7 

Woman,  period  of  full  vigor:  10  to  11  years  old 6 

At  moderate  work 8  Girl: 

At  hard  work 1.0  15  to  16  years  old 8 

Sedentary  occupation 7  13  to  14  years  old 7 

Man  or  woman :  10  to  12  years  old 6 

Old  age 9  Child: 

Extreme  old  age 7  to  .8  6  to  9  years  old 5 

2  to  5  years  old 4 

Child  under  2  years 3 

Work  in  the  textile  mills  is  considered  to  be  moderate  muscular 
work.  A  housewife  is  also  considered  as  employed  at  moderate 
muscular  work. 

The  following  table  shows  the  amount  spent  per  week  per  man 
unit  for  food  by  each  of  the  twenty-three  families  of  this  study; 
also  the  total  amount  spent  for  food  by  each  family,  and  the  per 
cent,  which  this  was  of  the  total  expenditures.  The  largest  amount 
spent  per  week  per  man  unit,  was  $3.85;  the  smallest,  $1.41;  the 
average,  $2.16;  the  median,  $2.11.  The  highest  per  cent,  of  total 
expenditures  spent  for  food  by  any  of  the  families  whose  budgets 
cover  a  year,  was  60.88;  the  lowest,  22.68.  The  average  per  cent, 
spent  for  food  by  those  families  whose  budgets  cover  a  year,  was 
38.42;  the  median,  38.72. 

Reference  to  page  137  shows  that  the  cost  of  the  articles  in  the 
dietary  plan  recommended  by  the  Department  of  Health  of  the 

1  Yearbook  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  1907,  p.  365. 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


15 


City  of  New  York  in  May,  1916,^  and  adopted  in  the  present 
study  as  a  fair  allowance  for  food  for  a  Kensington  mill  worker's 
family  at  the  time  of  this  study,  was  $2.22  per  week  per  man  unit. 
The  following  table  shows  that  only  eight  of  the  twenty-three 
families  of  this  study  spent  per  family  as  much  as  $2.22  per  week 
per  man  unit,  for  food.  Two  other  families  each  spent  within  one 
cent  of  this  amount. 

TABLE  4. 

Expenditure  for  Food  of  23  Kensington  Families,  for  One  Year,  1913-1914. 


Size  of  Family. 

Food. 

Fam- 

Size of  Family. 

Food. 

Fam- 

Per 

V  Ui  jA 

Per 

ily 

Cent. 

^§.•3 

ily 

Cent. 

Num- 

Mem- 

Man 

of  Total 

m 

Num- 

Mem- 

Man 

of  Total 

ber. 

bers. 

Units. 

a 
< 

Ex- 

ber. 

bers. 

Units. 

g 

Ex- 

§S§ 

pendi- 
tures. 

iM 

<J 

pendi- 
tiues. 

B^i 

1 

51 

2.6 

$241.75    40.36 

$1.79 

12 

811 

7.3 

$700.00 

41.14 

$1.84 

2 

2 

1.8 

202.79 

27.59 

2.17 

13 

2 

0.912 

120.00 

22.68 

2.56 

3 

4 

2.9 

292.79 

48.58 

1.94 

14 

513 

4.2 

500.00 

38.72 

2.29 

4 

52 

4.6 

585.35 

32.23 

2.45 

151* 

415 

3.4 

62.40 

36.01 

2.04 

5 

53 

2.3 

283.34 

34.62 

2.37 

16 

5 

3.7 

475.00 

37.59 

2.47 

6 

5 

4.2 

425.00 

30.46 

1.95 

17 

516 

4.1 

546.00 

45.86 

2.56 

7« 

36 

2.4 

160.07 

46.55 

2.02 

18" 

4 

3.2 

75.84 

33.74 

2.15 

86 

5^ 

3.7 

192.50 

38.74 

1.41 

19 

3 

2.4 

480.00 

42.78 

3.85 

9 

68 

4.3 

495.00 

42.02 

2.21 

2018 

619 

4.6 

73.53 

41.28 

2.00 

10 

8» 

6.5 

696.19 

33.05 

2.06 

2120 

6 

4.0 

27.20 

60.46 

1.70 

1010 

7 

5.7 

391.00 

34.54 

2.21 

22 

621 

4.0 

338.00 

60.88 

1.63 

.  11 

5 

4.2 

610.78 

34.47 

2.80 

23 

7 

4.1 

312.00 

40.14 

1.46 

1  Including  a  young  woman  boarder  and 
lodger  of  7  weeks. 

-  Including  a  son  who  pays  board. 

3  Including  a  man  boarder  of  15  weeks. 

*  Account  kept  for  33  weeks. 

5  Including  a  daughter  who  pays  board. 

«  Account  kept  for  37  weeks. 

^  Including  a  son  who  pays  boaid,  a  young 
man  boarder  and  lodger,  and  a  child  boarder 
and  lodger  of  11  weeks. 

8  Including  first  son  who  paid  board  for  5 
months,  and  second  son  who  paid  board 
throughout  the  year. 

9  Including  a  young  woman  boarder  and 
lodger  of  50  weeks. 

"•Account  kept  for  31  weeks  of  the  following 
year. 


11  Including  2  sons  who  pay  board. 

12  Husband  takes  meals  at  home  on  Sundays 
only. 

13  Including  a  son  who  pays  board. 
"  Account  kept  for  9  weeks 

15  Including  2  young  women  boarders  and 
lodgers. 

i«  Including  2  men  boarders  and  lodgers, 
and  a  baby  boarder  and  lodger. 

17  Accoimt  kept  for  11  weeks. 

18  Account  kept  for  8  weeks. 

i»  Including  a  woman  boarder  and  lodger  for 
the  first  4  weeks,  and  2  men  boarders  and 
lodgers  for  the  second  4  weeks. 

20  Account  kept  for  4  weeks. 

21  Including  a  man  boarder  and  lodger. 


CLOTHING 

An  idea  of  the  kind  of  clothing  worn  by  members  of  the  Kensing- 
ton textile-mill  workers'  families,  may  be  had  by  consulting  the 
tables  of  articles  of  clothing  bought  and  prices  paid  for  the  same, 
which  appear  in  the  sections  dealing  in  detail  with  the  budgets  of 
families  and  the  budgets  of  individuals. 


1  Department  of  Health,  City  of  New  York,  Press  Bulletin  No.  444,  May  5, 
1916. 


16 


BUDGETS    OF   FAMILIES    AND    INDIVIDUALS 


TABLE   5. 

Expenditure  fob  Clothing  of  23  Kensington  Families,  for  One  Year,  1913-1914. 


Amount  Spent  for  Clothing. 

Family 

Other  Males. 

Nilrn- 

Father. 

Mother. 

ber. 

17  Years 

15  and  16 

13  and  14 

10  and  11 

6-9 

2-5 

and  Over. 

Years. 

Years. 

Years. 

Years. 

Years. 

1 

$29.56 

$16.27 

$9..59 

2 

23.50 

26.62 

3 

19.98 

10.86 

$9.06 

$8.45 

4 

80.28 

136.47 

$52.75 

5 

29.75 

8.36 

18.82 

6 

39.30 

43.86 

62.89 

$33.07 

7» 

8« 

2.35 

9 

38.00 

48.98 

23.90 

10 

30.00 

90.00 

155.00S 

50.00 

• 

10* 

19.07 

24.29 

48.36» 

17.63 

11 

91.216 

172.43* 

12 

20.00 

30.00 

85.00» 

$70.00 

13 

26.43 

45.85 

14 

80.65 

16» 

21.02 

16 

52.50 

50.00 

30.00 

15.00 

17 

40.00 

35.00 

188 

19 

20» 

29.04 

3.00 

4.75 

5.50 

2110 

22 

10.53 

15.10 

23 

Table  S. — Continued. 

Expenditure  for  Clothing  op  23  Kensington  Families,  for  One  Year, 

1913-1914.— C<whn«cd. 


Family 

Other  Females. 

Children 
Under  2 

Total 

Per  Cent. 

of  Total 

Num- 

17 Years 

15  and  16 

12 

10  and  11 

6-9 

Amount. 

Expendi- 

ber. 

and  Over. 

Years. 

Years. 

Years. 

Years. 

tures. 

1 

$7.69 

$63.11 

10.54 

2 

50.12 

6.82 

3 

48.35 

8.02 

4 

$107.19 

376.69 

20.74 

5 

6.33 

63.26 

7.73 

6 

$62.22 

241.34 

17.30 

7» 

$20.76" 

20.76 

6.04 

82 

19.48 

21.83 

4.39 

9 

$28.13 

139.01 

11.80 

10 

150.00 

$40.00 

515.00 

24.45 

10* 

45.61 

27.79 

185.12 

16.35 

11 

263.64 

14.88 

12 

62.003 

267.00 

15.69 

13 

72.28 

13.66 

14 

229.623 

71.54 

381.81 

29.57 

15^ 

21.02 

12.13 

16 

35.00 

182.50 

14.44 

17 

75.00 

6.30 

188 

11.53 

5.13 

19 

130.00 

11.59 

20» 

42.29 

23.74 

2110 

3.22 

7.16 

22 

10.77»2 

36.40 

6.56 

23 

145.00 

18.65 

1  Account  kept  for  33  weeks. 

2  Account  kept  for  37  weeks. 

3  Clothing  for  two. 

♦  Account  kept  for  31  weeks  of  the  following 
year. 

*  Clothing  for  father  and  son. 

•  Clothing  for  mother  and  2  daughters. 


^  Account  kept  for  9  weeks. 
8  Account  kept  for  11  weeks. 
»  Account  kept  for  8  weeks. 

10  Account  kept  for  4  weeks. 

11  Clothing  for  mother  and  daughter. 

«  Clothing  for  3  children,  6  years,  2  years, 
and  2  months  old,  respectively. 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  17 

The  opposite  table  shows  the  amount  spent  for  clothing  for  the 
different  members  of  the  families  studied,  together  with  the  total 
amount  spent  for  clothing  by  each  family,  and  the  per  cent,  which 
this  amount  was  of  the  total  expenditures.  Each  entry  under 
specified  ages  is  for  one  individual,  unless  otherwise  indicated. 
The  largest  amount  spent  in  one  year  for  clothing  by  any  father 
in  the  families  studied,  was  $80.28;  the  smallest  amount,  $10.53. 
The  largest  amount  spent  in  one  year  for  clothing  by  any  mother, 
was  $136.47;  the  smallest  amount,  $8.36.  The  highest  per  cent, 
of  total  expenditures  spent  for  clothing  by  any  of  the  families  whose 
budgets  cover  a  year,  was  29.57;  the  lowest,  6.30.  The  average 
per  cent,  spent  for  clothing  by  those  families  whose  budgets  cover  a 
year,  was  14.04;  the  median,  13.66. 

MEDICAL  ATTENTION,  INSURANCE,  AND   LODGE  AND 
UNION   DUES. 

The  number  of  families  studied  was  so  small  that  no  generaliza- 
tions could  be  made  as  to  the  health  of  the  Philadelphia  textile- 
mill  workers.  When  a  physician  was  needed,  in  every  case  a 
private  one  was  called,  and  his  prescription  was  filled  at  a  drug 
store.  In  no  case  was  a  public  dispensary  made  use  of.  Each 
of  the  families  studied  made  some  expenditure  under  the  heading 
Medical  Attention,  which  here  includes  medicine,  as  well  as  services 
of  phj^sician,  dentist,  or  oculist.  The  highest  per  cent,  of  total 
expenditures  spent  for  medical  attention  by  any  of  the  families 
whose  budgets  cover  a  year,  was  9.52;  the  lowest,  0.08.  The 
average  per  cent,  spent  for  medical  attention  by  those  families 
whose  budgets  cover  a  year,  was  2.17;  the  median,  0.90. 

The  families  of  this  study  in  almost  every  case  purchased  in- 
dustrial insurance, — usually  ten  cents  per  week  for  each  adult, 
and  five  cents  per  week  for  each  child.  It  is  not  usual  for  any 
members  of  the  Kensington  mill  workers'  families  to  carry  more 
insurance  than  is  necessary  to  meet  decent  burial  expenses.  The 
highest  per  cent,  of  total  expenditures  spent  for  insurance  by  any 
of  the  families  whose  budgets  cover  a  year,  was  8.47;  the  lowest, 
zero.  The  average  per  cent,  spent  for  insurance  by  those  families 
whose  budgets  cover  a  year,  was  3.36;  the  median,  2.95. 

Lodge  dues  are  primarily  a  provision  against  illness.  After 
the  lodge  member  has  been  ill  for  a  certain  length  of  time, — ^usually 
two  weeks, — ^he  receives  weekly  sick  benefits  during  the  remainder 
of  his  illness,  provided  his  illness  does  not  extend  beyond  a  certain 


18 


BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES  AND   INDIVIDUALS 


maximum  period,  the  length  of  which  is  usually  thirteen  weeks. 
There  is  often  also  a  death  benefit,  the  amount  of  which  is  fixed 
according  to  the  nature  of  the  lodge  and  to  the  weekly  dues  paid 
by  the  member.  Union  dues  are  primarily  a  provision  for  strike 
benefits  or  for  victimized  benefits.  Usually  a  member  is  not  entitled 
to  strike  benefits  for  the  first  two  weeks  while  on  an  authorized  strike. 
If  he  is  unemployed  after  the  first  two  weeks,  during  the  con- 
tinuance of  an  authorized  strike,  he  receives  a  weekly  income. 
There  are  often  relief  and  death  benefits  connected  with  labor 
unions,  the  amounts  of  which  are  fixed  according  to  the  monthly 
dues  paid  by  the  member.  Ten  of  the  twenty-three  families  of 
this  study  each  spent  more  than  fifty  cents  per  week  for  lodge 
and  union  dues.  Two  of  these  (Nos.  10  and  11)  each  spent  more 
than  $1  per  week.  The  highest  per  cent,  of  total  expenditures 
spent  for  lodge  and  union  dues  by  any  of  the  families  whose  budgets 
cover  a  year,  was  6.49;  the  lowest,  zero.  The  average  per  cent, 
spent  for  lodge  and  union  dues  by  those  families  whose  budgets 
cover  a  year,  was  2.51 ;  the  median,  2.55. 


TABLE  6. 

Expenditures  for  Medical  Attention,  Insurance,  and  Lodge  and  Union  Dues,  of    23 
Kensington  Families,  for  One  Year,  1913-1914. 


Mem- 
bers. 1 

Medical  Attention. 

Insurance. 

Lodge  and  Union 
Dues. 

Family 
Number. 

Per  Cent. 

Amount 

Per  Cent. 

Per  Cent. 

of  Total 

per  Mem- 

of Total 

of  Total 

Amount. 

Expendi- 
tures. 

ber  of 
Family. 

Amount. 

Expendi- 
tures. 

Amount. 

Expendi- 
tures. 

1 

4 

$  24.60 

4.11 

$  6.15 

$  10.00 

1.67 

2 

2 

70.00 

9.52 

35.00 

$33.80 

4.60 

3 

4 

8.50 

1.41 

2.12 

39.50 

6.55 

.35 

.06 

4 

4 

4.05 

.22 

1.01 

33.80 

1.86 

7.78 

.43 

5 

4 

36.70 

4.48 

9.18 

29.85 

3.65 

45.98 

5.62 

6 

5 

5.00 

.36 

1.00 

47.78 

3.42 

20.92 

1.50 

7» 

2 

11.25 

3.27 

5.62 

20.00 

5.82 



8» 

2 

12.03 

2.42 

6.01 

16.83 

3.39 

13.05 

2.63 

9 

4 

11.50 

.98 

2.88 

12.00 

1.02 

33.70 

2.86 

10 

7 

38.25 

1.82 

5.46 

55.70 

2.64 

92.62 

4.40 

10* 

7 

22.85 

2.02 

3.26 

23.90 

2.11 

39.56 

3.49. 

11 

5 

106.27 

6.00 

21.25 

150.05 

8.47 

72.62 

4.10: 

12 

6 

15.00 

.88 

2.50 

124.78 

7.33 

43.35 

2.55 

13 

2 

2.00 

.38 

1.00 

15.60 

2.95 

34.32 

6.49 

14 

4 

1.00 

.08 

.25 

98.80 

7.65 

15» 

2 

1.00 

.58 

.50 

6.90 

3.98 

1.50 

.87- 

16 

5 

5.00 

.40 

1.00 

43.96 

3.48 

17 

2 

3.00 

.25 

1.50 

13.20 

1.11 

48.62 

4.08 

18« 

4 

3.20 

1.42 

.80 

5.50 

2.45 

19 

3 

49.94 

4.45 

16.65 

6.00 

.53 

28.20 

2.51 

207 

4 

2.85 

1.60 

.71 

3.20 

1.80 

.40 

.22 

218 

6 

1.25 

2.78 

.21 

1.80 

4.00 

.50 

l.U 

22 

5 

5.00 

.90 

1.00 

20.80 

3.75 

23 

7 

5.00 

.64 

.71 

35.36 

4.55 

1  Members   of   family   excluding  boarders,  lodgers,  and  children  who  pay  board. 

2  Account  kept  for  33  weeks.  *  Account  kept  for  9  weeks. 

»  Account  kept  for  37  weeks.  "  Account  kept  for  11  weeks. 

*  Accoimt  kept  for  31  weeks  of  the  following  ^  Account  kept  for  8  weeks. 

year.  *  Account  kept  for  4  weeks. 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  19 

The  preceding  table  shows  the  amounts  spent  by  each  family 
for  medical  attention,  insurance,  and  lodge  and  union  dues,  and 
the  per  cent,  which  each  amount  was  of  the  total  expenditures. 

READING  MATTER,  CHURCH  AND  CHARITY,  AND 
GENERAL  SUPPLIES. 

The  heading  Reading  Matter  here  includes  newspapers,  maga- 
zines, books,  stationery,  postage,  and .  telephone  calls.  Almost 
every  one  of  the  twenty-three  families  takes  a  daily  (including 
Sunday)  newspaper.  The  cost  of  this  in  1913  and  1914  was  about 
$5.72  per  year.  Besides  the  daily  paper,  some  of  the  families 
purchase  an  occasional  book  or  magazine;  in  a  few  cases  magazines 
are  subscribed  for  regularly.  School  books  are  furnished  free  of 
charge  to  the  pupils  attending  the  public  schools,  and  many  of  the 
children  of  Kensington  mill  workers'  families  also  take  advantage  of 
the  privileges  of  the  free  public  library.  The  highest  per  cent,  of 
total  expenditures  spent  for  reading  matter  by  any  of  the  twenty- 
three  families  of  this  study  whose  budgets  cover  a  year,  was  1.98; 
the  lowest,  0.18.  The  average  per  cent,  spent  for  reading  matter 
by  those  families  whose  budgets  cover  a  year,  was  0.88;  the 
median,  0.78. 

Seventeen  of  the  twenty-three  families  make  contributions  to 
the  church.  The  contribution  is  nearly  always  small, — three  to 
ten  cents  per  week  for  the  family.  One  family  (No.  18),  consisting 
of  a  mother  and  three  grown  daughters,  gives  "one-tenth  of  its 
income  to  the  Lord.''  Five  other  families  each  give  about  ten 
cents  per  week  per  member  of  the  family.  The  highest  per  cent, 
of  total  expenditures  spent  for  church  and  charity  by  any  of  the 
families  whose  budgets  cover  a  year,  was  2.83;  the  lowest,  zero. 
The  average  per  cent,  spent  for  church  and  charity  by  those  families 
whose  budgets  cover  a  year,  was  0.82;  the  median,  0.58. 

Under  the  heading  General  Supplies  are  included  household  and 
toilet  articles  that  need  frequent  replacement,  such  as  brooms, 
kitchen  soap,  washing  powder,  matches,  starch,  bluing,  toilet  and 
shaving  soap,  tooth  powder  and  paste,  and  shoe  polish.  Furniture, 
and  the  more  durable  house  furnishings,  such  as  rugs,  pictures, 
curtains,  and  dishes,  are  not  entered  under  this  heading,  but  under 
the  headings  Furniture  and  Furnishings.  The  highest  per  cent, 
of  total  expenditures  spent  for  general  supplies  by  any  of  the  families 
whose  budgets  cover  a  year,  was  3.36;  the  lowest,  0.47.  The  aver- 
age per  cent,  spent  for  general  supplies  by  the  families  whose  budgets 
cover  a  year,  was  1.57;  the  median,  1.49. 


20 


BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND   INDIVIDUALS 


The  following  table  shows  the  amounts  spent  by  each  family 
for  reading  matter,  church  and  charity,  and  general  supplies,  and 
the  per  cent,  which  each  amount  was  of  the  total  expenditures. 


♦  TABLE   7. 

Expenditures  for  Reading  Matter,  Church  and  Charity,  and  General  Supplies,  of  23 
Kensington  Families,  for  One  Year,  1913-1914. 


Members.* 

Reading  Matter. 

Church  and  Charity. 

General 

Supplies. 

Family 

Per  Cent. 

Per  Cent. 

Per  Cent. 

Number. 

of  Total 

of  Total 

of  Total 

Amount. 

Expendi- 
tiires. 

Amount. 

Expendi- 
tures. 

Amotmt. 

Expendi- 
tures. 

1 

4 

$11.86 

1.98 

$  1.35 

.23 

$20.14* 

3.36 

2 

2 

6.13 

.83 

6.17 

.84 

14.54 

1.98 

3 

4 

8.84 

1.47 

3.75 

.62 

6.78 

1.12 

4 

4 

8.32 

.46 

24.43 

1.35 

15.93 

.88 

5 

4 

6.47 

.79 

3.50 

.43 

18.66 

2.28 

6 

5 

7.00 

.50 

31.00 

2.22 

17.20 

1.23 

7» 

2 

4.19 

1.22 

4.29 

1.25 

7.89 

2.29 

8» 

2 

6.78 

1.16 

.55 

.11 

3.95 

.79 

9 

4 

9.00 

.76 

2.00 

.17 

12.00 

1.02 

10 

7 

15.00 

.71 

3.96 

.19 

40.15 

1.91 

10* 

7 

9.01 

.80 

5.69 

.50 

7.05 

.62 

11 

5 

14.66 

.83 

29.40 

1.66 

25.43 

1.44 

12 

6 

22.00 

1.29 

36.00 

2.12 

30.00 

1.76 

13 

2 

7.00 

1.32 

15.00 

2.83 

10.00 

1.89 

14 

4 

7.50 

.58 

7.50 

.58 

15.00 

1.16 

15» 

2 

2.24 

1.29 

3.20 

1.85 

4.30 

2.48 

16 

5 

18.00 

1.42 

9.00 

.71 

6.00 

.47 

17 

2 

5.00 

.42 

10.00 

.84 

18« 
19 
208 

4 
3 
4 

.75 

.33 

25.73 

11.45 

1.00 

7 

.44 

7 

1.03 

.58 

1.80 

1.01 

21» 

6 

.72 

1.60 

22 

5 

1.00 

.18', 

12.00 

2.16 

23 

7 

4.00 

.51 

12.00 

1.54 

1  Members   of  family   excluding   boarders, 
lodgers,  and  children  who  pay  board. 

2  Account  kept  for  33  weeks. 

3  Account  kept  for  37  weeks. 

*  Account  kept  for  31  weeks  of  the  following 
year. 


*  Account  kept  for  9  weeks. 

•  Account  kept  for  11  weeks. 

^  Amount   not   recorded   separately    under 
this  heading. 

8  Account  kept  for  8  weeks. 
» Account  kept  for  4  weeks. 


RECREATION  AND  POCKET  MONEY. 

The  opportunities  for  amusement  and  recreation  for  the  families 
of  Kensington  are  many.  Philadelphia  offers  every  variety  of 
theater,  dance  hall,  and  park;  there  are  suburban  street  car  lines, 
and  excellent  railroad  facilities  for  seashore  and  other  summer 
resorts.  With  the  workingmen's  families,  the  amusement  question 
is  one  of  means  and  of  personal  taste. 

In  the  various  budgets  of  this  study,  the  heading  Recreation  covers 
only  the  amounts  spent  for  this  purpose  out  of  the  family  funds. 
It  is  necessary,  in  order  to  form  a  correct  idea  of  the  total  amount 
spent  by  a  family  for  recreation,  also  to  take  into  consideration 
the  heading  Pocket  Money.  Almost  all  the  "pocket  money '^ 
received  by  a  wage-earning  child  is  used  by  him  for  his  own  recrea- 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


21 


tion,  while  the  father's  "pocket  money"  is  often  wholly  or  partly 
spent  for  his  own  recreation  and  for  that  of  his  wife  and  of  his 
children  under  sixteen  years  of  age. 

The  following  table  shows  in  the  case  of  each  of  the  twenty-three 
families  of  the  study,  the  number  of  members  sixteen  years  of  age 
and  over,  and  the  number  under  sixteen,  together  with  the  amount 
spent  by  each  family  for  recreation,  the  per  cent,  which  this  was  of 
the  total  expenditures,  the  amount  of  ''pocket  money"  allowed,  the 
per  cent,  which  this  was  of  the  total  expenditures,  the  combined 
amount  spent  for  recreation  and  allowed  as  "pocket  money,"  the 
per  cent,  which  this  was  of  the  total  expenditures,  and  the  share 
which  this  combined  amount  was  per  member  sixteen  years  of  age 
or  over.  The  highest  per  cent  of  total  expenditures  spent  for 
recreation  and  allowed  as  "pocket  money"  by  any  of  the  families 
whose  budgets  cover  a  year,  was  15.42;  the  lowest,  0.85.  The 
average  per  cent,  spent  for  recreation  and  allowed  as   "pocket 


TABLE   8. 

Expenditure  for  Recreation  and  Allowance  for  Pocket  Money  of  23  Kensington  Fami- 
lies, FOR  One  Year,  1913-1914. 


Recreation. 

Pocket  Money. 

Recreation  and  Pocket 
Money. 

Mem- 

FamUy 

bers  16 

Yrs.  Of 

Age 

and 

Over. 

Mem- 
bers 

Total 

Per 

Amoimt 

Num- 
ber. 

Under 
16  Yrs. 

Mem- 
bers.! 

a 

a 

< 

Cent, 
of  Total 

Ex- 
pendi- 
tures. 

a 

< 

Per  Cent, 
of  Total 
Expendi- 
tures. 

i 
t 

a 
< 

Per  Cent, 
of  Total 
Expendi- 
tures. 

per 
Member 

of 
Family 
16  Yrs. 
or   Over. 

1 

2 

2 

4 

%  1.30 

.22 

$23.47 

3.92 

$24.77 

4.14 

$12.39 

2 

2 

0 

2 

40.53 

5.51 

65.00 

8.84 

105.53 

14.35 

52.77 

3 

2 

2 

4 

2.25 

.37 

27.35 

4.54 

29.60 

4.91 

14.80 

4 

4 

0    . 

4 

57.45 

3.16 

209.50 

11.53 

266.95 

14.69 

66.74 

5 

2 

2 

4 

10.70 

1.31 

4.702 

.57 

15.40 

1.88 

7.70 

6 

3 

2 

5 

25.00 

1.79 

100.00 

7.17 

125.00 

8.96 

41.67 

73 

2 

0 

2 

.30 

.09 

.30 

.09 

.15 

84 

2 

0 

2 

9.45 

1.90 

21.30 

4.29 

30.75 

6.19 

15.38 

9 

2 

2 

4 

42.50 

3.61 

10.00 

.85 

52.50 

4.46 

26.25 

10 

5 

2 

7 

50.00 

2.37 

275.00 

13.05 

325.00 

15.42 

65.00 

106 

5 

2 

7 

28.14 

2.49 

176.66 

15.61 

204.80 

18.10 

40.96 

11 

4 

1 

5 

26.75 

1.51 

147.87 

8.34 

174.62 

9.85 

43.66 

12 

5 

1 

6 

60.00 

3.53 

60.00 

3.53 

120.00 

7.06 

24.00 

13 

2 

0 

2 

4.50 

.85 

4.50 

.85 

2.25 

14 

3 

1 

4 

30.00 

2.32 

25.00 

1.94 

55.00 

4.26 

18.33 

16« 

2 

0 

2 

1.40 

.81 

18.00 

10.39 

19.40 

11.20 

9.70 

16 

2 

3 

5 

156.00 

,  12.35 

, 

156.00 

12.35 

78.00 

17 

2 

0 

2 

60.00 

5.04 

50.00 

4.20 

110.00 

9.24 

55.00 

187 

4 

0 

4 

23.59 

10.50 

29.58 

13.16 

53.17 

23.66 

13.29 

19 

2 

1 

3 

96.00 

8.56 



96.00 

8.56 

48.00 

208 

3 

1 

4 

.10 

.06 

.10 

.06 

.03 

21« 

2 

4 

6 

.40 

.89 

.40 

.89 

.20 

22 

2 

3 

5 

4.00 

.72 

1.50 

.27 

5.50 

.99 

2.75 

23 

1 

6 

7 

12.00 

.1.54 

57.00 

7.33 

69.00 

8.87 

69.00 

1  Members  of  family  excluding  boarders, 
lodgers,  and  children  who  pay  board. 

'Amount  spent  by  father  for  tobacco. 
There  is  no  "pocket  money"  system  in  this 
family. 

3  Account  kept  for  33  weeks. 

*  Account  kept  for  37  weeks. 


«  Accoimt  kept  for  31  weeks  of  the  following 
year. 

«  Account  kept  for  9  weeks. 

7  Account  kept  for  11  weeks. 

8  Account  kept  for  8  weeks. 
»  Account  kept  for  4  weeks. 


22 


BUDGETS    OF    FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 


money"  by  the  families  whose  budgets  cover  a  year,  was  7.70; 
the  median,  8.56. 

ALL  EXPENDITURES. 

The  following  table  summarizes  the  expenditures  of  each  of  the 
twenty-three  families,  giving  the  amount  spent  for  each  item  and 
the  per  cent,  which  this  amount  was  of  the  total  expenditures. 

TABLE   9. 

Summary  of  Expenditubes  of  Each  of  the  23  Kensington  Families, 
FOR  One  Year,  1913-1914. 


Family  No.  1. 
(4  Members.)! 

Family  No.  2. 
(2  Members.) 

Family  No.  3. 
(4  Members.) 

Family  No.  4. 
(4  Members.)* 

Item  of  Expenditiire. 

Mi 

|0^ 

Per  Cent, 
of  Total 
Expendi- 
tures. 

jjl 

Per  Cent, 
of  Total 
Expendi- 
tures. 

3  <D   J- 

|5| 

Per  Cent, 
of  Total 
Expendi- 
tures. 

Amount,- 
One     • 
Year. 

Per  Cent, 
of  Total 
Expendi- 
tures. 

Rent 

$132.00 
31.02 
241.75 
20.14 
2.49 
63.11 
24.60 
10.00 

11.86 
1.35 
1.30 

23.47 
6.06 

29.83 

22.04 
5.18 

40.36 

3.36 

.42 

10.54 
4.11 
1.67 

1.98 
.23 
.22 
3.92 
1.01 
4.98 

$144.00 
51.92 
202.79 
14.54 
1.02 
50.12 
70.00 

33.80 
6.13 
6.17 

40.53 

65.00 
3.95 

45.04 

19.59 
7.06 

27.59 

1.98 

.14 

6.82 

9.52 

4.60 
.83 
.84 

5.51 

8.84 
.54 

6.13 

$  81.27 

37.87 

292.79 

6.78 

48.35 

8.50 

39.50 

.35 

8.84 

3.75 

2.25 

27.35 

16.00 

29.13 

13.48 
6.28 

48.58 
1.12 

8.02 

1.41 

6.55 

.06 

1.47 

.62 

.37 

4.54 

2.65 

4.83 

$  245.27      13.50 

Fuel  and  light .  . 

67  86       3  74 

Food 

585.35     32.2.-? 

General  supplies 

15.93 

15.29 

376.69 

4.05 

33.80 

.88 

Laundry 

.84 

20.74 

Medical  attention 

22 

1.86 

Lodge  and  union 

7.78i         .4.'? 

8.32 
24.43 
57.45 

209.50 
12.55 

152.03 

.46 

Church  and  charity 

Recreation 

Pocket  money 

Car  fare                  

1.35 

3.16 

11.53 

.69 

Other  items 

8.37 

Total 

$598.98 

100.00 

$735.01 

100.00 

$602.73 

100.00 

$1816.30 

100.00 

1  Excluding  a  yoimg  woman   boarder   and 
lodger  of  7  weeks. 

Table  9.- 


2  Excluding  a  son  who  pays  board. 
■Cont'nued. 


SuMMART  OP  Expenditures  of  Each  of  the  23  Kensington  Families, 
FOR  One  Year,  1913-1914. 


Family  No.  5. 
(4  Members.)3 

Family  No.  6. 
(5  Members.) 

Family  No.  7. 
(2  Members.)* 

Family  No.  8. 
(2  Members.)* 

Item  of  Expenditure. 

!« 

llli 

1 05  ^:     §3^  m 

o23  « 

1  ^ 

Rent 

$204.00 

70.60 

283.34 

18.66 

3.54 

63.26 

36.70 

29.85 

45.98 

6.47 

3.50 

10.70 

4.70« 

4.45 

32.58 

24.93 

8.63 

34.62 

2.28 

.43 

7.73 

4.48 

3.65 

5.62 

.79 

.43 

1.31 

.57 

.54 

3.98 

$180.00 
55.00 

425.00 
17.20 
30.00 

241.34 
5.00 
47.78 
20.92 
7.00 
31.00 
25.00 

100.00 
55.00 

154.90 

12.90 
3.94 

30.46 
1.23 
2.15 

17.30 
.36 
3.42 
1.50 
.50 
2.22 
1.79 
7.17 
3.94 

11.10 

$  57.34 

42.56 

160.07 

7.89 

3.53 

20.76 

11.25 

20.00 

4.19 

4.29 

.30 

.40 
11.30 

16.67 
12.38 
46.55 
2.29 
1.03 
6.04 
3.27 
5.82 

1.22 

1.25 

.09 

.12 
3.29 

$130.00 

29.72 

192.50 

3.95 

6.40 
21.83 
12.03 
16.83 
13.05 

5.78 
.55 

9.45 
21.30 

7.81 
25.69 

26.16 

Fuel  and  light 

5.98 

Food 

■•  38.74 

General  supplies 

.79 

1.29 

Clothing .i.  .  .  . 

4.39 

Medical  attention 

2.42 
3.39 

Lodge  and  union .... 

2.63 

Reading  matter    . 

1.16 

Church  and  charity 

Recreation 

.11 
1.90 

4.29 

Car  fare 

1.57 

Other  items 

5.17 

Total 

$818.33 

100.00 

$1395.14 

100.00 

$343.88 

100.00 

$496.89 

100.00 

3  Excluding  a  man  boatder  of  15  weeks. 
*  Excluding  a  daughter  who  pays  board 
'  Excluding  a  son  who  pays  board 


a  young 


man  boarder  and  lodger,  and  a  child  boarder 
and  lodger  of  11  weeks. 
6  For  tobacco. 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


23 


The  heading  Car  Fare,  both  here  and  in  the  detailed  presentation 
of  budgets,  covers  all  car  fare,  both  business  and  social,  with  the 
exception  of  that  spent  for  outings,  which  is  classified  under  Recre- 
ation. 

Table  9. — Continued. 

Summary  of  Expenditures  of  E.vch  op  the  23  Kensington  Families, 

FOR  One  Year,  1913-1914, 


FamUy  No.  9. 
(4  Members.)^ 

Family  No.  10. 
First  Period. 
(7  Members.)" 

Family  No.  10. 
Second  Period. 
(7  Members.) 

Family  No.  11. 
(5  Members.) 

Item  of  Expenditure. 

|« 

llli 

!« 

llli 

JJI 

llli 

Rent 

Fuel  and  light 

Food.    .    .    . 

$  269.04 

66.50 

495.00 

12.00 

12.00 

139.01 

11.50 

12.00 

33.70 

9.00 

2.00 

42.50 

10.00 

3.50 

60.25 

22.84 

5.65 

42.02 

1.02 

1.02 

11.80 

.98 

1.02 

2.86 

.76 

.17 

3.61 

.85 

.30 

5.11 

$  168.00 
45.60 

696.19 
40.15 
31.20 

515.00 
38.25 
55.70 
92.62 
15.00 
3.96 
50.00 

275.00 
15.00 
64.86 

7.98 
2.16 

33.05 
1.91 
1.48 

24.45 
1.82 
2.64 
4.40 
.71 
.19 
2.37 

13.05 

.71 

3.08 

$  112.00 

14.00 

391.00 

7.05 

17.80 

185.12 

22.85 

23.90 

39.56 

9.01 

5.69 

28.14 

176.66 

12.66 

86.51 

9.89 
1.24 

34.54 

.62 

1.57 

16.35 
2.02 
2.11 
3.49 
.80 
.50 
2.49 

15.61 
1.12 
7.64 

$  168.00 

34.92 

610.78 

25.43 

36.09 

263.64 

106.27 

150.05 

72.62 

14.66 

29.40 

26.75 

147.87 

4.10 

81.47 

9.48 

1.97 

34.47 

Geneial  supplies 

Laundry 

Clothing 

Medical  attention 

Insurance 

Lodge  and  union 

Reading  matter 

Church  and  charity 

Recreation 

Pocket  money 

1.44 

2.04 

14.88 

6.00 

8.47 

4.10 

.83 

1.66 

1.51 

8.34 

.23 

Other  items . 

4.60 

Total 

$1178.00 

100.00 

$2106.53 

100.00 

$1131.95 

100.00 

$1772.05 

100.00 

'  Excluding  Ist  son  who  paid  board  for  5 
months,  and  2d  son  who  paid  board  through- 
out the  year. 


8  Excluding  a  young  woman  boarder  and 
lodger  of  50  weeks. 


Table  9. — Continued. 

Summary  of  Expenditures  of  Each  of  the  23  Kensington  Families, 

FOR  One  Year,  1913-1914. 


Family  No.  12. 
(6  Members.)' 

Family 
(2  Men 

No.  13. 

ibeis.)!" 

Family  No.  14. 
(4  Members.)" 

FamUy  No.  15. 

(2  Members.)  12 

Item  ot  Expenditure. 

jii 

nil 

1  i 

n 

ii 

Rent 

$     91.50 

106.00 

700.00 

30.00 

6.00 

267.00 

15.00 

124.78 

43.35 

22.00 

36.00 

60.00 

60.00 

34.00 

106.00 

5.38 
6.23 

41.14 

1.76 

.35 

15.69 
.88 
7.33 
2.55 
1.29 
2.12 
3.53 
3.53 
2.00 
6.23 

$144.00 

45.00 

120.00 

10.00 

4.00 
72.28 

2.00 
15.60 
34.32 

7.00 
15.00 

4.50 

8.00 
47.50 

27.21    $  156.00 

12.08 
4.53 

38.72 
1.16 

29.57 

.08 

7.65 

.58 
.58 
2.32 
1.94 
.31 
.48 

$  28.00      16.16 

Fuel  and  light 

8.50 

22.68 

1.89 

.76 
13.66 

.38 
2.95 
6.49 
1.32 
2.83 

.85 

1.51 

8.98 

58.50 

500.00 

15.00 

381.81 

1.00 

98.80 

'    7.50 

7.50 

30.00 

25.00 

4.00 

6.20 

$1291.31 

1.50 

62.40 
4.30 
1.50 

21.02 
1.00 
6.90 
1.50 
2.24 
3.20 
1.40 

18.00 
1.30 

19.01 

.87 

Food 

36.01 

General  supplies 

2.48 

.87 

Clothing 

12.13 

Medical  attention. 

.58 

3.98 

Lodge  and  union   

.87 

1.29 

Church  and  charity 

Recreation .... 

1.85 
.81 

10.39 

Car  fare 

.75 

Other  items 

10.97 

Total 

$1701.63 

100.00 

$529.20 

100.00 

100.00 

$173.27 

100.00 

»  Excluding  2  sons  who  pay  boaid. 
1"  Husband  takes  meals  at  home  on  Sundays 
only. 


"  Excluding  a  son  who  pays  board. 
12  Excluding  2  young  women  boarders  and 
lodgers. 


24 


BUDGETS    OF   FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 


Table  9. — Continued. 

Summary  of  Expenditures  of  Each  op  the  23  Kensington  Families, 
FOR  One  Year,  1913-1914. 


Item  of  Expenditure. 


Kent 

Fuel  and  light .  .  . 

Food 

General  supplies . 
Laundry 


Clothing 

Medical  attention . 


$  105.00 
54.50 
475.00 
6.00 
24.00 
182.50 
5.00 
Insurance 

Lodge  and  union 43.96 

Reading  matter I       18.00 

Church  and  charity !         9.00 

Recreation i     156.00 

Pocket  money i    

Car  fare 15.00 

Other  items I     169.60 

Total |$1263.56 


Family  No.  16. 
(5  Members.) 


Family  No.  17. 
(2  Members.)  13 


100.00 


235.80 

60.00 

546.00 

10.00 

3.00 
75.00 

3.00 
13.20 
48.62 

5.00 

60.00 

50.00 

6.00 

75.00 


$1190.62 


Family  No.  18. 
(4  Members.) 


Family  No.  19. 
(3  Members.) 


a)«M  X  -»^  I 


19.80 

$  42.00 

18.69  , 

5.04 

3.65 

1.62  ; 

45.86 

75.84 

33.74  j 

.84 

1.00 

.44 

.25 

6.30 

11.53 

5.13  i 

.25 

3.20 

1.42 

1.11 

5.50 

2.45 

4.08 

.42 

.75 

.33 

25.73 

11.45 

5.04 

23.59 

10.50 

4.20 

29.58 

13.16 

.50 

.90 

.40 

6.30 

1.50 

.67 

100.00 

$224.77 

100.00 

$  192.00 

88.00 

480.00 


96.00 


52.00 
$1122.14 


8.56 


4.63 
100.00 


"  Excluding  2  men  boarders  and    lodgers 
and  a  baby  boarder  and  lodger. 


ing. 


1*  Not  recorded  separately  under  this  head- 


Table  9. — Continued. 

Summary  of  Expenditures  of  Each  of  the  23  Kensington  Families, 
FOR  One  Year,  1913-1914. 


Family  No.  20. 
(4  Members.)" 

FamUy  No.  21. 
(6  Members.) 

FamUy  No.  22. 
(5  Members.)  i« 

Family  No.  23. 
(7  Members.) 

Item  of  Expenditure. 

Per  Cent, 
of  Total 
Expendi- 
tures. 

Amount, 
4  Weeks. 

Per  Cent, 
ot  Total 
Expendi- 
tures. 

n  fl  OS 

Percent, 
of  Total 
Expendi- 
tures. 

hi 

Per  Cent, 
of  Total 
Expendi- 
tures. 

Rent 

$  30.00 

9.10 

73.53 

1.80 

8.00 

42.29 

2.85 

3.20 

.40 

1.03 

.10 

.94 
4.90 

16.84 
5.11 

41.28 
1.01 
4.49 

23.74 

1.60 

1.80 

.22 

.58 

.06 

.53 
2.75 

$  8.00 

1.00 

27.20 

.72 

3.22 

1.25 

1.80 

.50 

.40 

.40 
.50 

17.78 
2.22 

60.46 
1.60 

7.16 
2.78 
4.00 

1... 

.89 

.89 
1.11 

$  96.00     17.29 

27.00!       4.86 

338.001    60.88 

12.00       2.16 

$132.00 

30.00 

312.00 

12.00 

28.00 

145.00 

5.00 

35.36 

4.00 

12.00 

57.00 

5.00 

$777:36 

16.98 

Fuel  and  light 

3.86 

Food 

General  supplies 

40.14 
1.54 

Laundry 

Clothing 

2.50 
36.40 

5.00 
20.80 

1.00 

4.00 
1.50 
5.00 
6.00 

.45 
6..56 

.90 
3.75 

.18 

.72 

.27 

.90 

1.08 

3.60 
18.65 

MedicaTattention 

.64 

Insurance 

Lodge  and  union 

Reading  matter 

Church  and  charity 

Recreation. . . 

4.55 

.51 

1.54 

Pocket  money 

Car  fare  . . . 

7.33 
.64- 

Other  items 

Total 

$178.14 

100.00 

$44.99 

100.00 

$555.20 

100.00 

100.00 

"Excluding  a  woman  boarder  and  lodger 
for  the  first  4  weeks,  and  2  men  boarders  and 


lodgers  and  a  man  lodger  for  the  second  4  weeks. 
"  Excluding  a  man  boarder  and  lodger. 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  25 

FAMILY  BUDGETS   IN   DETAIL. 
FAMILY  NO.  1. 
Membership  and  Occupation. 

Member.  Age,  Years.  Occupation. 

Father 40  Cloth  weaver. 

Mother 41  Housekeeper. 

Son 3| 

Daughter 14  months. 

Young  woman  boarder  and  lodger,  2  meals  per  day  on  week  days  and 
3  meals  per  day  on  Sundays,  for  7  weeks.    Paid  $2.75  per  week. 

Type  of  Family. — Mr.  and  Mrs.  F.  are  English.  They  were 
married  in  England  five  years  before  this  study  was  begun,  and 
came  to  the  United  States  and  settled  in  Kensington  immediately 
after  their  marriage.  Mrs.  F.  has  an  interesting  personality. 
Though  she  has  had  to  work  hard  all  of  her  life,  having  begun  to 
earn  her  living  as  a  baby's  nurse  when  she  was  a  child,  she 
has  spent  her  spare  moments  in  reading.  She  is  familiar  with 
many  of  the  best  English  authors,  and  is  able  to  discuss  current 
social  questions  intelligently.  Though  she  is  a  socialist  in  theory, 
Mrs.  F.  does  not  believe  in  revolutionary  methods.  '*I  used  to  be 
bitter,"  she  says,  ^'but  I  am  not  so  any  more.  I  have  hard  times, 
but  slices  of  good  luck  come  too.'' 

With  regard  to  her  manner  of  living  and  to  the  disposition  of  the 
family  income,  Mrs.  F.  follows  her  own  independent  ideas,  regard- 
less of  the  standards  of  her  neighbors.  For  instance,  she  prefers  a 
savings  account  to  a  ''parlor  set."  Her  aim  is  to  lay  aside  $100 
each  year,  no  matter  how  much  she  has  to  deny  herself.  The  year 
before  the  account  for  this  study  was  begun,  the  family  income 
averaged  $13  per  week;  in  addition  to  regular  expenses,  the  fol- 
lowing had  to  be  met: 

Dentist's  bill $17.50 

Doctor  (confinement) 20.00 

Nurse  (confinement) 12.00 

Doctor  (other  illness) 8.00 

Total $57.50 

In  spite  of  these  extraordinary  expenses,  Mrs.  F.  put  $100  into 
her  savings  fund. 

The  Account. — The  account  for  this  study  was  carefully  kept  for  a 
year  (March  22,  1913-March  20,  1914). 


26  BUDGETS    OF    FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 

Income. — The  father's  wages  averaged  $12.28  per  week,  for  the 
year  of  the  account.  The  family  had  practically  no  source  of 
income  other  than  the  father's  wages. 

^  House. — This  family  occupies  a  brick  house  which  rents  for  $11 
per  month.  It  has  two  rooms  and  a  shed  on  the  first  floor,  and  two 
sleeping  rooms  and  a  bathroom  on  the  second  floor.  The  toilet  is 
in  the  yard.  The  house  is  heated  by  the  kitchen  range,  a  gas 
radiator,  and  a  coal  stove  upstairs.  The  cooking  is  done  on  the  coal 
range  and  a  gas  range.  The  interior  of  the  house  is  bare  and 
shabby,  though  an  old  square  piano  brought  from  Mrs.  F.'s  home 
in  England,  and  a  little  homemade  shelf  with  its  wosn  copies  of 
Shakespeare,  Carlyle,  and  Tennyson,  and  a  few  other  classics,  lend 
an  air  of  refinement  to  the  place.  Some  plain  wooden  chairs  and 
an  old  dining  table,  complete  the  furniture  downstairs.  There  are 
no  carpets  or  curtains.  Upstairs  there  are  just  the  few  necessary 
articles. 

Food. — The  actual  food  expenditure  for  the  year  was  $241.75. 
The  year  included  a  two  weeks'  vacation,  however,  for  Mrs.  F. 
and  the  children,  during  which  their  food  cost  them  nothing.  If 
the  whole  family  had  been  at  home  for  fifty-two  weeks,  their  total 
expenditure  for  food,  reckoned  on  the  basis  of  the  expenditure  for 
the  weeks  in  which  they  were  at  home,  would  have  been  $245.96. 
The  food  allowance  for  the  family,  according  to  the  ''fair  standard  " 
of  the  government  report  for  the  cotton-mill  workers'  families  in 
Fall  River,  would  be  as  follows :  ^ 

Father $  94.64 

Mother 75.71 

Son 37.85 

Daughter 28.39 

Young  woman  boarder  (two  meals  per  day  on  week  days,  and 
three  meals  per  day  on  Sundays,  for  seven  weeks) 7.28 

Total $243.87 

The  food  expenditure  of  Mrs.  F.'s  family  was  therefore  just 
above  the  amount  required  by  the  ''fair  standard"  of  the  govern- 
ment report, — an  amount  which  is  believed  to  be  too  low  to  furnish 

1 6l8t  Congress,  2d  Session,  Senate  Document  No.  645,  Vol.  XVI,  op.  cit.,  pp. 
24,  238,  243.  The  amounts  allowed  by  the  authors  of  the  government  report 
for  a  "fair  standard"  of  food,  clothing,  etc.,  for  the  various  members  of  a  Fall 
River  family,  according  to  sex  and  age,  may  be  found  in  Appendix  A  of  the 
present  study. 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  27 

a  Kensington  family  with  a  fair  diet,  at  the  time  of  this  study.  (For 
a  suggested  fair  allowance  for  food,  see  pages  134-137  of  this  study.) 

Clothing. — This  family  spends  little  for  clothing.  For  the  year 
of  the  account,  this  item  came  to  $63.21.  Mrs.  F.'s  clothing 
cost  but  $16.27  for  the  year.  She  had  a  few  articles  given  her. 
Her  mother  in  England  sent  her  some  material  for  a  petticoat  and 
two  dresses  for  the  baby.  She  also  had  a  ooat  given  her  (second- 
hand), and  six  dresses  for  the  baby.^  Some  secondhand  clothing 
bought  at  a  rummage  sale,  is  recorded  in  the  account. 

Medical  Attention. — Doctor's  bills  added  considerably  to  the 
expense  items  for  the  year.  Mrs.  F.  had  to  have  a  slight  operation 
performed  upon  herself,  and  there  was  other  illness  in  the  family. 
The  total  expenditure  for  medical  attention  was  $24.60. 

Church. — Mrs.  F.  attends  a  small  Episcopal  church,  where  she 
gives  only  her  *'mite''  in  the  collection.  She  says  she  cannot  afford 
to  attend  a  church  where  regular  diies  are  required,  as  the  standard 
of  contribution  in  the  United  States  is  too  high  for  her.  Mr.  F. 
does  not  attend  church. 

Dues. — Mr.  F.  belongs  to  a  men's  club,  and  Mrs.  F.,  to  a 
mothers'  club,  both  of  which  are  connected  with  a  neighborhood 
social  settlement.  The  husband's  dues  are  $3  per  year;  the  wife's, 
$1.  Neither  Mr.  nor  Mrs.  F.  belongs  to  any  other  society.  Mr. 
F.  is  not  a  member  of  any  labor  union.  The  only  entries  under  the 
heading  Dues,  besides  those  for  the  settlement  clubs,  are  for  the 
cooperative  store.  Mrs.  F.  was  a  member  of  the  Kensington 
cooperative  enterprise  until  its  failure  shortly  before  the  close  of 
this  account.  The  shares  of  the  enterprise  were  $20  apiece.  Mrs. 
F.'s  share  was  not  fully  paid  for.  She  was  in  the  habit  of  buying 
at  the  cooperative  store,  one  large  order  a  week,  principally  staples. 
All  of  her  meat  and  other  perishable  food  she  bought  from  near-by 
dealers  in  small  quantities,  because  she  could  not  afford  to  buy 
sufficient  ice  to  keep  them.  She  bought  her  coal  at  the  cooperative 
store,  and  saved  something  on  that.  When  the  enterprise  failed  in 
March,  1914,  all  the  members  lost  their  shares.  Mrs.  F.'s  loss  was 
$9.50. 

Recreation. — The  account  shows  that  the  family  had  little  recre- 
ation. The  mother  and  the  two  children  were  away  for  two  weeks 
in  July,  at  a  country  vacation  house  which  is  supported  by  charity. 

^  The  only  assistance  that  Mrs.  F.  received  during  the  period  of  her  account, 
besides  these  articles  of  clothing,  was  that  of  a  gift  of  groceries  and  a  dinner 
at  Christmas. 
3 


28 


BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND   INDIVIDUALS 


There  was  no  expense  in  connection  with  this  outing.  The  father 
had  no  vacation.  A  magazine  now  and  then,  and  an  occasional 
lecture  or  entertainment  given  at  the  neighborhood  settlement 
hguse,  furnish  all  the  recreation  that  Mr.  and  Mrs.  F.  can  afford. 

Pocket  Money. — This  family  follows  the  prevailing  Kensington 
custom  of  having  the  mother  take  charge  of  the  purse  and  provide 
for  the  family  needs.  Mr.  F.  gives  over  his  entire  earnings  to  his 
wife.  The  only  money  that  he  has  to  spend  himself  is  the  *' pocket 
money''  that  his  wife  allows  him,  and  this  varies  from  week  to 
week  according  to  what  Mrs.  F.  can  spare.  Mrs.  F.  also  pays  for 
some  of  her  husband's  tobacco,  in  addition  to  giving  hija  the  small 
allowance  of  ''pocket  money."  Mr.  F.  uses  his  "pocket  money" 
for  tobacco,  for  candy  for  the  children,  and  for  car  rides  for  the 
family.  He  is  not  a  total  abstainer  from  principle,  as  his  wife  is, 
but — ^to  use  Mrs.  F.'s  expression — ''he  is  a  very  careful  man,  and 
spends  practically  nothing  for  (irinks,  because  he  cannot  afford  it." 
The  two  items, — Mr.  F.'s  "pocket  money"  and  the  additional 
amount  spent  by  Mrs.  F.  for  her  husband's  tobacco, — came  to 
$23.47  for  the  year. 

Standard  of  Living. — The  total  income  for  the  year  was  $669.15. 
In  spite  of  her  economy,  Mrs.  F.  had  to  break  her  rule,  this  year,  of 
laying  aside  $100, — her  balance  being  only  $70.17,  of  which  she 
added  but  $41.16  to  her  savings  account.  This  family  enjoys 
little  beyond  the  bare  necessaries  of  life;  it  has  a  struggle  to  keep 
above  the  poverty  line. 

INCOME. 

Onb  Year  (52  Weeks  or  364  Days),  March  22,  1913-Mabch  20,  1914,  Actually  Recorded 

Income. 
Amounts  are  recorded  for  weekly  pay  intervals.    In  date  column  is  indicated  the  first  day  of  each 

fourth  week. 


Father,  Wages. 

Father,  Wages. 

Father,  Wages. 

Father,  Wages. 

^J 

*; 

4»- 

*i 

a 

§ 

Date. 

Date. 

< 

Date. 

< 

Date. 

o 

s 

March  22, 1913. 

$12.98 

June  28,  1913. 

$13.26 

Oct.     4,  1913. 

$14.89 

Jan.  10, 1914  . 

1 

12.98 

6.26 

18.83 

$16.22 

12.98 

July  12 

12.60 

13.79 

Jan.  24 

10.00 

18.72 

1.26 

10.54 

20.66 

AprU     19 

13.97 

14.85 

Nov.    1 

13.68 

15.36 

12.98 

7.80 

16.80 

9.86 

12.98 

Aug.    9 

17.24 

11.16 

Feb. 21 

17.86 

12.98 

13.95 

12.83 

12.65 

May     17... 

14.98 

9.51 

Nov.  29 

17.04 

9.40 

12.28 

18.84 

7.52 

16.53 

7.22 

Sept.   6 

14.06 

16.04 

7.22 

7.89 

11.44 

$638.74 

June     14 

7.22 
13.26 

15.59 
14.94 

Dec.  27 

4.84 

1  No  work. 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


29 


Income  from  all  Sources. 

Father,  wages $638.74 

Mother,  earnings  from  sewing 3.25 

Young  woman  boarder  and  lodger,  7  weeks  @  $2.75 19.25 

Interest  on  savings 7.91 

Total  income,  one  year,  actually  recorded $669.15 


FATHER,  WAGES. 
One  Year. 


CHART    / 


CLOTHING  FOR   ONE  YEAR,   MARCH  22,   1913-MARCH  20,   1914. 


Father. 

Suit $18.50 

Tiousers 1.50 

Shoe  repairs 3.25 

Shirts 2.89 

Underwear 1.73 

Socks 74 

Sundries 95 


$29.56 
Mother. 

Dresses  (2) $  1.60 

Hat 1.00 

Dress  goods 2.09 

Underwear 3.11 

Petticoat 39 

Corsets  (1  pair) 75 

Shoe  repairs 1.80 

Stockings 1.51 

Nightgowns 1.18 

Sundries 2.84 

$16.27 


Son. 

Goods  for  suits $1.90 

Hats 50 

Shoes 4.00 

Shoe  repairs 60 

Stockings .51 

Underwear 1.00 

Sundries 1.08 


$9.59 


Daughter. 

Dress  goods $  .25 

Cap.  ..: 50 

Ribbon 37 

Underwear 84 

Shoes 3.0O 

Shoe  repairs 1,70 

Stockings 68 

Sundries 35 

$7.69 


30 


BUDGETS    OF    FAMILIES    AND    INDIVIDUALS 


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OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  31 

FAMILY   NO.  2. 
Membership  and  Occupation. 

Member.  Age,  Years.  Occupation. 

Husband 41       Twister    and    drawer-in    in    up- 
holstery and  draperies  mill. 
Wife 40      Housekeeper. 

Type  of  Family. — Mr.  and  Mrs.  A.  are  English.  Mr.  A.  came  to 
the  United  States  when  he  was  twenty  years  old.  Mrs.  A.,  his 
then  affianced  bride,  was  to  follow  him  shortly,  but  the  death  of 
her  father  kept  her  at  home  for  seven  years,  to  help  support  her 
mother.  At  the  end  of  that  time  she  came  to  America  and  was 
married  to  Mr.  A.  They  have  lived  in  Kensington  ever  since. 
During  their  fourteen  years  of  married  life  they  have  had  no 
children  until  the  year  of  this  account.  On  December  10,  1913,  a 
baby  was  born  to  them,  dying  at  birth. 

The  Account. — The  account  for  this  study  was  carefully  kept  for 
a  year  (March  16,  1913-March  14,  1914). 

Income. — Mr.  A.  earns  an  average  of  $17  per  week.  He  gives  over 
his  earnings  to  his  wife,  and  she  gives  him  back  regularly  $1.25 
per  week,  for  '^ pocket  money."  Mr.  A.  uses  his  "pocket  money" 
for  tobacco  and  incidental  expenses. 

House. — Mr.  and  Mrs.  A.  occupy  a  brick  house  which  rents  for 
$12  per  month.  It  has  six  rooms  and  a  bath,  a  toilet  in  the  yard, 
a  coal  range  and  a  gas  range  in  the  kitchen,  and  a  hot  air  furnace 
in  the  cellar.     The  house  is  well  furnished  and  is  neatly  kept. 

Food. — The  food  expenditure  for  the  year  was  $202.79.  The 
yearly  food  expenditure  for  a  man  and  his  wife,  on  the  basis  of  the 
''fair  standard"  of  the  government  report  for  Fall  River  families, 
would  be  as  follows :  ^ 

Husband $  94.64 

Wife 75.71 


Total ^ $170.35 

The  food  expenditure  of  this  family  was  therefore  above  the 
amount  required  by  the  Fall  River  standard.  Following  is  the 
menu  for  five  days  in  the  spring  of  1913: 

^  61st  Congress,  2d  Session,  Senate  Document  No.  645,  Vol.  XVI,  op.  dt.,  p. 
243. 


32  BUDGETS    OF    FAMILIES    AND    INDIVIDUALS 

Menu  for  Five  Days  in  the  Spring  of  1913. 
Sunday. 

Breakfast :  Flitch  and  eggs,  dried  peaches,  bread  and  butter,  coffee. 

Dinner:  Meat  and  potato  pie,  strawberry  pastry,  milk. 

Supper:  Rump  steak,  new  potatoes,  greens,  bread  and  butter,  tea,  cake. 
Monday. 

Breakfast :  Boiled  eggs,  dried  peaches,  bread  and  butter,  coffee. 

Dinner:  Rump  steak,  new  potatoes,  greens,  pickled  onions,  mint  and  currant 
pastry. 

Supper:  Rum>^atea^,  radishes,  bread  and  butter,  tea,  cake. 
Tuesday. 

Breakfast:  Boiled  eggs,  bread  and  butter,  coffee. 

Dinner:  Fried  ham,  jam,  bread  and  butter,  tea. 

Supper:  Rhubarb,  raisin  pastry,  tea. 
Wednesday. 

Breakfast:  Eggs,  bread  and  butter,  coffee. 

Dinner:  Ham  and  cabbage,  new  potatoes,  rhubarb  and  raisins,  suet  pudding 
with  sweet  sauce. 

Supper:  Boiled  ham,  salad  (lettuce,  onion,  and  mint),  bread  and  butter, 
tea,  cake. 
Thursday. 

Breakfast:  Poached  eggs,  bread  and  butter,  coffee. 

Dinner:  Pork  chops,  new  potatoes,  greens,  green  gages,  pastry. 

Supper:  Chops,  bread  and  butter,  tea,  cake. 

Clothing. — Mrs.  A.  understands  dressmaking,  and  has  recently- 
taken  a  course  in  millinery  at  an  evening  school;  so  she  is  able  to 
make  both  her  dresses  and  her  hats.  Though  the  account  shows 
her  clothing  expenditure  for  the  year  to  have  been  but  $26.62, 
she  is  always  well  dressed.  Mr.  A.'s  clothing  expenditure  for  the 
year  was  small,  being  only  $23.50.  The  Fall  River  ''fair  standard " 
clothing  allowance  for  a  man  is  $45.75.^  Clothing  expenditure, 
however,  is  an  item  which  it  is  practically  impossible  to  standardize 
on  a  yearly  basis,  since  many  articles  s  rve  for  more  than  one 
season.  For  instance,  the  Fall  River  standard  of  $45.75  includes  $6 
as  half  price  of  an  overcoat.  Mr.  A.  did  not  have  to  buy  an  over- 
coat during  the  winter  of  this  account  He  had  only  one  new  suit 
during  the  year.     This  cost  $17. 

Medical  Attention — The  account  includes  the  expenses  of  the 
baby's  birth;  the  mother  was  ill  for  a  long  time.  The  total 
expenditure  for  physician,  nurse,  and  medicine,  for  the  mother, 
amounted  to  $70. 

Standard  of  Living. — The  total  income  for  the  year  was  $757.09; 
the  total  expenditures  were  $735.01,  leaving  a  balance  of  $22.08. 

^61st  Congress,  2d  Session,  Senate  Document  No.  645,  Vol.  XVI,  op.  cit., 
pp.  239,  243. 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA 


33 


Mr.  and  Mrs.  A.  enjoy,  on  the  whole,  a  comfortable  standard  of 
living,  including  a  moderate  amount  of  recreation.  That  so  high  a 
standard  can  be  maintained  on  an  income  of  $17  per  week,  is  largely 
due  to  Mrs.  A.'s  ability,  and  to  the  fact  that  she  has  no  children, 
and  therefore  has  time  to  make  her  clothing  and  to  care  for  her 
home.  Mr.  A.,  as  well  as  his  wife,  is  desirous  of  maintaining  a 
high  standard,  and  of  utilizing  his  earnings  to  good  advantage. 
He  is  temperate  in  his  habits,  and  is  ambitious  to  advance  in  his 
line  of  work.  During  the  year  of  the  account  he  was  attending 
an  evening  textile  school. 

INCOME. 

OvE  Year  (.52  Weeks  or  364  Days),  March  16,  1913-March  14,  1914,  Actually  Recorded 

Income. 
Amoiints  are  recorded  for  weekly  pay  intervals..    In  date  column  is  indicated  the  first  day  of  each 

fourth  week. 


Husband,  Wages. 

Husband,  Wages. 

Husband,  Wages. 

Husband,  Wages. 

Date. 

c 
i 

Date. 

1 

o 

1 

Date, 

S 

< 

Date. 

c 

3 
C 

s 

< 

.Mar.  16,  1913  . 

Apr.   13 

May  11 

$17.00 
17.00 
13.91 
15.45 
15.45 

1.50 

7.60 
13.99 

7.73 
15.45 
12.36 
12.36 

9.27 

June  22,  1913. 
July     6 

Aug.     3 

Aug.  31 

$18.39 
19.32 
17.00 
8.81 
15.45 
17.00 
17.00 
18.39 
17.00 

2 

14.912 
17.00 
17.00 
17.00 

Sept.  28,  1913. 

Oct.   26 

Nov.  23 

Dec.  21 ..... . 

$16.00 
17.00 
17.00 
17.00 
15.38 
14.76 
17.00 
17.00 
14.73 
17.00 
17.00 
17.00 
17.00 
9.33 

Jan.     4,1914. 
Jan.    18 

Feb.   15 

$  6.55 
17.00 
17.00 
17.00 
17.00 
17.00 
18.00 
17.00 
17.00 
17.00 

June    8 

$757.09 

No  wages  on  account  of  strike. 


2  Mr.  and  Mrs.  A.  were  away  on  a  ten  days'  vacation , 


HUSBAND,   WAGES. 
One  Year. 


CMRT  ^ 


34 


BUDGETS    OF    FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 


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OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  35 

CLOTHING  FOR   ONE   YEAR,   MARCH   16,   1913-MARCH   14,   1914. 

Wife  . — Continued. 

Husband.  Notions 1.00 

Suit $17.00  Hat  shapes 2.08 

Trousers 1.50  Hat  trimmings . 3.94 

Shirt 1.00  Neckwear  materials 1.27 

Underwear 1.50  Shoes  (1  pair) 3.00 

Shoe  repairs 1.90  Shoe  repairs 1.95 

Sundries 60  Stockings 35 

Apron  materials 1.56 

$23.50  Corsets  (1  pair) 1.50 

Nightgown 1.38 

Wife.  Sundries 80 

Dress  goods $  3.43  Purses 1.50 

Patterns 45  Ring  guard 75 

Dress  trimmings 1.49  

Belting 17  $26.62 

FAMILY   NO.  3. 
Membership  and  Occupation. 

Member.  Age,  Years.  Occupation. 

Father 34  Driver  and  laborer. 

Mother 33  Housekeeper.     Does  "lace  work" 

at  home. 

First  son 11  In  school. 

Second  son 6  In  school. 

Type  of  Family. — Mr.  M.  is  a  German;  he  came  to  America 
when  he  was  six  years  old,  and  has  lived  in  Kensington  ever  since. 
Mrs.  M.  is  a  Swede;  she  has  lived  in  Kensington  since  she  was  eight 
years  old.     Mr.  and  Mrs.  M.  have  been  married  for  twelve  years. 

The  Account. — The  account  for  this  study  was  carefully  kept  for  a 
year  (November  10,  1913-November  8,  1914).  At  the  close  of  the 
period,  Mrs.  M.  remarked  with  regard  to  her  account  books: 
''Everything  is  down  to  the  half  soling  of  shoes,  and  I  don't  think 
I've  forgotten  anything.  If  I  have,  it  wouldn't  amount  to  more 
than  fifty  cents'  worth  in  the  whole  year." 

Income. — Just  before  this  account  was  started  (November  10, 
1913),  Mr.  M.  left  a  position  which  he  had  held  for  eight  years,  as 
driver  for  a  large  stove  foundry.  After  being  out  of  work  for  one 
week,  he  took  a  position  as  driver  for  another  establishment,  and 
remained  in  that  position  until  April  13,  1914.  For  the  next  four 
weeks  he  was  at  home,  ill.  After  that  he  secured  a  position  as 
laborer  with  an  electric  storage  battery  company,  and  is  still  in 
this  position  at  the  close  of  this  account  (November,  1914). 

In  the  position  which  Mr.  M.  held  prior  to  the  beginning  of  this 
account,  he  was  paid  $10.50  per  week,  and  ''dinner  money,"  besides 
"extras"  when  he  had  very  heavy  loads  to  lift.  He  gave  over  to 
his  wife  $10  each  week  for  household  expenses.     With  the  money 


36  BUDGETS    OF    FAMILIES    AND    INDIVIDUALS 

that  he  saved  out  for  himself,  he  bought  his  clothing,  including 
shoes  and  all  other  articles,  except  underwear,  socks,  and  working 
shirts,  which  Mrs.  M.  bought  out  of  the  household  funds. 

Ib  his  second  position  as  driver  (November  17,  1913-April  13, 
1914),  Mr.  M.  earned  $13  per  week.  He  gave  his  wife  $10  per  week, 
as  before,  but  had  less  left  for  himself  than  under  the  former  system 
of  payment  with  its  ''extras."  Of  the  three  dollars  which  he  kept, 
Mr.  M.  used  ninety  cents  for  ''dinner  money,"  sixty  cents  for  car 
fare,  and  about  fifty  cents  for  feed  for  pigeons,  which  he  kept  for 
pleasure.  He  had  $1  left  for  "spending  money";  out  of  this  he 
paid  his  union  dues  of  fifty  cents  per  month.  • 

In  his  present  position  Mr.  M.  earns  $9  per  week,  unless  the 
works  are  not  running  full  time,  when  a  deduction  is  made  for  the 
time  the  employes  are  laid  off.  Mr.  M.  gives  over  all  his  wages 
to  his  wife  now,  and  saves  out  no  car  fare  and  no  "dinner  money." 
He  carries  his  luncheons  from  home.  His  wife  has  been  able  to 
spare  him  only  twenty-five  cents  per  week  for  "spending  money" 
since  he  began  to  work  in  his  present  position.  The  pigeons  had 
to  be  sold  and  the  union  dues  have  not  been  kept  up.  Though 
Mr.  M.'s  wage  is  at  present  small,  he  considers  himself  fortunate 
to  have  had  steady  work  of  any  kind  during  this  period  when  so 
many  Kensington  workingmen  have  been  idle. 

Mrs.  M.  adds  to  the  family  income  by  cutting  lace  which  she 
takes  home  from  a  mill  near  by.  Lace  edging  is  turned  out  in  large 
sheets  by  the  machines  in  the  mills.  Women  who  want  part  time 
work  then  take  these  sheets  home  and  cut  apart  the  scalloped 
rows  by  hand.  This  work  is  paid  for  at  the  rate  of  five  cents  per 
dozen  yards.  Mrs.  M.'s  earnings,  as  copied  from  her  "mill  book," 
are  recorded  in  the  income  table. 

House. — Mr.  and  Mrs.  M.  have  been  buying  their  house  for  the 
past  two  years.  At  the  outset,  Mr.  M.'s  mother  paid  $1,000 
toward  it  with  money  she  had  earned  by  washing.  This  payment 
was  a  gift  on  her  part;  she  expects  nothing  in  return  except  to  be 
taken  care  of  when  she  is  too  old  to  work.  The  remainder  of  the 
price, — $550, — Mr.  and  Mrs.  M.  are  paying  to  a  building  and  loan 
association  in  monthly  installments  of  $5.50,  which  amount  includes 
interest. 

The  house  is  of  brick,  and  has  two  rooms  and  a  shed  on  the  first 
floor,  two  rooms  and  a  bath  on  the  second  floor,  and  a  toilet  in  the 
yard.  It  would  rent  for  $12  per  month.  The  rooms  are  small, 
but  the  house  is  in  good  condition.     It  has  a  porcelain  kitchen  sink 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  '  37 

and  a  porcelain  bath  tub.  The  first  floor  is  heated  by  the  kitchen 
range  and  a  heating  stove;  the  second  floor,  by  two  hot  water 
radiators  which  are  connected  with  the  kitchen  range.  Besides 
the  coal  range,  there  is  a  three  burner  hot-plate  for  cooking.  The 
home  is  neat  and  well  kept.  The  parlor  is  furnished  with  a  hair 
cloth  set  and  an  organ.     The  other  rooms  are  simply  furnished. 

Food. — The  food  expenditure  for  the  year  was  $292.79,  making 
an  average  of  $5.63  per  week.  The  weekly  food  allowance  for  this 
family,  on  the  basis  of  the  ''fair  standard"  of  the  government  report 
for  Fall  River  families,  would  be  as  follows:  ^ 

Father $1.82 

Mother 1.46 

First  son ' 1.09 . 

Second  son 91 


Total $5.28 

This  family's  food  expenditure  was  therefore  somewhat  above  the 
allowance  of  the  Fall  River  standard.  That  allowance,,  however, 
as  already  stated,  is  believed  to  be  too  low  for  Kensington  families 
at  the  time  of  this  study.  Mrs.  M.'s  daily  record  indicates  a 
meager  diet. 

Clothing. — Clothing  is  conspicuously  the  chief  item  on  which 
this  family  economizes.  The  clothing  expenditure  for  the  entire 
family  for  the  year  amounted  to  but  $48.35.  The  mother  makes 
over  the  father's  underwear  for  the  children,  and  uses  her  ingenuity 
in  various  ways  to  keep  down  clothing  expense. 

Medical  Attention. — The  expenditure  for  medical  attention  was 
$8.50.  As  stated  above,  the  father  was  ill  for  four  weeks.  The 
older  son  is  delicate,  apparently  being  predisposed  to  tuberculosis; 
most  of  the  expenditure  .under  this  heading  was  for  him.  The 
mother  is  not  strong.     The  younger  son  appears  to  be  sturdy. 

Church. — Mrs.  M.  attends  a  Methodist  church,  but  is  not  a 
member;  she  gives  five  cents  in  the  offering  when  she  goes  to  church. 
The  children  go  regularly  to  Sunday  school.  The  older  boy  is  a 
member  of  the  church,  and  gives  five  cents  a  week  in  his  envelope. 
Mr.  M.  does  not  attend  church. 

Recreation. — The  expenditure  for  recreation  was  $2.25,  and  was 
mostly  for  moving  pictures.     Mrs.  M.  had  hoped  to  be  able  to 

161st  Congress,  2d  Session,  Senate  Document  No.  645,  Vol.  XVI,  op.  dt., 
pp.  24,  238. 


38 


BUDGETS    OF    FAMILIES    AND    INDIVIDUALS 


send  her  delicate  son  to  the  country  for  the  summer,  but  the  father's 
illness  of  four  weeks  in  April  and  May,  left  the  family  entirely 
dependent  upon  the  mother's  earnings  during  that  time,  so  that 
all  hopes  for  a  vacation  had  to  be  given  up. 

Standard  of  Living. — The  total  income  for  the  year  was  $644.64; 
the  total  expenditures  were  $602.73,  leaving  a  balance  of  $41.91. 
By  careful  management  Mrs.  M.  makes  ends  meet,  but  her  budget 
shows  great  economy.  Very  little  beyond  what  was  absolutely 
essential  could  be  afforded  this  year.  "I'll  just  have  to  do  with- 
out papering  and  lots  of  things  I  had  intended  to  get,''  Mrs.  M.  said 
to  the  investigator,  after  her  husband  was  taken  ill. 

INCOME. 

One  Year  (52  Weeks  or  364  Days),  November  10,  1913-November  8,  1914,  Actually 

Recorded  Income. 
Amounts  are  recorded  for  weekly  pay  intervals.     In  date  column  is  indicated  the  first  day  of  each 

foiirth  week. 


Father,  Wages. 

Mother,  Wages. 

Father,  Wages. 

Mother,  Wages. 

Date. 

4^ 
a 

Date. 

1 
< 

Date. 

1 

< 

Date. 

1 

Nov.  10,  1913  . 

Dec.    8 

Jan.     5,  1914  . 

Feb.     2 

Mar.    2 

Mar.  30 

$13.00 
13.00 
13.00 
13.00 
13.00 
13.00 
13.00 
13.00 
13.00 
13.00 
13.00 
13.00 
13.00 
13.00 
8.68 
13.00 
13.00 
13.00 
13.00 
13.00 
13.00 
13.00 

Nov.  10,  1913. 

Dec.     8 

Jan.     5,  1914. 

Feb.     2 

Mar.    2 

Mar.  30 

April  27 

$2.05 
1.31 
1.64 
2.16 
1.34 
1.92 

1.88 
1.55 
2.11 
2.00 
1.40 
1.30 
2.10 
1.00 
2.10 
2.85 
1.70 
2.77 
2.24 
1.37 

1.50 
3.06 
4.00 
2.75 
4.36 

May  18,  1914. 
May  25 

June  22 

July  20 

Aug.  17 

Sept.  14 ..'...  . 

Oct.    12 

$  9.00 
9.00 
9.00 
9.00 
9.00 
9.00 
9.00 
8.50 
9.00 
9.00 
9.00 
9.00 
9.00 
9.00 
9.00 
9.00 
9.00 
7.40 
9.00 
7.25 
9.00 
9.00 
9.00 
9.00 
9.00 

May  18,  1914. 
May  25...... 

June  22 

July  20 

Aug.  17 

Sept.  14 

Oct.    12 

$  2.50 
3.68 
4.23 
2.82 
1.30 
4.20 

4.50 
4.50 

5.87 
5.50 
6.47 
5.09 
3.82 
5.31 
2.75 

1.80 
3.26 
3.76 
3.84 
4.75 
5.20 

April  27 

1 
1 

4.20 

$502.83 

$141.81 

>I11. 


Income  from  all  Sources. 

Father,  wages $502.83 

Mother,  wages 141.81 

Total  income,  one  year,  actually  recorded $644.64 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


39 


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40 


BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND   INDIVIDUALS 


CLOTHING  FOR  ONE  YEAR,   NOVEMBER   10,    1913-NOVEMBER   8,    1914. 

Father. 

Suit $  8.50 

Trousers 1 .00 

Shirts  (5) 2.33 

Underwear 2.70 

Socks 20 

Shoes 3.00 

Shoe  repairs 1,95 

Slippers 20 

Handkerchiefs 10 


Rubbers.  .  . 

M  OTHKR— Continued 

35 

50 

$19.98 


Mother. 

Dress  goods $  1.75 

House  dress 49 

Gingham 53 

Nightgowns 85 

Underwear 1.31 

Stockings  (5  prs.) 50 

Hat  trimmings 1.50 

Aprons 33 

Shoes 1.95 

Shoe  repairs 80 


$10.86- 
FiRST  Son. 

Trousers $  .45 

Underwear 99 

Stockings 68 

Shoes 4.39 

Shoe  repairs 1.50 

Rubbers 60 

Suspenders 15 

Sundries 30 


$9.06- 
Second  Son. 

Suit $1.97 

Underwear M 18^ 

Stockings 1.00 

Shoes 2.77 

Shoe  repairs 1.45 

Rubbers " 1.0& 

$8.45 


FAMILY   NO.  4. 

Membership  and  Occupation. 

.Member.  Age,  Years.  Occupation. 

Father 45      Master   weaver   and   loom   fixer. 

Has  started  an  independent 
business  as  weaver  of  cloth  for 
men's  suits. 

Mother 45      Housekeeper. 

First  son 24      Works  with  his  father  at  weaving. 

(Pays  board.) 

Second  son 19      Works  with  his  father  at  weaving. 

Daughter 16      Apprentice  at  milhnery  trade;  left 

it  the  first  of  April,  1913,  in 
order  to  work  with  her  father. 


Type  of  Family. — This  is  an  English  family  of  hard-working  and 
ambitious  type.  Because  of  financial  reverses  and  the  impairment 
of  Mr.  I.'s  health  by  overstudy,  the  family  moved  to  the  United 
States  twenty  years  before  this  study  was  begun,  hoping  to  make 
a  new  start.  They  had  a  hard  struggle  for  many  years  after 
they  came  here.  "No  one,*^  Mrs.  I.  said  to  the  investigator  during 
the  year  of  this  account,  "was  poorer  than  myself,  eleven  years 
ago, — poorer  in  money,  in  health,  or  in  hopes.''  For  several  years,, 
however,  conditions  have  steadily  improved,  and  by  the  time  this 
account  was  begun,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  I.  had  been  able  to  save  enough 
money  to  pay  the  first  installments  toward  buying  a  house  through  a 
building  and  loan  association. 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  41 

The  Account. — The  account  for  this  study  was  carefully  kept  for  a 
year  (March  22,  1913-March  20,  1914). 

Income. — Mr.  I.  is  a  highly  skilled  weaver,  having  become  a 
certified  master  weaver  and  loom  fixer  in  England  before  he  was 
twenty  years  old.  For  a  number  of  years  prior  to  the  beginning 
of  this  account,  he  held  a  position  as  loom  fixer,  with  twenty  looms 
under  his  care.  His  wage  for  this  was  $16  per  week,  at  first;  $20 
per  week,  for  the  last  four  years  during  which  he  held  the  position. 
This  work,  though  it  brought  a  fair  income,  was  hard  upon  Mr.  I.'s 
health.  Both  of  his  sons,  also,  were  doing  work  that  was  impairing 
their  health;  the  older  son  was  losing  his  sight;  the  younger  son, 
who  was  not  strong,  was  obliged  to  carry  heavy  loads  of  cloth  up 
long  flights  of  stairs,  and  the  strain  was  beginning  to  tell  upon 
him. 

For  the  sake  of  his  health  and  that  of  his  sons,  Mr.  I.  decided 
in  the  spring  of  1913  to  rent  looms  and  start  a  small,  independent 
business  of  his  own.  He  placed  a  second  mortgage  of  $350  upon 
his  house,  in  order  to  get  the  necessary  capital;  and  in  the  latter 
part  of  March,  just  as  this  account  was  begun,  he  rented  ten  looms 
for  $50  per  month,  and  with  his  two  sons  went  into  the  business 
of  weaving  cloth  for  men's  suits.  Shortly  afterward,  the  daughter 
left  her  position  as  a  milliner's  apprentice,  and  joined  her  father 
and  brothers.  In  May,  Mr.  I.  gave  up  four  looms,  paying  $30  per 
month  for  the  remaining  six. 

During  the  summer  of  1913,  the  new  business  hardly  held  its 
own.  The  pending  tariff  bill  made  capitalists  timid  about  investing 
in  the  textile  business,  and  the  small  producer,  particularly,  was  in 
a  precarious  position.  In  July,  Mrs.  I.  wrote  with  regard  to  her 
husband's  new  business :  *'  I  am  sorry  to  say  we  are  nearly  down  and 
out  for  work;  there  is  not  much  work  in  sight.  We  only  wish  the 
tariff  bill  would  go  through.  It  is  worse  waiting  for  it  than  what 
it  will  be  when  it  is  passed,  because  every  one  is  afraid  to  invest 
money  in  anything  belonging  to  weaving."  An  added  hardship 
was  caused  by  a  New  York  dealer  who  took  Mr.  I.'s  cloth  to  sell, 
but  did  not  make  prompt  payment  of  the  proceeds. 

Since  there  were  no  profits  during  the  summer,  the  household 
expenses  had  to  be  met  out  of  capital.  Mr.  I.  could  not  afford  to 
pay  his  daughter  anything,  so  in  the  late  summer  she  went  back  to 
the  millinery  business.  She  soon  returned  to  her  father's  looms, 
however,  and  from  early  fall  on,  her  father  paid  her  a  small  wage. 

Throughout  the  fall,  the  outlook  was  brighter.     Mr.  I.  found  a 


42  BUDGETS    OF    FAMILIES    AND    INDIVIDUALS 

ready  market  for  his  product,  and  in  November  he  moved  into 
better  quarters.  Conditions  have  continued  favorable  through 
the  winter  and  early  spring.  At  the  close  of  this  account  (March 
20,  1914),  just  one  year  after  starting  the  experiment,  Mr.  I.  has 
eight  looms  on  the  ground  floor  and  an  office  on  the  second  floor 
of  a  large  building.  For  these  he  pays  a  rental  of  $50  per  month. 
He  employs  from  three  to  six  persons  besides  his  three  children. 
At  the  time  he  moved  into  the  present  business  quarters,  Mr.  I. 
was  offered  $30  per  week  to  become  superintendent  of  a  mill,  but 
he  felt  that  he  was  not  strong  enough  physically  to  undertake  the 
responsibility  of  such  a  position.  ^ 

House. — The  family  lives  in  a  brick  dwelling  in  a  newly  built 
section  of  the  mill  district.  The  house  has  a  front  porch,  a  parlor,  a 
dining  room,  a  kitchen,  and  a  shed,  on  the  first  floor;  three  sleeping 
rooms,  and  a  bathroom  well  equipped  with  porcelain  fittings  and 
toilet,  on  the  second  floor.  It  is  heated  by  a  hot  air  furnace.  The 
cooking  is  done  on  the  coal  range  and  a  gas  range.  The  house  is 
well  kept,  and  comfortably  furnished  throughout.  The  parlor  has 
a  good  set  of  furniture,  an  upright  piano,  a  bright  colored  rug,  and 
lace  curtains.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  I.  have  been  buying  this  home  for 
six  years,  through  a  building  and  loan  association.  As  already 
stated,  an  additional  mortgage  was  placed  upon  it  at  the  time  this 
account  was  begun;  the  expenditure  table  for  the  year,  therefore 
includes  interest  payments  on  two  mortgages. 

Food. — The  total  amount  spent  during  the  year  for  food  was 
$585.35,  making  a  weekly  average  of  $11.45  for  five  persons,  or 
an  expenditure  of  $2.49  per  week  per  man  unit.  As  compared  with 
the  Fall  River  ''fair  standard"  food  allowance  of  $1.82  per  week 
per  man  unit^  this  family's  allowance  is  liberal.  The  following 
was  Mrs.  I.'s  menu  for  a  Saturday  evening  meal,  and  for  a  Sunday, 
in  April,  1914: 

Menu. 
Saturday,  April  11,  1914. 

Tea,  five  o'clock:   Salmon,  "savory  ducks,"^  boiled  ham,  sliced  tomatoes, 
apple  cake,  jelly  cake,  bread  and  butter,  tea. 

Sunday,  April  12. 

Breakfast:  Cereal  and  milk,  bacon,  fried  eggs,  tea,  bread  and  butter,  Dutch 
cake,  oranges. 

1  61st  Congress,  2d  Session,  Senate  Document  No.  645,  Vol.  XVI,  op.  cil., 
p.  238. 

2  An  English  dish,  consisting  of  small  meat  cakes. 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  43 

Luncheon  (midday  on  Sunday) :  Boiled  rice  with  cream,  boiled  ham,  canned 
peas,  cold  lamb,  bread  and  butter,  tea,  preserved  apricots. 

Dinner  (Sunday  night):  Lamb  hashed  with  potatoes,  sliced  tomatoes,  lady 
fingers,  strawberries,  bananas,  tea,  bread  and  butter. 

Clothing. — This  family  maintains  a  high  standard  of  dress.  The 
father  and  the  second  son  spent  during  the  year  for  clothes,  $80.28 
and  $52.75,  respectively.  The  Fall  River  "fair  standard "  allowance 
is  $45.75  for  a  father,  and  $50.50  for  a  son  of  seventeen  years  or  over.^ 
The  clothing  of  Mr.  I.  and  his  son  represents  even  a  higher  standard 
than  the  figures  of  the  account  indicate,  as  their  suits  are  made 
from  cloth  woven  on  their  own  looms,  which  is  of  better  grade  than 
they  could  buy  for  the  same  price  at  retail.  The  son  who  pays 
board  buys  his  own  clothes. 

The  mother's  clothing  expenditure  for  the  year  amounted  to 
$136.47;  the  daughter's,  to  $107.19.  Their  clothing,  as  well  as 
that  of  the  men  of  the  family,  represents  a  higher  standard  than  the 
figures  show,  since  they  too  enjoy  the  privilege  of  getting  cloth  from 
Mr.  I.'s  looms  at  wholesale  prices.  The  ''fair  standard"  allowance 
for  a  Fall  River  mother  is  $33.75;  for  a  daughter  of  sixteen  years, 
$37.2 

Pocket  Money  and  Church. — The  "pocket  money"  item  in  this 
budget  is  noticeable,  being  $209.50  for  the  year,  for  the  father, 
the  second  son,  and  the  daughter.  The  father  and  the  two  children, 
however,  make  their  church  contributions  out  of  their  "pocket 
money,"  and  their  contributions  are  liberal.  All  the  members  of 
the  family  attend  an  Episcopal  church.  The  father  gave  $31  to 
the  church  during  the  year.  The  mother's  contributions  came  out 
of  the  household  fund.     She  gave  $21.45  during  the  year. 

Standard  of  Living. — The  total  income  for  the  year  amounted  to 
$1824.82.  Practically  all  of  this  went  to  meet  current  expenses. 
The  family  at  present  enjoys  a  high  standard  of  living.  Its  budget 
is  of  especial  interest  at  this  time,  when  Mr.  I.  is  passing  from  the 
status  of  employe  to  that  of  employer.  It  must  not  be  supposed 
that  a  change  of  this  kind  is  an  exceptional  occurrence.  There 
are  a  considerable  number  of  small  manufacturers  in  Kensington, 
who  were  formerly  employes;    Mr.  I.  is  typical  of  this  group. 

^  61st  Congress,  2d  Session,  Senate  Document  No.  645,  Vol.  XVI,  op.  cit., 
pp.  239,  243. 

-  Idem. 

•^    4 


44 


BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 


INCOME. 

One  Year  (52  Weeks  or  364  Days),  March  22,  1913-March  20,  1914,  Actually  Recorded 

Income. 
Amounts  are  recorded  for  weekly  pay  intervals.     In  date  column  is  indicated  the  first  day  of  each 
«.  fourth  week. 


Second  Son,  Wages. 

Daughter,  Wages. 

Second  Son,  Wages. 

Daughter,  Wages. 

Date. 

4i 
1 

Date. 

a 
§ 
S 
< 

Date. 

< 

Date. 

1 
< 

Mar.  22,  1913  . 

$  9.00 
9.00 

Aug.  30,  1913. 

$2.00 

4.25 
6.25 

Sept.  27,  1913. 
Oct.     4 

Nov.    1 

Nov.  29 

Dec.  27 

Jan.   24,1914. 

Feb.  21 

$10.00 
10.00 
10.00 
10.00 
10.00 
10.00 
10.00 

9.00 
10.00 
10.00 

9.00 
10.00 
10.00 
10.00 

8.18 

8.18 
10.00 
10.00 
10.00 
10.00 
10.00 

8.60 
10.00 

8.78 
10.00 

Sept.  27,  1913. 

• 
Oct.   25 

Nov.  22 

Dec.  20 

Jan.    17,  1914. 

Feb.   14 

Mar.  14 

%  6.25 
6.25 
6.25 
4.00 
6.25 
5.00 
5.50 
4.50 
6.25 
6.25 
5.00 
6  25 

Apr.  19 

May  17 

9.00 
9.00 
6.35 
8.50 
9.00 
9.00 

9.00 

1 

June  14 

July  12 

9.00 
9.00 
9.00 
9.00 
5.00 
9.00 

6.25 
5.00 
5.00 
5.00 
6.25 
6.25 
6  25 

Aug.    9 

Sept.    6 

3.00 

8.25 
8.00 

10.00 
8.00 
8.25 

10.00 

6.25 
6.25 
5.68 
6.25 
6.25 
5.80 

$425.09 

$156.73 

» No  woik. 


Income  from  all  Sources. 

Father,  salary  from  business, 

47  weeks  @  $20.00 $940.00 

Iweek    @    15.00 15.00         $  955.00 

First  son,  board,  48  weeks  @  $6.00 288.00 

Second  son,  wages 425.09 

Daughter,  wages 156.73 

Total  income,  one  year,  actually  recorded $1,824.82 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


45 


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46 


BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 


CLOTHING  FOR   ONE   YEAR,   MARCH  22,    1913-MARCH   20,    1914. 


Fatheb. 

Suits  (3) $33.00 

Overcoat 18.50 

Hats 5.50 

Shc^es 6.00 

Shoe  repairs 5.65 

Shirts 2.65 

Underwear 5.00 

Socks 1.37. 

Pajamas 1.00 

Sundries 1.61 


$80.28 
Mother. 

Suit $  20.00 

Coat 17.95 

Skirt 5.20 

Dresses 18.67 

Dressmaking 14.50 

Waists 6.68 

Princess  slip 1.63 

Lace,  velvet,  etc 3.14 

Hats  (3) 12.00 


Petticoat . 
Corsets. . . . 
Underwear . 

Shoes 

Shoe  repairs . 


2.00 
3.00 
5.76 
5.00 
5.03 

Slippers 2.35 

Stockings 2.25 

Gloves 3.09 

VeU 50 

Shawl 2.00 

Hand  bag 1.23 

Apron 25 

Nightgown 69 

Cleaning 2,50 

Sundries 1.05 


Second  Son. 

Suits  (2) $22.50 

Trousers 1.00 

Shoes 9.00 

Shoe  repairs 2.05 

Hat 1.50 

Cap 50 

Shirts 4.50 

Underwear 8.00 

Socks 1.13 

Sundries 2.57 


$52.75 


Dattghter. 

Coat $10, 

Cloth  skirt 2, 

Dresses  (7) 28, 

Cloth ^ 3. 

Dressmaking 11. 

Dress  dyeing 2, 

Coat  cleaning 1, 

Waist 

Embroidery 4, 

Hats  (3) 10, 

Maribou 

Gloves 1, 

Ribbons 

Hand  bag 1, 

Underwear 

Corsets  (3  prs.) 3, 

Shoes  (5  prs.) 14, 

Shoe  repairs 2, 

Stockings 3, 

Aprons 

Nightgown 

Safety  pins 

Jewelry 2, 


$136.47 


$107.19 


FAMILY  NO.  5. 

Member  ship  and  Occupation. 

Member.  Age,  Years.  Occupation. 

Father 24  Bundhar  carpet  weaver. 

Mother 24  Housekeeper. 

First  son 2 

Second  son Born   December   24,    1913,    9    months 

after  the  beginning  of  this  account. 
Man  table  boarder,  noonday  meal,  5  days  per  week  for  15  weeks.     Paid 
$1  per  week. 


Type  of  Family. — All  of  the  members  of  this  family  were  born  in 
the  textile  district  of  Philadelphia.  Mr.  L.  is  a  steady  worker, 
and  a  man  of  good  habits.  At  the  time  of  his  marriage  he  was 
eager  to  have  an  attractive  home;  so  he  spent  all  of  his  savings, — 
about  $400, — in  furnishing  a  four-room  house.  Mrs.  L.  is  in- 
dustrious, and  takes  pride  in  her  home.  She  does  her  housework 
and  cares  for  her  two  boys,  without  help.  During  the  early  part 
of  the  period  of  this  account  she  had  some  of  the  washing  done  at 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  47 

the  '^wet  wash  laundry  "  in  order  to  lighten  her  work,  but  she  gave 
up  the  plan  after  a  few  weeks'  trial.  Mrs.  L.  has  few  diversions, 
and  is  interested  in  little  besides  her  home  and  family.  Visiting 
her  parents  and  a  few  friends,  is  about  the  only  recreation  she  cares 
for. 

The  Account. — The  account  for  this  study  was  carefully  kept  for  a 
year  (March  21,  1913-March  19,  1914). 

Income. — The  father's  wages  averaged  $15.59  per  week  for  the 
year  of  the  account.  The  family  had  practically  no  source  of 
income  other  than  the  father's  wages. 

House. — The  family  occupies  a  brick  house  on  a  fairly  wide 
street  in  the  mill  district.  The  rent  is  $17  per  month.  The  house 
has  a  parlor,  a  dining  room,  a  kitchen,  a  shed,  and  an  outside  toilet, 
on  the  first  floor;  two  bed  rooms,  a  sitting  room,  and  a  bathroom 
with  toilet,  on  the  second  floor.  It  is  heated  by  a  hot  air  furnace, 
and  has  a  coal  range  and  a  hot-plate  for  cooking.  The  visitor  is 
impressed  with  the  neatness  and  taste  of  the  furnishings  of  this 
home.  The  rooms  are  not  overcrowded,  and  each  article  of  furni- 
ture has  been  selected  with  care. 

Food. — The  food  expenditure  for  the  year  was  $283.34.  The 
Fall  River  "fair  standard"  yearly  food  allowance  for  this  family 
would  be  as  follows :  ^ 

Father $  94.64 

Mother 75.71 

First  son 37.85 

Second  son  (for  three  months) 7.10 

Man  boarder  (one  meal  per  day,  five  days  per  week,  for  fifteen 
weeks) 6.50 

Total $221.80 

The  family  was  therefore  well  above  the  Fall  River  standard 
with  regard  to  its  food  expenditure.  The  menu  which  follows 
shows  a  plentiful  and  varied  diet. 

Menu  for  One  Week  in  the  Spring  of  1913. 
Sunday. 

Breakfast:  Sliced  ham,  fried  eggs,  cakes,  coffee. 

Dinner:  Roast  pork,  baked  beans,  mashed  potatoes,  spinach,  celery,  bread 
and  butter,  coffee. 

^  61st  Congress,  2d  Session,  Senate  Document  No.  645,  Vol.  XVI,  op.  dt., 
pp.  238,  243. 


48  BUDGETS   OF    FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 

Supper:  Cold  pork,  sliced  tongue,  potato  salad,  sliced  tomatoes,  lettuce, 
pickled  onions,  cherries,  cake,  tea. 

Monday. 

Breakfast:  Fried  eggs  and  bacon,  cakes,  coffee. 

Dinner:  Broiled  steak,  fried  onions  and  gravy,  potatoes,  bread  and  butter, 

coffee. 
Supper:  Lunch  roll,  potato  salad,  lettuce,  baked  beans,  sliced  tomatoes, 

bread  and  butter,  tea. 

Tuesday. 

Breakfast:  Boiled  eggs,  cakes,  coffee. 

Dinner:  Boiled  mutton,  mashed  potatoes,  stewed  onions,  bread  and  butter, 
tapioca  pudding. 

Supper:  Sliced  mutton,  potato  cakes,  sUced  tomatoes,  pickles,  take,  tea. 
Wednesday. 

Breakfast:  Cakes,  coffee. 

Dinner:  Pot  roast,  boiled  cabbage,  potatoes,  bread  and  butter,  custard, 
coffee. 

Supper:  French  fried  potatoes,  sUced  beef,  lettuce,  sliced  tomatoes,  tea. 
Thursday. 

Breakfast :  Fried  eggs,  bread  and  butter,  cakes,  coffee. 

Dinner:  Veal  stew,  boiled  cabbage,  bread  and  butter,  custard,  coffee. 

Supper:  Boiled  ham,  fried  potatoes,  sliced  tomatoes,  bread  and  butter,  tea. 
Friday. 

Breakfast:  Fried  eggs  and  bacon,  bread  and  butter,  cakes,  coffee. 

Dinner:  Bailed  shad,  mashed  potatoes,  peas,  lettuce,  bread  and  butter,  rice 
pudding,  coffee. 

Supper:  Lunch  roll,  sliced  tomatoes,  peas,  bread  and  butter,  tea. 

Saturday. 

Breakfast:  Cakes,  coffee. 

Dinner:  Vegetable  soup,  bread  and  butter,  coffee. 

Supper:  Lunch  roll,  sliced  tomatoes,  baked  beans,  cake,  tea. 

Clothing. — For  the  year  of  the  account,  Mr.  L.'s  clothing  cost 
$29.75;  his  wife's,  $8.36.  "  Both  amounts  are  below  the  allowances 
of  the  Fall  River  "fair  standard,*'  ^ — the  wife's  being  unusually 
small.  It  is  largely  because  Mrs.  L.  seldom  goes  out,  that  she 
needs  so  little  in  the  way  of  clothing.     The  children  are  well  dressed. 

Medical  Attention. — The  expenditure  for  medical  attention  for 
the  year  was  rather  large,  on  account  of  Mrs.  L.'s  confinement  at 
the  time  of  the  birth  of  her  second  son.  She  was  in  poor  health 
from  the  latter  part  of  the  summer  until  the  child's  birth  on 
Christmas  eve,  and  was  compelled  to  leave  home  and  go  to  her 
mother's  for  three  weeks  in  the  fall.  At  the  time  of  the  birth  of 
the  child,  Mrs.  L.'s  mother  acted  as  nurse;  so  there  was  no  expense 

1 61st  Congress,  2d  Session,  Senate  Document  No.  645,  Vol.  XVI,  op.  cii. 
pp.  239,  243. 


OF  KENSINGTON,  PHILADELPHIA. 


49 


incurred  for  nursing.  The  total  expenditure  under  this  heading 
was  $36.70. 

Dues. — Mr.  L.  spends  an  unusually  large  amount  for  dues.  He  is 
ambitious  to  "go  through  the  chairs"  of  the  lodges  of  which  he 
is  a  member,  and  he  gives  a  great  deal  of  time  and  attention  to 
lodge  activities. 

Church. — Mr.  and  Mrs.  L.  had  attended  an  Episcopal  church, 
and  had  been  in  the  habit  of  contributing  $25  per  year.  They 
stopped  attending  church  the  month  after  this  account  was  begun, — 
their  contributions  up  to  that  time  amounting  to  $3.50. 

Recreation. — Almost  the  entire  amount  under  this  heading  was 
spent  for  moving  pictures  by  Mr.  L.  He  generally  goes  once  a 
week.     Mrs.  L.  does  not  care  to  go. 

Pocket  Money. — Mr.  L.  does  not  receive  ''pocket  money,"  as 
do  most  of  the  men  in  the  textile  district  of  Kensington.  This 
family  is  peculiar  in  that  the  father  keeps  his  wages  and  pays  all 
of  the  bills.  Mrs.  L.  receives  small  amounts  from  time  to  time, 
to  meet  incidental  expenses. 

Standard  of  Living.— The  year  of  the  account  was  a  fairly  pros- 
perous one,  and  the  family  lived  comfortably,  coming  out  with  a 
small  balance  at  the  end  of  the  year.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  L.  have  no 
savings  account,  and  they  use  practically  all  of  their  income  each 
year  to  meet  current  needs.; 

INCOME. 

One  Year  (52  Weeks  or  364  Dats),  March  21,  1913-March  19,  1914,  Actually  Recorded 

Income. 
Amounts  are  recorded  for  weekly  pay  intervals.     In  date  column  is  indicated  the  first  day  of  each 

fourth  week. 


Father,  Wages. 

Father,  Wages. 

Father,  Wages. 

Father,  Wage.s. 

Date. 

1 

<; 

Date. 

< 

Date. 

a 

Date. 

i 

< 

Mar.  21,  1913  . 

Apr.   18 

May  16 

$21.44 
15.40 

16.71 
19.68 
16.00 
20.63 
15.90 
24.57 
16.55 
16.71 
19.32 
10.31 
11.92 

June  27,  1913. 
July  11 

Aug.    8 

Sept.    5 

$20.03 

1 

1 

14.21 

9.91 

20.69 

14.96 

19.32 

6.46 

8.05 

10.58 

22.41 

17.64 

11.11 

Oct.     3,  1913. 

Oct.   31 

Nov.  28 

Dec.  26 

$18.11 
16.92 
17.11 
27.09 
21.49 
20.63 
16.76 
10.87 
11.23 
4.53 
11.34 
17.52 
16.77 
10.55 

Jan.     9,1914. 
Jan.   23 

Feb.  20 

$12.32 
22.55 
20.58 
17.98 
16.17 
19.53 
15.01 
22.31 
22.79 
20.12 

June  13 

$810.79 

1  No  work. 


50 


BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES  AND   INDIVIDUALS 


Income  from  all  Sources. 

Father,  wages $810.79 

Man  table  boarder,  15  weeks  @  $1.00. 15.00 

Christmas  gift 2.50 

Total  income,  one  year,  actually  recorded $828.29 

FATHER,   WAGES. 
One  Yeab. 


CLOTHING  FOR   ONE  YEAR,   MARCH  21,   1913-MARCH   19,   1914. 


Father. 

Trousers $  1.50 

Shirts 5.25 

Underwear 3.50 

Straw  hat 2.00 

Shoes  (5  prs.) 12.70 

Shoe  repairs 1 .20 

Socks 1.50 

Collars 75 

Hair  cut 1.35 


$29.75 


Mother. 

Gingham $  .46 

Underwear 1.25 

Shoes  (2  prs.) 6.00 

Stockings 65 

$8.36 
First  Son. 

Dresses %  3.68 

Gingham 32 


First  Son. — Continued. 

Aprons 1.00 

Undershirts 70 

Cloth 40 

Outing  flannel .70 

Sweater 1.00 

Caps 2.54 

Shoes  (5  prs.) 5.00 

Stockings 2.38 

Leggings 1.00 

Edging 10 


$18.82 


Second  Son. 

.$1.75 

Dress  goods 1.18 

Cloth 40 

Undershirts 2.00 

Flannel 40 

Cap 50 

Ribbon 10 


$6.33 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


51 


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52  BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND   INDIVIDUALS 

FAMILY   NO.  6. 
Membership  and  Occupation. 

Member.  Age,  Years.  Occupation. 

^  Father 43       Warp  dresser  in  hosierymill. 

Mother 42       Housekeeper. 

First  son 17      Pattern  boy  in  stove  foundry  un- 

^  til  3  weeks  before  the  close  of 

this  account,  when  he  left  the 
foundry  to  become  a  knitter's 
helper  in  the  hosiery  mill  with 
his  brother. 

Second  son 14      Knitter's  helper  in  hosiery  mill. 

Daughter 11      In  school.  • 

Type  of  Family. — This  is  a  Scotch  family.  Both  the  father  and 
the  mother  are  industrious  and  intelligent.  The  family  came  over 
from  Scotland  seven  years  before  the  beginning  of  this  account, 
and  has  lived  in  Kensington  ever  since. 

The  Account. — The  account  covers  one  year  (June  13,  1913- 
June  11,  1914).  The  food  expenditure  was  kept  in  detail  for  four 
weeks  only,  but  since  Mrs.  Y.  always  spends  about  the  same  amount 
upon  her  table,  the  account  for  the  month  furnishes  a  basis  for  a 
yearly  estimate.  The  irregular  expenditures  were  all  kept  track 
of  throughout  the  year.  With  regard  to  the  income  table,  the 
average,  instead  of  the  actual  weekly  wages  of  the  different  wage- 
earning  members  of  the  family  are  given  for  the  first  fourteen  weeks. 
For  the  remainder  of  the  year,  the  actual  weekly  wages  of  each 
wage-earner  are  given. 

Income. — During  the  year  of  the  account  the  father  earned  an 
average  of  $17.54  per  week;  the  first  son,  an  average  of  $3.85; 
the  second  son,  an  average  of  $4.91.  Both  the  father  and  the 
sons  turn  over  their  entire  wages  to  Mrs.  Y. 

House. — Until  shortly  before  the  account  for  this  study  was 
begun,  this  family  lived  on  a  narrow  street, — occupying  a  brick 
house  of  four  rooms  and  a  bath,  which  rented  for  $12  per  month. 
In  the  early  summer  of  1913,  the  family  moved  into  a  new  brick 
house  in  a  newly  built  section  of  the  district.  This  house  rents  for 
$15  per  month.  It  has  a  front  porch,  three  rooms,  and  a  shed,  on 
the  first  floor;  three  rooms  and  a  bath  with  toilet,  on  the  second 
floor.  It  is  heated  by  a  hot  air  furnace,  and  has  a  coal  range 
and  a  gas  range  for  cooking.  The  new  house  is  a  great  improve- 
ment on  the  old  one,  and  makes  the  family  a  comfortable  and  well- 
appearing  home. 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  53 

The   following  statement  shows  the   expenses  incurred  in  con- 
nection with  moving: 

Hauling  of  furniture $  3.00 

Parlor  suite 29.75 

Rug 17.75 

Bench  for  porch 1.00 

Linoleum 7.43 

,     Porch  screen 1.95 

Garden  hose,  couplings 3.50 

Washing  machine 12.00 

Window  shades 2.75 

Curtains 2.08 


Total $81.21 

Withdrawal  from  bank  to  help  meet  this  expense,  amounted  to 
$67.     This  withdrawal  is  gradually  being  replaced. 

Food. — For  the  four  weeks  during  which  the  food  account  was 
kept,  the  average  weekly  expenditure  was  $8.14.  The  Fall  River 
''fair  standard"  weekly  food  allowance  for  this  family  would  be 
as  follows :  ^ 

Father $1,82 

Mother 1.46 

First  son 1.82 

Second  son 1.46 

Daughter 1.09 

Total $7.65 

The  family  was  therefore  well  above  the  Fall  River  standard 
with  regard  to  its  food  expenditure.  The  menu  which  is  given  for  a 
week,  shows  a  varied  and  wholesome  diet. 

Menu  for  One  Week  in  the  Spring  of  1913. 
Saturday. 

Breakfast:  Corn  flakes  and  milk,  rolls  and  butter,  boiled  eggs,  tea. 

Dinner:  Beefsteak,  potatoes,  tomatoes,  bread  and  butter,  tea. 

Supper:  Bread  and  butter,  ham  or  cheese,  cake,  jelly,  tea. 
Sunday. 

Breakfast:  Ham  and  eggs,  bread  and  butter,  tea. 

Dinner:  Mutton,  potatoes,  peas,  cake,  peaches,  tea. 

Supper:  Cold  meat,  bread  and  butter,  cake,  jelly,  tea. 

"'■  61st  Congress,  2d  Session,  Senate  Document  No.  645,  Vol.  XVI,  op.  cit., 
pp.  24,  238. 


54  BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 

Monday. 

Breakfast:  Poached  eggs,  corn  flakes  and  milk,  rolls  and  butter,  tea. 

Luncheon:    Sandwiches,  fruit,    cocoa.       (Father  and  sons  take  luncheon 
with  them  to  the  mills  five  days  each  week.) 
V  Supper:  Meat  cakes,  potatoes,  bread  and  butter,  pie,  tea. 
Tuesday. 

Breakfast:  Corn  flakes  and  milk,  boiled  eggs,  rolls  and  butter,  tea. 

Luncheon:  Sandwiches,  fruit,  cocoa. 

Supper:  Stewed  meat,  potatoes,  tomatoes,  bread  and  butter,  tea. 
Wednesday. 

Breakfast:  Corn  flakes  and  milk,  fried  eggs,  rolls  and  butter,  tea. 

Luncheon:  Sandwiches,  fruit,  cocoa. 

Supper:  Vegetable  soup,  roast  beef,  bread  and  butter,  tea.  • 

Thursday. 

Breakfast:  Corn  flakes  and  milk,  boiled  eggs,  rolls  and  butter,  tea. 

Luncheon:  Sandwiches,  fruit,  cocoa. 

Supper:  Minced  steak,  potatoes,  mashed  turnips,  bread  pudding,  milk,  tea. 
Friday. 

Breakfast:  Ham  and  eggs,  rolls  and  butter,  tea. 

Luncheon:  Sandwiches,  fruit. 

Supper:  Fish,  potatoes,  bread  atid  butter,  ginger  cakes. 

Clothing. — The  clothing  expenditure  ^f  the  family  for  the  year 
was  $241.34.  The  Fall  River  "fair  standard"  clothing  allowance 
for  this  family  would  be  as  follows '} 

Father $  45.75 

Mother 33.75 

First  son 50.50 

Second  son 42.45 

Daughter 25.35 

Total $197.80 

Though  the  family's  total  clothing  expenditure  was  above  the 
''fair  standard"  allowance,  the  father's  and  the  younger  son's 
shares  were  below  the  amounts  allowed  by  that  standard. 

Standard  of  Living. — This  family  strives  to  maintain  as  high  a 
standard  as  its  income  will  permit.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Y.  generally 
keep  a  small  savings  account,  but  they  do  not  hesitate  to  draw 
upon  this  when  an  opportunity  for  bettering  their  standard  of 
living  offers  itself.  As  a  rule,  they  just  about  live  up  to  the  limit 
of  their  income.  During  the  year  of  the  account  they  went  a 
little  beyond  it  (deficit,  $27.32).     The  daughter  takes  music  lessons, 

1  61st  Congress,  2d  Session,  Senate  Document  No.  645,  Vol.  XVI,  op.  dt., 
pp.  239,  240,  243. 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


55 


and  all  of  the  family  have  some  recreation.  They  go  to  moving 
pictures,  and  take  trolley  trips  and  short  excursions.  "I  have 
never  had  such  a  good  year  since  I  came  to  Kensington,"  Mr.  Y. 
said  to  the  investigator  at  the  close  of  the  period  of  the  account, 
''but  on  the  other  hand,  it  was  a  very  poor  year  for  the  boys." 

INCOME. 

One  Year  (52  Weeks  or  364  Days),  June  13,  1913-June  11,  1914,  Actxtally  Recorded  Income. 
Amounts  are  recorded  for  weekly  pay  intervals.     In  date  column  is  indicated  the  first  day  of  each 

fourth  week. 


Father,  Wages. 


Date. 


Amount. 


First  Son,  Wages. 


Date. 


Amount. 


Second  Son,  Wages. 


Date. 


Amount. 


Juue  13,  1913 

July   11 

Aug.     8 

Sept.    5 

Oct.      3 

Oct.   31 

Nov.  28 

Dec.  26 

Jan.   23,  1914 

Feb.  20 

Mar.  20 

Apr.  17 

May  15 


$17,001 
17.00 
17.00 
17.00 
17.00 
17.00 
17.00 
17.00 
17.00 
.17.00 
17.00 
17.00 
17.00 
17.00 
20.85 
15.05 
17.40 
18.95 
18.15 
15.55 
19.20 
17.00 
19.40 
18.50 
19.80 
15.14 
20.25 
20.50 
19.20 
18.50 
18.55 
15.35 
15.45 
17.90 
16.85 
11.60 
15.55 
17.00 
17.00 
19.30 
19.70 
19.70 
17.95 
18.55 
19.45 
19.85 
12.80 
14.95 
17.95 
17.10 
19.45 
18.75 


June  13,  1913 

July   11 

Aug.     8 

Sept.    5 

Oct.     3 

Oct.   31 

Nov.  28 

Dec.  26 

Jan.    23,  1914 

Feb.  20 

Mar.  20 

Apr.   17 

May  15 


$4,171 
4.17 
4.17 
4.17 
4.17 
4.17 
4.17 
4.17 
4.17 
4.17 
4.17 
4.17 
4.17 
4.17 
5.00 
5.00 
3.33 
4.27 
3.33 
5.00 
5.00 
5.00 
4.17 
3.33 
3.33 
3.33 
4.17 
5.00 
3.33 
3.33 
4.17 
5.00 
5.00 
2.50 
2.50 
5.00 
4.17 
5.00 
5.00 
4.17 
3.33 
3.33 
.83 
5.00 
4.17 
.83 
.83 
3.33 
4.17 
2.50 
2.50 
2.50 


June  13,  1913. 

July   11 

Aug.     8 

Sept.    5 

Oct.     3 

Oct.   31 

Nov.  28 

Dec.  20 

Jan.    23,  1914. 

Feb.  20 

Mar.  20 

Apr.   17 

May  15 


$4,501 
4.50 
4.50 
4.50 
4.50 
4.50 
4.50 
4.50 
4.50 
4.50 
4.50 
4.50 
4.50 
4.50 
5.00 
5.00 
5.00 
5.00 
5.00 
5.00 
5.00 
5.00 
5.00 
5.00 
5.00 
5.00 
5.00 
5.00 
5.50 
5.50 
5.50 
5.50 
5.50 
5.50 
5.50 
5.50 
5.50 
5.50 
5.50 
5..50 
5.50 
5.50 
5.50 
5.50 
5.50 
5.00 
5.00 
5.00 
5.00 
3.00 
3.00 
3.00 


$912.19 


$200.13 


$255.50 


'  For  the  first  14  weeks  the  average  earnings  are  given. 


56 


BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND   INDIVIDUALS 


Income  from  all  Sources. 

Father,  wages $  912.19 

First  son,  wages 200.13 

V    Second  son,  wages 255.50 

Total  income,  one  year,  actually  recorded $1,367.82 

EXPENDITURES. 
FouB  Weeks,  June  13-July  10,  1913,  Actually  Recordbd  Expenditures. 
One  Year  (52  Weeks  or  364  Days),  June  13,  1913-June  11,  1914,  Partly  Estimated  Ex- 
penditures. 


Item. 

Amt. 

One  Year, 
Partly  Estimated. 

Item. 

Amt. 

One  Year, 
Pirtly  Estimated. 

Date. 

June 
13, 1913 

Total. 

Total. 

Date. 

June 
13, 1913 

Total. 

Total. 

House:                         1 

$180,001 

155.002 

3.001 

172.253 
51.451 
17.201 
30.00 

39.301 
43.861 
62.891 
33.071 
62.221 

$238,001 

425.00 
170.90 

241.341 
5.00 

Insurance 

$14,321 
6.601 
5.201 

$147.78* 

Rent 

15.00 

Dues: 

Lodge.  ... 

Fuel  and  light  .  .  . 

3.00 
6.68 
6.67 
3.23 
2.76 

.77 
3.41 

.30 
5.49 

.50 

2.75 

32.56 

Moving  furniture. 

Union 

Food:  Meats 

Dairy  products.  .  . 

Settlement  clubs  . 
Education 

26.121 
il.00» 

Eggs. .    . 

Music  lessons 

Reading  matter .... 
Church . 

16.001 

Staples 

7.00 

Vegetables 

30.00 

Fniits.  . 

Charity 

1      . 

1.00 

Cereals 

25.00 

Baked  goods 

Beverages 

Miscellaneous.  .    . 

Pocket  money: 

Father  and  children 
Car  fare 

100.00 
55.00 

Food  Total 

Gifts 

6.001 

Household  Expenses: 

Furniture 

Furnishings 

Total  expenditures 
partly  estimated 

Total  income,  one 
recorded  . 

,  one  year. 

$1,395.14 

General  supplies. . 
Laundry. 

year,  actually 

1,367.82 

Clothing: 
Father 

Deficit 

$      27.32 

Mother.    .  .  . 

First  son 

Second  son 

Daughter 

Medical  attention  .  . 

Savings. 

Savings   fund   society's  account  for 
daughter $6.50 

1  Actually  recorded. 

2  Gas,  $19.50;  coal,  $32.30;  wood,  $2.50;  oil,  $0.70. 

'Parlor  suite,  $29.75;  washing  machine,  $12;  bench,  $1;  kitchen   table,  $2.50;  iron   bed  and 
springs,  $8;  mirror,  $.50;  music  cabinet,  $5;  water  heater,  $13.50. 
*  Family,  $.40  per  we'ek,  plus  father's  policy,  $13.49  semi-yearly, 
s  Night  school. 


CLOTHING  FOR   ONE  YEAR,   JUNE    13,    1913-JUNE    11,    1914. 


Father. 

Suit $12.50 

Underwear 1.40 

Hat 2.00 

Cap 50 

Shoes  (2  iirs.) 8.00 

Shoe  repairs 1.66 

Socks 95 

Rubbers 80 

Overalls 50 

Umbrella 1.00 

Ring 10.00 


$39.30 


Mother. 

Suit $10.00 

Dress 4.95 

Waists  (2) 2.50 

Cloth 32 

Underwear 12.63 

Corset  cover "50 

Sweater 1.10 

Apron 35 

Shoes  (3  prs.) 7.25 

Shoe  repairs 1.80 

Stockings 11 

Nightdresses. 2.00 

j^agg _10 

Pocketbook.  .^ ^  ^  ^  ]..  ...............  .       .25 


$43  86 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


57 


First  Son. 

Suits  (3) -126.00 

Trousers 2.98 

Underwear 1.53 

Shirt 75 

Hats  (2) 3.75 

Cap 50 

Shoes  (6  prs.) 16.50 

Shoe  repairs 3.25 

Socks 62 

Rubbers 80 

Sweater 3.98 

Stick  pin 1.38 

Sundries 85 

$62.89 
Second  Son. 

Suit $  5.00 

Underwear 2,39 

Shirts 2.03 

Hats  (2) 2.25 

Caps  (2) 75 

Shoes  (4  prs.) 3-10 

Shoe  repairs 4.00 

Socks 63 


Second  Son  — Continued. 

Rubbers 80 

Sweater 3.50 

Coat  cleaned 1.50 

Stick  pin 1.37 

Sundries 75 

$33.07 
Daughter. 

Dresses  (5) $14.10 

Dress  goods 25 

Coats  (2) 10.79 

Set  of  furs 2.98 

Underwear 7.15 

Aprons 40 

Shoes  (7  prs.) 14.70 

Shoe  repairs 3.40 

Stockings 1.00 

Hats  (2) 4.05 

Ribbons 90 

Rubbers  (3  prs.) 1.75 

Umbrella 75 

$62.22 


FAMILY   NO.   7. 

Membership  and  Occupation. 

^lember.  Age,  Years.  Occupation. 

Father Deceased. 

Mother 68  Housekeeper  (died  January,  1914). 

First  daughter 40  Necktie  finisher.     (Paid  board.) 

Second  daughter 33  Winder   in    carpet    mill.       (Paid 

board  from  September,  1913, 
till  end  of  period.) 


Type  of  Family  and  Income. — Mrs.  B.  was  a  German  woman 
who  was  unusually  conscientious  in  bringing  up  her  children  and 
in  caring  for  her  home.  She  had  been  in  failing  health  for  a  long 
time  when  this  family's  account  was  begun,  in  April,  1913,  and 
shortly  afterward, — in  May, — it  became  necessary  for  the  older 
daughter  to  give  up  her  factory  position  in  order  to  help  her  mother 
with  the  housework.  The  mother  continued  to  manage  the 
financial  end  of  the  housekeeping  until  September,  1913,  when  she 
was  obliged  to  turn  over  to  the  older  daughter  the  entire  respon- 
sibility of  running  the  home. 

At  the  time  this  family's  account  was  begun,  the  older  daughter 
was  working  as  a  finisher  in  a  downtown  necktie  factory.  A 
finisher's  work  is  to  take  the  ties  after  the  machine  work  upon  them 
has  been  completed,  turn  them  right  side  out  over  a  long  stick, 
fit  the  linings,  and  press  the  ties.  The  payment  for  this  work  at 
the  time  of  this  study,  was  twenty-five  or  thirty  cents  per  dozen, 
depending  upon  the  quality  of  the  tie.  Miss  B.  generally  finished 
five  or  six  dozen   ties  per  day  while  she  worked   in  the  factory. 


58  BUDGETS    OF    FAMILIES    AND    INDIVIDUALS 

She  paid  her  mother  $5  board  per  week,  and  had  for  her  personal 
needs  (clothing,  etc.)  what  she  earned  above  that  amount. 

After  Miss  B.  gave  up  her  factory  position  to  help  with  the 
housework,  she  did  necktie  finishing  at  home,  in  her  spare  moments, 
getting  three  dozen  ties  each  day  from  the  factory  where  she  had 
been  employed.  What  she  could  earn  in  this  way,  she  had  for  her 
personal  needs, — a  brother  of  her  mother's  providing  her  with  $5  per 
week  with  which  to  keep  up  her  customary  payment  to  her  mother 
for  board. 

The  second  daughter,  who  was  a  winder  in  a  large  carpet  mill  of 
Kensington,  earned,  at  a  piecework  rate  of  wages,  accor?iing  to  her 
own  statement,  from  $9  to  $10  per  week  in  good  seasons,  and 
from  $5  to  $6  per  week  in  slack  seasons;  during  the  period  of  her 
account  for  this  study  her  highest  bi-weekly  wage  was  $16.37. 
So  long  as  the  mother  managed  the  home,  this  daughter  turned 
over  all  her  wages  into  the  household  fund.  When  the  older 
daughter  took  over  the  management,  in  September,  1913,  the 
second  daughter  adopted  the  method  of  paying  board, — paying  $4 
per  week  when  work  was  good,  and  $3.50  or  $3,  when  work  was 
''dull."  The  home  was  run  entirely  upon  the  income  contributed 
by  these  two  daughters. 

Early  in  January,  1914,  the  mother  died.  In  the  latter  part  of 
the  following  March  the  second  daughter  married,  and  she  and  her 
husband  bought  the  home.  The  older  daughter  went  back  to  the 
necktie  factory  to  work,  and  since  that  time  she  has  lived  inde- 
pendently. 

The  Accounts. — The  tables  for  this  family  include:  (1)  The 
family's  account  from  April  25,  1913,  until  the  mother's  death 
at  the  beginning  of  the  year  1914  (income,  thirty-six  weeks;  ex- 
penditures, thirty-three  weeks);  (2)  the  second  daughter's  ac- 
count for  twenty-five  weeks  (September  26,  1913-March  19,  1914) 
during  which  she  kept  her  wages  separate  from  the  family  fund, 
and  paid  board;  (3)  the  first  daughter's  account  for  one  year 
(April  3,  1914-April  1,  1915)  since  she  began  to  live  independently. 
The  first  daughter's  account  is  given  under  the  Budgets  of  Indi- 
viduals (Individual  No.  5,  pp.  204-208). 

House. — Mrs.  B.  owned  the  house  in  which  the  family  lived. 
It  was  of  brick,  and  had  six  rooms  and  a  bath,  and  an  outside  toilet. 
It  was  heated  by  a  hot  air  furnace,  and  had  a  coal  range  and  a  gas 
range  for  cooking.  Taxes  were  $30  per  year;  water  rent  was  $9. 
The  house  was  comfortably  furnished,  and  was  kept  scrupulously 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


59 


clean.  The  parlor  had  an  upholstered  set  and  an  organ;  the  dining 
room,  an  oak  table,  oak  chairs,  a  sideboard,  and  a  bookcase  filled 
with  books.  The  most  attractive  room  in  the  house  was  the  spot- 
less kitchen,  with  its  shining  pans  and  kettles.  The  older  daughter 
did  her  best  to  keep  the  house  and  furnishings  in  good  condition. 
During  the  period  of  the  account  she  painted  the  bathroom, 
enameled  the  bath  tub,  and  dyed  and  made  over  the  parlor  curtains. 
Food. — The  total  amount  spent  for  food  during  the  thirty-three 
weeks  was  $160.07,  making  an  average  of  $4.85  per  week.  The 
weekly  food  allowance  for  this  family,  on  the  basis  of  the  Fall 
River  ''fair  standard,"  would  be  as  follows:  ^ 

Mother $1.46 

First  daughter 1.46 

Secbnd  daughter 1.46 


Total 


$4.38 


The  family  was  therefore  above  the  Fall  River  standard  with 
rega^'d  to  its  food  expenditure.  The  investigator  was  a  guest  at 
Mrs.  B.'s  home  one  evening,  at  a  well-served  supper  of  fried  meat 
cakes,  mashed  potatoes,  creamed  cauliflower,  rye  bread  and  butter, 
junket  with  homemade  peach  jelly,  and  coffee. 


I.  FAMILY  BUDGET. 

INCOME. 

Thirty-six  Weeks,  April  25,  1913-January  1,  1914,  Actually  Recorded  Income. 

Amounts  are  recorded  for  weekly  or  bi-weekly  pay  intervals.     In  date  column  is  indicated  the 

first  day  of  each  fourth  week. 


First  Daughter  and 
Second  Daughter, 
Board  and  Wages. ^ 

First  Daughter  and 
Second  Daughter, 
Board  and  Wages.i 

First  Daughter  and 
Second  Daughter, 
Board  and  Wages.i 

First  Daughter  and 
Second  Daughter, 
Board  and  Wages. ^ 

Date.          i       o 

Date. 

< 

Date, 

Date. 

S 
< 

April  25,  1913  .    $22.40 
1 

21.50 

May  23 18.00 

i    17.91 

June  20 1    20.13 

July     4,1913. 
July   18 

Aug.  15 

$18.69 
20.26 
19.24 
19.78 

2 

19.782 
9.002 

Sept.  12,  1913. 

Oct.    10 

Nov.    7 

$9.00 
9.00 
9.00 
9.00 
9.00 
8.50 
8.50 
8.50 
8.50 
8.00 

Nov.  21,  1913. 
Dec.     5 

$  8.00 
8.00 
8.50 
8.00 
8.00 
8.50 

$342.69 

1  Income,  April  25,  1913-Sept.  4,  1913:  $5  board  per  week  from  1st  daughter,  and  total  wages 
of  2d  daughter;  income,  Sept.  5,  1913-Jan.  1,  1914;  $5  board  per  week  from  1st  daughter,  and 
$3,  $3.50,  or  $4  board  per  week  from  2d  daughter. 

-  Expenditures  not  given  for  these  3  weeks;  see  following  table,  note  1. 

1  61st  Congress,  2d  Session,  Senate  Document  No.  645,  Vol.  XVI,  op.  cit., 
pp.  24,  238. 


60 


BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND   INDIVIDUALS 


Clothing. — The  clothing  expenditure  for  the  family  was  small. 
The  older  daughter  dresses  very  economically,  though  her  appear- 
ance is  always  neat.  She  makes  her  own  clothes.  Neither  daughter 
spent  much  for  clothing  during  the  period  of  the  family  account. 
Most  of  their  materials  were  given  to  them  as  birthday  or  Christ- 
mas presents,  or  were  left  over  from  the  preceding  year. 

Standard  of  Living. — For  the  thirty-three-week  period  of  the 
family  account,  the  income  was  $313.91;  the  expenditures  were 
$343.88,  leaving  a  deficit  of  $29.97.  The  expenditures,  however, 
included  such  items  as  taxes  and  water  rent,  which  were  paid 
during  this  period  for  the  whole  year.  By  careful  management 
and  hard  work,  the  daughters  were  able  to  make  ends  meet,  for 
the  year. 

EXPENDITURES. 

Thibty-threb  Weeks,  April    25-Atjgust   21,   1913,  September  12,   1913-Janxtary  1,   1914, 
Actually  Recorded  Expenditures. 


Item. 

Amount. 

Thirty-three 

Weeks,  Actually 

Recorded. 

Date  (date  indicates 
the  first  day  of  a 
four- week  period.). 

1913 

May 
23 

June 
20 

July 
18 

^"Ix- 

Sept. 

Oct. 
10 

Nov. 
7 

Dec. 
5 

Total. 

Total. 

House: 
Taxes   and   water 
rent 

$1.75 

.11 

5.92 

4.09 

9.01 

1.28 

.08 
20.38 

.65 
.10 
.75 

2.20 
2.15 
3.00 

.56 
.30 

.05 

$1.50 
3.50 
5.24 
3.06 

6.76 

.92 

.75 
16.73 

1.15 
.60 

8.01 
2.00 
3.00 

.58 
.45 

.10 

$9.50 

4.73 
4.43 

.62 
7.49 

.86 
1.03 

1.00 

.20 

1.61 

21.97 

.50 
.45 
.50 

6.85 

.25 

3.00 

.48 
.40 

.30 

$0.09 

.10 

4.99 

4.55 

1.45 

5.95 

1.82 

1.28 

.25 

1.23 

.28 

1.75 

23.55 

.75 
1.61 

1.71 
1.00 
3.00 

.50 
.50 

$30.00 

3.60 

33.40* 

1.25 

.94 

.14 

1.41 

.24 

.35 

.15 

.45 
4.93 

.10 
.10 

$9,002 
2.00 
1.10 
4.99 
3.61 
1.46 
3.67 
1.70 
1.39 

.79 

.55 

1.50 

19.66 

.86 
.58 
.25 

1.20 
1.40 
2.00 

.48 
.40 

$2.00 

4.84 

4.99 

1.24 

3.22 

1.02 

3.15 

.05 

1.46 

.38 

.85 

21.20 

2.85 
.69 
.40 

.05 
1.45 
2.00 

.54 
.40 
.22 

2.00 

$1.80 

6.53 

4.28 

.57 

1.62 

.83 

.69 

.15 

1.11 

1.51 

.66 

17.95 

1.24 

1.73 

.50 

.60 

.50 

2.00 

.76 

1.00 

.02 

.10 
.30 

$0.55 

4.71 

4.10 

.60 

.67 

.71 

.47 

.15 

1.13 

.76 

.40 

13.70 

.05 

1.48 

.53 

.14 
2.50 
2.00 

.29 
.50 

.15 
2.10 

$39.00 

18.34 

42.56 

43.20 

34.05 

6.08 

39.80 

7.18 

8.36 

.60 

9.07 

3.68 

8.05 

6.90 
7.89 
3.53 

Fuel  and  light 

Food:  Meats 

Dairy  products 

Eees 

$99.90 

Staples 

Vegetables 

Fruits 

Cereals...          .... 

Baked  goods 

Miscellaneous 

Food  Total 

Household  Expenses: 

160.07 

Furnishings 

General  supplies. . . 

18.32 

Clothing:  Mother  and 
second  daughter. . . 
Medical  attrf^ntion  . . . 
Insurance. . . . 

20.76 
11.25 
20.00 

Dues 

Reading  matter 

Chiu-ch 

4.19 
4.05 

Charity 

.24 

Recreation . . . 

.30 

Pocket  money* 

Car  fare .... 

.40 

Gifts 

4.40 

}s,  33  weeks,  actually  reco 
weeks    a'»+.iin.llv  rftoordftd 

rded  

$343.88 

Total  income  33 

313.91 

Deficit  .... 

$  29.97 

1  One  week  only. 

2  Water  rent. 

3  Includes  $29.50  for  coal  for  the  year. 

<  There  was  no  "  pocket  money  "  system  in 


this  family.  The  second  daughter's  expenses 
were  all  met  out  of  the  household  fund  so 
long  as  she  gave  over  her  entire  earnings  to  the 
family. 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


61 


II.  BUDGET  OF  SECOND  DAUGHTER. 

INCOME. 

Twenty-five  Weeks,  September  26,  1913-March  19,  1914,  Actually  Recorded  Income, 
Amounts  are  recorded  for  bi-weekly  pay  intervals.     In  date  column  is  indicated  the  first  day  of 


' 

each  foiuiih  week. 

Wages. 

Wages. 

Wages. 

Date. 

Amount. 

Date. 

Amount. 

Date. 

Amount. 

Sept.  26,  1913 

$  9.32 

10.23 

13.68 

8.46 

8.19 

Nov.  28,  1913 

Dec.  19 ....  . 

$  8.36 

10.29 

'    . 

3.381 

Jan.   30,  1914 

Feb.  13 

$  13.55 
16.37 

Mar.  13 

Oct.  24 

Jan.    16,  1914 

15.58 
13.08 

Nov.  21 

S130.49 

1  Time  out  on  account  of  mother's  illness  and  death. 

Income  from  all  Sources. 

Wages $130.49 

Extra  earnings 50 


Total  income,  25  weeks,  actually  recorded $130.99 


EXPENDITURES. 

Twenty-five  Weeks,  September  26,  1913-March  19,  1914,  Actually  Recorded 

Expenditures. 


Item. 


Date  (date  indicates  the  first  day 
of  a  fom-week  period). 


Lodging  and  Food: 

Room  rent  and  board 

Candy,  ice  cream,  and  soda  water 

Factory  "ice  fund" 

Limcheons 

Toilet  supplies 

Clothing 

Dentist 

Insurance 

Reading  matter 

Church 

Recreation 

Car  fare 

Gifts 


Amount. 


Sept, 
26, 
1913 


16.00 
.32 
.15 


Oct 
24 


16.00 
.20 
.05 

.25 
.07 

.30 
.09 
.60 
.15 
.25 


Nov 
21 


14.00 
,05 


.35 


.17 


.10 
14.202 


Dec. 
19 


7.00 


.10 


.32 
1.00 


Jan. 
16, 
1914 


8.00 


.15 


.05 
4.25 


.10 
.35 


Feb. 
13 


16.00 
.05 
.10 
.15 

.50 


.70 


Mar. 
131 


8.00 
.15 
.05 


.30 
1.30 


.05 


Twenty-five 
Weeks,  Actu- 
ally Recorded. 


Total 


Total. 


$85.00 

.77  I 
.35 
.30    : 

I 


86.42 

.35 

1.33 

4.25 

3.60 

.68 

5.27 

.15 

.70 

14.20 


Total  expenditures,  25  weeks,  actually  recorded . 

Total  income,  25  weeks,  actually  recorded 

Balance 


$116.95 

130.99 

$  14.04 


Debt. 

Debt  paid 

1            1     .50|           1            1                        II 

.50 

Balance 

$  13.54 

1  One  week  only. 

2Bath^robe,  $2.50;  silver  thimbles,  $3.25; 
waist,  $.60;  pillow  material,  $.45;  vinegar  jug, 
$.50;  jabot,  $.25;  petticoat,  $1.00;  silk  shirt, 


$2.50;  kid  gloves,  $2.00;  neck  piece,  $.25; 
writing  paper,  $.25;  another  gift,  $.25;  wrap- 
pings, $.40. 


62  BUDGETS    OF    FAMILIES    AND    INDIVIDUALS 

FAMILY   NO.   8. 
Membership  and  Occupation. 

^      Member.  Age,  Years.  Occupation. 

Father Deceased. 

Mother 50  Housekeeper.      Does  "lace  work" 

at  home. 

Son 30  Leather  finisher.      (Pays  board.) 

Daughter 23  Helps    her    mother    with    house- 

keeping and  with  "lace  work." 

Young  man  boarder  and  lodger.     Pays  $4.50  per  week. 

Child  boarder  and  lodger  for  11  weeks.     Paid  $1  per  week. 


• 


Type  of  Family. — Mrs.  U.  is  a  German.  She  is  a  hard-working, 
careworn  woman,  not  strong  in  health.  The  daughter  is  a  girl  of 
pleasing  personality,  and  is  intelligent  and  ambitious.  She  is 
very  delicate,  and  was  ill  for  a  large  part  of  the  period  of  this 
account. 

The  Account. — The  account  for  this  study  extended  from  March 
29,  1913,  through  April  3,  1914,  but  had  several  breaks  in  it.  The 
daughter  was  the  account  keeper,  and  for  parts  of  the  period,  she 
was  too  ill  to  keep  the  record.  The  income  was  recorded  in  detail 
for  forty-three  weeks;  the  expenditures  were  recorded  in  full  for 
only  thirty-seven  weeks.  The  tables  for  this  family  therefore  give 
the  actually  recorded  account  for  thirty-seven  weeks,  and  the 
partly  estimated  account  for  forty-three  weeks. 

Income. — Mrs.  U.  and  her  daughter  work  at  home,  sometimes 
sewing, — more  often  doing  ''lace  work,"  that  is,  .cutting  apart  the 
rows  of  lace  which  they  bring  home  from  a  mill  (see  page  36). 
The  amount  earned  each  week  by  the  mother  and  her  daughter  is 
recorded  in  the  income  table.  It  generally  comes  to  $3  or  $4. 
The  son  pays  $5  board  per  week,  and  frequently  gives  his  mother 
more.  Mrs.  U.'s  sister  sometimes  sleeps  at  Mrs.  U.'s  house,  and 
when  she  does  so,  she  pays  for  her  room,  usually  at  the  rate  of  $1 
per  week.  The  earnings  from  these  sources,  together  with  the 
$4.50  per  week  paid  by  the  man  boarder  and  lodger,  and  the  $11 
paid  for  the  child  who  was  with  the  family  for  eleven  weeks,  brought 
the  total  income  for  the  forty-three  weeks  to  $549.67,  making  an 
average  of  $12.78  per  week. 

House. — The  house  which  the  family  occupies  is  one  of  the  older 
Kensington  type.  It  is  set  back  from  the  street,  and  has  a  porch 
and  a  small  front  yard  with  a  flower  bed  in  which  Miss  U.  takes 
pride.     There  is  also  a  good-sized  back  yard.     The  rent  is  $13  per 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  63 

month.  The  house  is  of  brick,  and  has  three  rooms  and  a  shed  on 
the  first  floor;  three  bedrooms  on  the  second  floor;  and  a  store- 
room in  the  attic.  The  toilet  is  in  the  yard.  The  house  had  no 
bath  tub  until  Mrs.  U.'s  son  built  a  frame  enclosure  outside  the 
kitchen,  put  in  a  tub,  and  connected  the  water.  The  tub  is  used 
only  in  warm  weather.  The  house  is  heated  by  the  kitchen  range 
and  a  small  coal  stove  in  the  dining  room.  A  still  smaller  coal  stove 
in  the  front  bedroom  on  the  second  floor  is  used  in  extremely  cold 
weather.  The  parlor  is  closed  in  winter.  The  cooking  is  done 
entirely  on  the  coal  range,  though  the  house  has  gas  for  lighting 
purposes.  The  parlor  is  furnished  with  an  upholstered  set  and  a 
square  piano;  the  rest  of  the  house  is  very  simply  furnished.  The 
home  is  exceedingly  neat. 

Food. — The  food  expenditure  as  recorded  for  the  thirty-seven 
weeks,  amounted  to  $192.50,  making  an  average  of  $5.20  per  week. 
The  weekly  food  allowance  for  this  family,  according  to  the  Fall 
River  ''fair  standard"  of  the  government  report,  would  be  as 
follows :  ^ 

Mother $1.46 

Son 1.82 

Daughter , 1.46 

Man  boarder 1.82 

Child  boarder  (with  family  for  eleven  weeks) 73 

Total $7.29 

or  $6.56  without  child. 

This  family's  expenditure  for  food  was  therefore  far  below  the 
allowance  of  the  Fall  River  standard.  It  should  be  stated  that 
the  family  keeps  chickens;  these  furnish  some  food,  and  slightly 
reduce  the  table  expenditure.  The  daughter  makes  the  following 
statement  in  her  book  (March,  1914):  ''We  have  twenty-four 
chickens,  and  kill  one  every  four  or  five  weeks.  My  brother  pays 
for  the  feed.  We  get  now,  nine  or  ten  eggs  a  day;  all  winter,  only 
two  or  three."  Even  when  the  chickens  are  taken  into  considera- 
tion, this  family's  food  expenditure  was  still  below  the  allowance 
of  the  Fall  River  "fair  standard." 

Clothing. — The  family  spends  but  little  for  clothing.  The 
mother's  clothing  for  the  year  cost  $2.35;   the  daughter's,  $19.48. 

^  eist^  Congress,  2d  Session,  Senate  Document  No.  645,  Vol.  XVI,  op.  cit., 
pp.  24,  238. 


64 


BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 


The  daughter  states  in  the  account  book:  "Nothing  was  spent  for 
clothes  except  what  is  down.  Very  little  was  spent  on  dress." 
The  Fall  River  "fair  standard"  allowance  for  a  mother's  clothing 
is  $33.75  per  year;  for  a  grown  daughter's,  $63.80.^ 

Standard  of  Living. — The  account  shows  a  deficit  for  the  period 
covered.  A  glance  at  the  tables  shows  that  this  family  has  a 
struggle  to  keep  above  the  poverty  line. 

Daughter's  Personal  Account. — As  the  income  table  of  this  family 
shows,  the  daughter's  earnings  are  not  kept  separate  from  the 
mother's;  in  accordance  with  the  prevailing  Kensington  custom, 


INCOME. 

FoBTT-THREB  Webks,  March  29-Jult  4,  1913,    July  19-Auau8T  8,  1913 ,    September    13- 

OCTOBER  3,  1913,   October  18,  1913-January  2,  1914,  January  10-April  3,  1914, 

Actually  Recorded  Income. 

Amoiints  are  recorded  for  weekly  pay  intervals.     In  date  column  ia  indicated  the  first  day  of 

each  fourth  week. 


Son,  Board. 

Mother  and  Daughter, 
Wages. 

Son,  Board. 

Mother  and  Daughter, 
Wages. 

Date. 

< 

Date. 

s 

Date. 

1 

Date. 

1 

< 

Mar.  29,  1913  . 

April  26 

May  24 

Juno  21 

July   19 

$  5.50 

4.00 

5.00 

15.00 

14.00 

14.00 
5.00 

1 

I 

5.00 
2.00 

Mar.  29,  1913. 

AprU  26 

May  24 

June  21 

July  19 

Aug.  16 

Sept.  13 

$3.10 
4.14 
3.50 
5.14 
2.46 
3.45 
3.97 
3.94 
2.64 
5.48 
3.89 
2.22 

1 

1 
3.50 
3.25 
1.50 

1 

X 

.  .1 

1 

1 
2.69 
3.95 
3.07 

Oct.    4,  1913  . 
Oct.  11,  1913  . 

Nov.    8 

Dec.    0 

Jan.     3,  1914. 

Jan.   31 

Feb.  28 

Mar.  28 

1 

1 

$  13.00 

5.00 

1.00 
9.00 
1.00 
1.00 

13.00 
5.00 

5.00 

10.00 
3.00 
5.00 
3.00 

13.00 
5.00 
5.00 
2.00 

13.00 

Oct.    4,  1913  . 
Oct.  11,  1913  . 

Nov.    8 

Dec.     6 

Jan.     3,1914. 

Jan.   31 

Feb.  28 

Mar.  28 

$  3.59 
2.74 
8.00 
1.00 
2.00 
2.70 

4.00 
2.00 
2.50 

4.50 
5.20 
4.25 
2.50 
3.00 
2.50 
2.50 
4.50 
3.00 
1.05 
1.00 

Aug.  16 

1 

1 

Sept.  13 

1.00 
14.00 

$196.50 

$124.42 

» No  record. 

all  of  Miss  U.'s  earnings  go  into  the  family  fund,  and  she  has  only 
the  "  pocket  money  "  that  is  given  back  to  her,  to  spend  herself. 
Mrs.  U.  is  very  strict  with    regard    to  the    amount  of  "pocket 

161st  Congress,  2d  Session,  Senate  Document  No.  645,  Vol.  XVI,  op.  cU., 
pp.  239,  243. 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  65 

money"  that  she  allows  her  daughter,  and  the  daughter  has  little 
freedom  as  to  how  she  disposes  of  it.  For  example,  Miss  U.  is 
given  car  fare  to  pay  for  her  ride  to  church  each  Sunday,  but  when- 
ever the  weather  permits,  she  walks,  in  order  to  put  this  money  into 
a  savings  fund.  She  does  not  let  her  mother  know  about  this  fund, 
''because,"  she  says,  ''if  Mother  knew  I  walked,  she  would  not  give 
me  the  car  fare."  By  the  summer  of  1913  Miss  U.  had  saved  $3. 
She  withdrew  this  when  she  took  her  week's  vacation, — which 
she  spent  at  a  country  vacation  house  for  working  girls, — but  after 
her  return  she  started  the  savings  fund  again.  The  case  of  this 
young  woman  illustrates  how  little  opportunity  a  Kensington  girl 
has  of  learning  to  spend  her  earnings;  yet  in  spite  of  her  lack  of 
training  in  handling  money,  she  is  expected,  as  soon  as  she  marries, 
to  take  full  charge  of  the  family  finances. 

Miss  U.  has  given  an  account  of  how  she  spent  her  "pocket 
money"  for  eighteen  weeks  (November  22,  1913-March  27,  1914). 
Since  all  articles  bought  for  her  out  of  the  family  fund  are  recorded 
in  the  family  tables,  the  two  accounts  together  show  in  detail  all 
that  was  spent  for  her  during  these  weeks. 

Income  from  all  Sources. 

Son,  board $196.50 

Mother  and  daughter,  wages 124.42 

Man  boarder  and  lodger:  ^ 

38  weeks  @  $4.50 $171.00 

2      ''      @  $5.00 10.00 

1  week    @  $4.00 4.00 

1  "       @  $2.00 2.00  187.00 

Child  boarder  and  lodger: 

11  weeks  @  $1.00 11.00 

Mrs.  U's  sister,  for  lodging: 

16  weeks  @  $1.00 |^6.00 

2  "      @  $2.00 4.00 

1  week    @  $1.50 1.50 

1     "       @  $  .75 .75 

1     "       @  $  .50 .50  22.75 

Gifts 3.00 

Sick  benefits 5.00 

Total  income,  43  weeks,  actually  recorded $549.67 

^  The  man  boarder  and  lodger  was  away  for  almost  2  weeks,  during  which 
time  he  was  not  charged  for  his  board. 


66 


BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 


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68  BUDGETS   OF  FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 

PERSONAL  ACCOUNT   OF   DAUGHTER. 

Pocket  Money. 

Eighteen  Weeks,  November  22,  191S-March  27,  1914,  Actually  Recorded  Pocket  Money. 

Pocket  Money  from  all  Sources. 

Mother $10.75 

Airnt 3.00 

Gifts 3.35 

Teaching  music 75 


Total  pocket  money,  eighteen  weeks,  actually  recorded $17.85 

Expenditures. 
Eighteen  Weeks,  November  22,  191S-March  27,  1914,  Actually  Recorded  Expenditures. 

Candy,  ice  cream,  etc $     .83       Incidentals 20 

Fruit  and  pickles 33 


Pictures 86  Total  expenditures,  18  weeks,  actually 

Towel 25  recorded ^ $  8.83 

Soap  cup 10  Total  pocket  money,  18  weeks.^ctually 

Cold  cream 05  recorded 17.85 

Gloves 29  

Silk  and  thread 20  Balance $  9.02 

Bag 10 

Club  pin 15  Debt. 

Sheet  music 54       Debt  paid $1.00 

Singing  lesson 10  

Reading  matter 80  Balance $8.02 

Writing  paper 50 

Postage 49  Loan. 

Game 20       Money  loaned $  .15 

Car  fare 2.84 

FAMILY   NO.   9. 

Membership  and  Occupation. 

Member.  Age,  Years.  Occupation. 

Father 56      Warper  in  cloth  mill. 

Mother 50      Housekeeper. 

First  son 23  Draughtsman.  Was  married  Sep- 
tember, 1913,  and  left  home. 
(Paid  board.) 

Second  son 21       Knitter   in    hosiery    mill.     (Pays 

board.) 

Daughter 12      In  school. 

Third  son 9      In  school. 

(There  are  also  several  married  children,  who  have  their  own  homes.) 

Type  of  Family. — Mr.  and  Mrs.  D.  are  English.  Both  are  in- 
telligent, and  are  ambitious  to  make  their  standard  of  living  as 
high  as  possible.  Their  family  is  unusually  happy  in  its  domestic 
life.  The  father,  the  mother,  and  the  two  children  always  take 
their  recreation  together.  They  go  frequently  to  moving  pictures, 
and  in  summer,  every  other  Sunday,  all  four  take  their  luncheon 
with  them  and  go  to  spend  the  day  in  one  of  the  parks.  The 
handling  of  the  money  in  this  family  is  more  of  a  partnership 
affair  than  is  usually  the  case  in  Kensington.  The  mother  does 
the  buying  for  the  family,  but  the  father  is  not  limited  to  a  definite 


OF  KENSINGTON,  PHILADELPHIA.  69 

amount  of  ''pocket  money";  he  helps  himself,  as  he  says,  from  the 
family  purse. 

The  Account. — The  budget  of  this  family  covers  one  year  (April 
21,  1913-April  19,  1914).  .The  account  was  kept  in  detail  for  the 
first  nine  weeks  only.  Since  Mrs.  D.  is  systematic  in  providing  for 
her  table,  the  nine  weeks'  account  furnishes  a  basis  for  an  estimate 
of  food  expenditure  for  the  year.  An  itemized  account  of  the 
other  expenditures  for  the  year  was  made  out  with  great  care  by 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  D.,  from  memory,  at  the  end  of  the  year.  The  tables 
for  this  family's  budget  therefore  include  the  actually  recorded 
account  for  nine  weeks,  and  a  partly  estimated  account  for  one 
year. 

Income, — The  father  earns  $17  per  week,  when  working  full 
time.  He  has  never  earned  more  than  that.  During  the  nine 
weeks  of  the  actually  recorded  account,  he  earned  the  full  amount 
each  week.  For  the  year,  his  total  earnings  were  $814.88,  making 
an  average  of  $15.67  per  week.  The  oldest  son  paid  $6  board  per 
week  until  September,  1913,  when  he  married  and  left  home. 
The  second  son  pays  $6  board  per  week;  he  and  the  father  are  the 
only  wage-earners  for  the  family  of  five  since  the  oldest  son's 
marriage. 

House. — Mr.  and  Mrs.  D.,  during  the  year  of  this  account,  were 
buying  their  house  through  a  building  and  loan  association,  paying 
$8  per  month.  The  payments  were  to  be  completed  in  May,  1914. 
The  house  is  of  brick,  and  has  six  rooms,  a  bath,  a  shed,  and  two 
toilets — one  outside  and  one  in  the  bathroom.  It  is  heated  by  a 
hot  air  furnace,  and  has  a  coal  range  and  a  gas  range  for  cooking. 
The  house  is  well  furnished  and  well  kept. 

Food. — The  food  expenditure  for  the  nine  weeks  was  $96.75,  or 
$10.75  per  week.  The  Fall  River  "fair  standard"  weekly  food 
allowance  for  this  family  would  be  as  follows :  ^ 

Father $1.82 

Mother 1.46 

First  son 1.82 

Second  son 1.82 

Daughter 1.09 

Third  son 91 

Total $8.92 

First  son  was  at  home  during  the  nine  weeks. 

^  Gist  Congress,  2d  Session,  Senate  Document  No.  645,  Vol.  XVI,  op.  cU.f 
pp.  24,  ^238. 


70  BUDGETS    OF    FAMILIES    AND    INDIVIDUALS 

This  family  was  therefore  well  above  the  Fall  River  standard 
with  regard  to  its  food  expenditure. 

Clothing. — The  clothing  expenditure  for  the  year  was  $139.01. 
(The  sons  who  pay  board  buy  their  own  clothes.)  On  the  basis  of 
the  Fall  River  ''fair  standard,"  the  clothing  expenditure  for  this 
family  would  be  as  follows :  ^ 

Father $  45.75 

Mother 33.75      • 

Daughter 25.35 

Third  son 17.45 

Total $122.30 

The  total  amount  spent  by  the  family  for  clothing,  was  therefore 
above  the  allowance  of  the  Fall  River  standard.  The  amount 
spent  for  each  individual's  clothing,  except  the  father's,  was  also 
above  the  sum  allowed  by  that  standard.  The  members  of  this 
family  are  well  dressed  at  a  moderate  expense.  Mrs.  D.  makes 
most  of  her  own  and  her  daughter's  dresses,  with  the  exception  of 
her  own  suits.  The  daughter  makes  some  of  her  own  under- 
clothes at  school. 

Standard  of  Living. — The  members  of  this  household  live  com- 
fortably, and  have  a  considerable  amount  of  recreation.  During 
the  year  of  the  account  they  went  to  Atlantic  City  for  their  summer 
vacation,  spending  $30  for  the  trip.  As  a  rule,  the  family  does  not 
quite  live  up  to  the  limit  of  its  income.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  D.  each  have 
a  small  savings  account  with  a  downtown  department  store. 

The  year  of  the  account  was  a  good  one;  work  was  steady,  and 
there  was  no  illness  in  the  family.  Just  after  the  close  of  the 
year,  however,  less  fortunate  times  came  on.  The  investigator 
called  upon  Mrs.  D.  in  the  latter  part  of  June,  1914,  and  found 
that  the  daughter  had  just  come  home  from  a  hospital,  where  she 
had  been  ill  for  a  month  with  scarlet  fever.  In  talking  over  the 
financial  situation  of  the  family  on  this  occasion,  Mrs.  D.  said: 
''When  you  were  here  last,  you  asked  me  how  much  I  had  spent  on 
doctor's  bills,  and  I  told  you  'nothing.'  Only  a  little  while  after  you 
left,  my  daughter  took  scarlet  fever.  Besides,  my  husband's  work 
has  been  poor.  During  the  year  of  the  account  he  had  steady  work, 
but  now,  work  is  very  slack.  Last  week  he  brought  home  only 
$1.50,  and  tonight  he  had  to  take  that  to  pay  his  Odd  Fellows' 

*61st  Congress,  2d  Session,  Senate  Document  No.  645,  Vol.  XVI,  op.  dl., 
pp.  239,  240,  243. 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  71 

dues.  When  work  is  steady  and  health  good,  we  get  along  grand, 
but  when  Mr.  D.  loses  one  day  out  of  the  week,  the  cream  is  taken 
off.  Some  weeks  now,  he  has  three  or  four  days  out.  I  doubt 
whether  we  can  get  away  to  the  shore  this  year." 

INCOME. 

Nine  Weeks,  April  21-June  22,  1913,  Actually  Recorded  Income. 
Income  from  all  Sources. 

Father,  wages $153.00 

First  son,  board,  9  weeks  @  $6.00 54.00 

Second  son,  board,  9  weeks  @  $6.00 : 54.00 

Total  income,  nine  weeks,  actually  recorded $261.00 

One  Year  (52  Weeks  or  364  Days),  April  21,  1913-April  19,  1914,  Partly 

Estimated  Income. 
I 

Income  from  all  Sources. 

Father,  wages $    814.88 

First  son,  board,  20  weeks  @  $6.00 120.00 

Second  son,  board,  52  weeks  @  $6.00. .    312.00 

Total  income,  one  year,  partly  estimated $1,246.88 

CLOTHING   FOR    ONE   YEAR,   APRIL   21,    1913-APRIL    19,    1914. 

Father.  Daughter. 

Spt ,v  ■■■: *16.50       Coat $5.00 

Trousers  (2  pis.) 4.00        Dress  3  00 

u'r^i^^ 18S    Dress  goods: '.'.::'.'.'.'.'.'.:'.:'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.::  2:00 

Hats  (2) 4.00        Hats  (2) 6.00 

Lnderwear 5.00        g^oes  (4  prs.) 8.00 

Snoes. — -       Shoe  repairs 1.75 

Shoe  repairs    1.25        Stockings 25 

Socks  (6  prs  ) .  .       .7o        Underwear 1.58 

Suspenders  (2  prs  ) 1.00       Petticoat  goods 1.20 

Collars .50       Ribbon 35 

1  les 1.00  


$28.13 


$38.00 
a-.  Mother.  Third  Son. 

Suit $15.00  „   -4.  •  K  nn 

Dress 5.00  guit.    $5.00 

Hat 2.50  Breeches 1.00 

Hat  shape 1.25  gaps  (3) .  -  . 1.50 

Shoes  (2  prs.) 5.00  Shoes  (6  prs.) 12.00 

Waist.  .       .  .  1.00  g^oe  repairs 2.45 


goods 8.25 


Stockings 25 


Dressmaking.;::::::::::::::::::::::  2:00    underwear 1.20 


Petticoat  goods 1.68 

Underwear 1.30 

Cape  remade 6.00 


Collars 25 

Tie 25 


$23.90 


$48.98 

DUES  FOR  ONE  YEAR,  APRIL  21,  1913-APRIL  19,  1914. 

Per  Year. 

Lodge  (father) 23.40 

Settlement  club  (mother) $  1.00 

Lodge  (second  son) 7.80 

Girls'  club  (daughter) 50 

Boys'    club    (third  son) 1.00 

$33.70 


72 


BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES  AND   INDIVIDUALS 


EXPENDITURES 

Nine  Weeks,  April  21-June  22,  1913,  Actually  Recorded  Expenditures. 
Onk  Year,  April  21,  1913-April  19,  1914,  Partly  Estimated  Expenditures. 


s» 

Item. 

Amount. 

Nine  Weeks,  Actu- 
ally Recorded. 

One  Year, 
Partly  Estimated. 

Date  (date  indicates  the  first 
day  of  a  four- week  period) . 

April 
21,1913 

May 
19 

June 
161 

Total. 

Total. 

Total. 

Total. 

\House: 

Intel  est  on  mortgage 

$25.38 

4.50* 

6.75 

10.30 

7.60 

14.36 

4.08 

.50 

3.15 

1.30 

1.65 

42.94 

1.00« 

1.46 

.35 

3.00 

6.32 
.10 

.50 

1.00 

.72 

1.05 

.30 

$9,003 

1.50 

10.24 

7.00 

14.48 
5.06 
1.28 

2.71 

.90 

1.35 

43.02 

4.35 

.30 

3.27 

2.94 

1.00 

1.30 

1.00 

.72 

2.80 

.35 

$16.00 

2.54 
1.80 

3.77 
.66 

.77 

.65 

.30 

.30 

10.79 

.75 

.77 

1.00 
3.90 

.36 
.20 

$16.00 

34.38 

4.50 

8.25 

23.08 

16.40 

32.61 
9.80 
2.55 

6.51 
2.50 
3.30 

1.00 

5.81 

.65 

7.02 

$63.13 

96.75 

14.48 

10.03 
.10 
2.00 
5.70 
2.00 
1.80 

3.85 

.85 

?197.162 
34.382 
37.50 
66.50 

• 

15.25 
15.00 
12.00 
12.00 
38.002 
48.982 
28.13* 
23.90* 

Taxes  and  water  rent 

Fuel  and  light 

$335.54 

Food:  Meats  . . . 

Egg?.  ..           :: 

Staples 

Vegetables 

Fruits.. 

Cereals 

Baked  goods 

'  Beverages 

/  Miscellaneous 

/    Food  Total 

495.00 

u  Household  Expenses: 

^      Furniture 

Furnishings . 

Laundry 

\  Clothing:  Father 

54.25 

Mother 

Daughter. . 

Third  son 

Clothing  Total 

139.01* 

Medical  attention 

11.50 

Insurance 

Dues:  Lodge 

12.002 
33.70^ 
10.00 

Reading  matter 

9.00 

Church . . . 

1.00, 

Charity 

Recreation .... 

1.00. 
42.50^ 

Pocket  money:    Daughter  and 

10.00 

Car  fare ... 

3.50 

Gifts 

20.00 

ctually  r 
y  record 

ecorded 
ed 

$200.69 
261.00 

Total  income,  9  weeks,  actual! 

Balance 

$  60.31 

one  year 
3ar,  part 

partly  < 
y  estima 

»8timatec 
ted... 

1 

$1,178.00 

Total  income,  one  y< 

1,246.88 

Balance 

$    68.88 

1  One  week  only. 

*  Actually  recorded. 
'  Water  rent. 

*  Kitchen  papered. 

*  Included  under  dairy  products. 


«  Furniture  insurance. 

'  Vacation  trip  to  Atlantic  City  for  father, 
mother,  and  two  youngest  children,  $30; 
Sunday  outings,  $10;  moving  pictures,  $2.50. 


FAMILY  NO.   10. 


Membership  and  Occupation. 

Member.  Age,  Years. 

Father 46 

Mother 45 

First  daughter 21 


Occupation. 

Upholstery    weaver    in    tapestry 

works. 
Housekeeper. 
Knitter  and  "topper  learner"  in 

hosiery  mill. 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  73 

Member.  Age,  Years.  Occupation. 

First  son 19  Knitter  in  hosiery  mill. 

Second  son 17  Knitter  in  hosiery  mill. 

Third  son 11  In  school. 

Second  daughter 7  In  school. 

Young  woman  boarder  and  lodger  for  50  weeks  of  the  first  period  of  the 
account.     Paid  $4  per  week. 

Type  of  Family. — Mr.  and  Mrs.  G.  are  Scotch.  They  are 
earnest,  hard-working,  and  thrifty.  Both  are  Socialists,  and  are 
pronounced  in  their  views  on  social  questions. 

The  Account. — The  budget  of  this  family  covers  two  periods, — 
one  of  a  ye^r  (March  21,  1913-March  19,  1914),  and  one  of  thirty- 
one  weeks  (February  5-September  9,  1915). 

During  the  first  period  Mrs.  G.  kept  her  expenditure  account 
as  follows:  she  kept  a  daily  record  of  all  expenditures  for  the 
first'  eight  weeks;  for  the  next  four  weeks  she  recorded  the  total 
amount  spent  for  food ;  for  the  remainder  of  the  year  she  gave  the 
food  expenditure  in  round  numbers;  she  kept  a  record  of  the  total 
expenditure  for  clothing  for  the  year,  itemizing  this  for  the  last 
six  months ;  she  also  kept  a  record  of  all  extraordinary  expenditures 
for  the  year.  Since  the  account  was  not  kept  in  the  form  of  a  daily 
record  after  the  first  eight  weeks,  most  of  the  items  of  expenditure 
for  this  period  are  entered  in  the  table  under  yearly  totals  only. 
Mrs.  G.  kept  a  record  in  detail  of  income  for  the  entire  year. 

During  the  second  period  Mrs.  G.  kept  a  careful  record  of  all 
expenditure  items,  day  by  day,  and  she  kept  her  income  record  in 
detail. 

Income. — When  this  family's  account  was  begun  (March  21, 
1913),  Mr.  G.  was  at  home,  ill.  In  May  he  was  obliged  to  go  to  a 
hospital  to  be  operated  upon,  and  was  unable  to  return  to  work 
until  June.  From  that  time  he  worked  steadily — except  for  a 
two  weeks'  vacation  in  August — until  the  following  February, 
when  a  slack  season  set  in.  From  the  time  he  returned  to  work 
after  his  illness  until  the  end  of  the  first  period  for  which  the 
account  was  kept,  Mr.  G.'s  average  earnings  were  $11.80  per  week. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  first  period,  the  first  son  and  the  second 
son  were  knitter's  '^ helpers"  in  a  hosiery  mill;  the  first  son  was 
earning  about  $7.50  per  week;  the  second  son,  about  $8.50.  Since 
the  early  part  of  August,  1913,  these  sons  have  been  knitters. 
From  the  time  they  became  knitters  until  the  end  of  the  first 
period,  they  earned  an  average  of  $14.71  per  week  and  $13.38  per 
week,    respectively.     The    daughter,    as   a   knitter   and    "topper 


74  BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 

learner"  in  a  hosiery  mill,  earned,  during  the  first  period,  an  aver- 
age of  $9.12  per  week. 

During  the  second  period  the  father's  wages  averaged  $11.04 
pet  week;  the  first  son's,  $7.46;  the  second  son's,  $7.55;  and  the 
daughter's,  $8.87. 

House. — The  family  occupies  a  brick  house  of  six  rooms  and  a 
bath,  with  a  toilet  in  the  yard.  It  is  heated  by  a  hot  air  furnace, 
and  has  both  a  coal  range  and  a  gas  range  for  cooking.  The  rent 
is  $14  per  month.  The  house  is  neat  and  comfortable,  but  is  plainly 
furnished.  One  notes  the  absence  of  ornaments  and  knickknacks, — 
the  kind  of  thing  with  which  Kensington  women  have  a  tendency 
to  overload  their  homes. 

Food. — The  food  expenditure  for  the  first  period  averaged  about 
$13.50  per  week,  in  round  numbers,  and  was  well  above  the  weekly 
allowance  of  the  Fall  River  "fair  standard,"  which,  for  this  family, 
would  be  as  follows :  ^ 

Father $  1.82 

Mother '. • 1.46 

First  daughter 1.46 

First  son 1.82 

Second  son 1.82 

Third  son 1.09 

Second  daughter 91 

Young  woman  boarder 1.46 

Total $11.84 

In  the  food  account,  ''baked  goods"  make  a  considerable  item. 
Mrs.  G.  formerly  did  her  own  baking,  but  has  not  been  able  to  do  much 
of  it  of  late  years.  She  buys  daily  from  the  baker  one  large  loaf  of 
bread  for  eight  cents,  and  breakfast  rolls  and  cakes  fo**  fifteen  cents. 

For  the  second  period  the  food  expenditure  averaged  $12.61 
per  week.     There  was  no  boarder  during  this  period. 

The  following  menu  for  one  week  of  the  first  period,  shows  a 
substantial  and  well-selected  diet. 

Menu  for  One  Week  in  the  Spring  of  1913. 
Saturday. 

Breakfast:  Bacon  and  eggs,  rolls,  tea,  corn  flakes  and  milk. 
Dinner:  Vegetable  soup,  potatoes,  meat  from  soup,  bread,  tea. 
Supper:  Potato  salad,  cold  meat,  bread,  cake,  tea. 

1  61st  Congress,  2d  Session,  Senate  Document  No.  645,  Vol.  XVI,  op.  dt.,  pp. 
24,  238. 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  75 

Sunday. 

Breakfast:  Half  smokes,  eggs  boiled  for  those  who  do  not  like  half  smokes, 

bread  and  butter,  tea,  coffee. 
Dinner:  Vegetable  soup  from  Saturday,  roast  shoulder  of  mutton,  fried 

potatoes  from  Saturday,  one  can  peas,  bread  and  butter,  tea. 
Supper:  Cold  mutton  with  sauce,  bread,  cake,  tea. 
Monday. 

Breakfast:  Corn  flakes  with  milk,  rolls,  boiled  eggs,  bread,  tea. 

Dinner:  Stewed  beef  with  peas,  bread,  milk,  tea. 

Supper:  Steamed  potatoes  with  onions,  beefsteak,  eggs,  bread   and  butter, 

jelly,  tea. 
Tuesday. 

Breakfast:  Corn  flakes,  eggs,  bread,  milk,  tea,  rolls. 

Dinner:  Fried  potatoes,  stewed  apples,  herring,  bread  and  butter,  milk,  tea. 
Supper:  Meat  cakes,  potatoe?  boiled  and  salad,  bread  and  butter,  jelly,  tea. 
Wednesday. 

Breakfast:  One-fourth  pound  bacon,  eggs,  corn  flakes  and  milk,  bread, 

rolls,  tea. 
Dinner:  Fried  potatoes,  rice  pudding  with  milk,  bread  and  butter,  tea,  milk. 
Supper:  Baked  beans  with  pork,   potatoes,  stewed  apricots,   bread  and 

butter,  jelly,  tea. 
Thursday. 

Breakfast:  Com  flakes  with  milk,  eggs  boiled,  bread  and  butter,  rolls,  tea. 
Dinner:  Beef  Hver  fried,  rice  pudding  from  Wednesday,  bread  and  butter, 

milk,  tea. 
Supper:  Pot  roast  of  beef  (2  pounds),  boiled  cabbage,  potatoes  mashed, 

bread  and  butter,  jelly,  tea. 
Fnday. 

Breakfast :  Corn  flakes  and  milk,  rolls,  Bologna,  bread  and  butter,  tea. 
Dinner:  Stewed  tomatoes,  fried  potatoes,  1  can  corn,  pie,  bread,  tea. 
Supper:  Pork  chops,  potato  salad,  corn  from  dinner,  bread  and  butter, 

cheese,  tea. 

Clothing. — For  the  year  of  the  first  period  of  the  account,  this 
family  spent  a  total  of  $515  for  clothing, — the  mother's  share  of  $90 
and  the  first  daughter's  share  of  $150  being  particularly  large. 
The  father's  share  was  only  $30,  the  smallest  in  the  family.  The 
clothing  allowance  for  this  family,  according  to  the  Fall  River  "fair 
standard,"  would  be  as  follows:  ^ 

Father $  45.75 

Mother 33.75 

First  daughter 63.80 

Fu-st  son 50.50 

Second  son 50.50 

Third  son 30.55 

Second  daughter 16.85 

Total .$291.70 

161st  Congress,  2d  Session,  Senate  Document  No.  645,  op.  cit.,  pp.  239, 
240,  24^. 


76  BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND   INDIVIDUALS 

Pocket  Money. — The  sons  give  over  their  wages  to  their  mother, 
and  she  gives  them  back  ''fifteen  cents  on  the  dollar  for  spending 
money,"  besides  many  "extras,"  especially  on  holidays.  Mrs.  G. 
s^-ys  she  is  afraid  the  boys  will  not  want  to  work  unless  she  gives 
them  plenty  of  "spending  money."  The  daughter  gives  over  her 
wages  to  her  mother,  and  receives  seventy-five  cents  per  week  for 
"spending  money."  Out  of  this  she  makes  her  church  contribu- 
tions and  pays  for  her  recreation.  Twelve  weeks  before  the  close 
of  the  first  period,  Mrs.  G.  started  to  give  this  daughter  fifty  cents 
per  week  toward  a  savings  fund,  in  addition  to  the  seventy-five 
cents  "spending  money"  per  week.  The  father's  regular  "spend- 
ing money"  is  $1.50  per  week.  When  not  working  full  time,  he 
receives  less. 

Cooperative  Association. — When  the  Kensington  cooperative  store 
went  out  of  business  in  March,  1914,  Mrs.  G.  lost  her  share  of  $20. 
She  received  no  dividends  during  the  year.  The  only  benefit 
which  she  had  from  the  association  was  the  privilege  of  buying  her 
coal  at  wholesale  price. 

Standard  of  Living. — The  family  income  was  sufficient,  during 
the  year  of  the  first  period,  to  permit  of  a  comfortable  standard, 
as  well  as  to  furnish  a  surplus  to  be  laid  by.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  G. 
started  bank  accounts  in  the  latter  part  of  August,  1913,  each 
depositing  $150.  Mrs.  G.  also  made  a  practice  of  keeping  $50  in 
the  house  for  cases  of  emergency.  Almost  immediately  after  the 
close  of  the  first  period,  hard  times  came  on.  Work  was  very 
slack  in  the  summer  of  1914  and  in  the  following  fall  and  winter. 
Early  in  1915, — ten  months  after  the  close  of  the  first  period, — 
Mrs.  G.  told  the  investigator  that  nothing  had  been  added  to  the 
bank  accounts,  and  that  the  $50  which  she  had  kept  in  the  house 
had  been  used  up  long  ago.  The  problem  now  was  to  make  ends 
meet  during  a  period  of  so  much  enforced  idleness.  Mr.  G.,  in 
speaking  of  the  year  for  which  his  wife  had  kept  the  account, 
remarked:  " That  was  the  best  year  we  ever  had ;  work  was  better, 
and  income  steadier.  We  spent  more  on  our  table  that  year,  and 
lived  better  than  we  had  ever  lived  before.  It  is  not  fair  to  judge 
of  our  way  of  living  by  that  year  alone."  It  was  because  of  the 
fact  that  the  first  period  had  been  so  exceptionally  prosperous,  that 
Mrs.  G.  suggested  keeping  a  record  over  another  period.  The 
tables  for  the  second  period  of  thirty-one  weeks  follow  immediately- 
after  those  of  the  first  period  of  one  year. 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


77 


ACCOUNT   FOR  FIRST  PERIOD. 

INCOME. 

One  Ykar  (52  Weeks  or  364  Days),  March  21,  1913-March  19,  1914,  Actually  Recorded 

Income. 

Amounts  are  recorded  for  bi-weekly  pay  intervals.     In  date  column  is  indicated  the  first  day  of 

each  fourth  week. 


Father,  Wages. 

First  Daughter, 

Wages. 

First  Son,  Wages. 

Second  Son,  Wages. 

Date. 

4i 
1 

< 

Date. 

o 

a 
< 

Date. 

< 

Date. 

1 

<! 

Mar.  21,  1913  . 

Mar.  21,  1913. 

$6.00  Mar.  21,  1913. 

$13.50 

Mar.  21,  1913. 

$17.00 

13.30 

15.00 

16.00 

April  18 

AprUlS 

20.15 

April  18 

15.00 

April  18 

17.00 

■    20.50 

15.00 

17.00 

May  16 

May  16 

20.50 
16.26 

May  16 

15.00 
14.50 

May  16 

17.00 
15.00 

June  13 

$28.00 

June  13 

20.50 

June  13 

15.00 

June  13 

17.00 

28.00 

20.50 

15.00 

17.00 

July   11..  ...  . 

28.00 

J'-ily   11 

20.50 

July   11 

15.00 

July  11 

17.00 

28.00 

10.25 

15.00 

17.00 

Aug.    8 

.      2 

Aug.     8 

20.50 

Aug.    8 

25.00 

Aug.    8 .....  . 

27.00 

34.00 

15.37 

27.50 

• 

27.00 

Sept.    5 

32.00 

Sept.    5 

20.50 

Sept.    5 

28.99 

Sept.    5 

27.16 

31.00 

20.50 

29.85 

27.60 

Oct.     3 

28.93 

Oct.      3 

20.50 

Oct.      3 

28.05 

Oct.     3 

27.35 

36.00 

20.50 

31.17 

27.40 

Oct.   31 

13.27 

Oct.   31 

15.40 

Oct.    31 

28.15 

Oct.   31 

24.83 

27.50 

20.50 

32.00 

26.00 

Nov.  28 

18.60 

Nov.  28 

10.25 

Nov.  28 

24.80 

Nov.  28 

21.75 

32.50 

20.50 

32.67 

28.50 

Dec.  26 

29.44 

Dec.  26 

20.50 

Dec.  26 

31.72 

Dec.  26 

25.28 

19.41 

20.50 

31.30 

28.55 

Jan.   23,  1914  . 

22.35 

Jan.   23,  1914. 

20.50 

Jan.    23,  1914. 

30.83 

Jan.    23,  1914. 

27.68 

4.85 

18.80 

26.99 

25.78 

Feb.  20 

30.25 

Feb.  20 

20.50 

Feb.  20 

31.00 

Feb.  20 

29.55 

20.50 

$474.28 

30.67 

26.86 

$472.10 

$618.69 

$595.29 

1111. 


No  work. 

ALL  Sources, 


Income  from 

Father,  wages 

First  daughter,  wages 

First  son,  wages 

Second  son,  wages 

Ydung  woman  boarder  and  lodger,  50  weeks  @  $4.00 


.$  472.10 
474.28 
618.69 
595.29 
200.00 


78 


BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 


Sick  benefits,  10  weeks  @  $2.50 25.00 

Labor  union: 

2  weeks  @  $5.00 $10.00 

,       4  weeks  @  $3.50 14.00  24.00 

Total  income,  one  year,  actually  recorded $2,409.36 

ACCOUNT  FOR  FIRST  PERIOD. 

EXPENDITURES. 

Onb  Year  (52  Weeks  or  364  Days),  March  21,  1913-MARcn  19,  1914,  Partly  Estimated 

EXPEKDITXTRES. 


Item. 

Amount. 

One  Year, 
Partly  Estimated. 

Date  (date  indicates  the  first  day  of  a  four- 
week  period). 

March 
21, 1913 

April 

May 
16 

Total. 

Total. 

House: 

Rent 

$1' 

$11.97 

10.44 

2.48 

1.64 

4.70 

4.43 

.50 

8.12 

.40 

2.98 

47.66 

.60 
2.29 

per  mo 

$11.91 

14.52 

2.94 

3.60 

4.47 

6.42 

.60 

9.66 

1.35 

4.26 

59.73 

2.49 

ath 
$19,602 

48.80S 
1.84 

$168,001 
45.60 

24.75 
29.80 
40.151 
31.20 

30.001 
90.001 
150.001 
75.001 
80.001 
50.001 
40.001 

47.321 

45.301 

2.721 

1.201 

$213.60 

Food:  Meats                                 

Eggs ...                         

Staples                                              

Vegetables 

Fruits .  .                         

Cereals                                                  

Beverages    

Miscellaneous                                           

Food  Total 

696.19* 

Household  Expenses: 

General  supplies' 

125.90 

Clothing: 
Father.. .                          

Mother 

First  daughter 

First  son. . 

Third  son                       

515.001 

Medical  attention 

38.251 

Insurance               .             

55  701 

Dues: 

Union .  .                              .... 

Settlement  club 

96  541 

Reading  matter. . 

15  00 

Church 

3.60 

Charity 

361 

Recreation . 

50  00 

275.00 

Car  fare .    .        j 

15  (K) 

Gifts 

6.39 

Total  expenditures,  one  year,  partly  estimated 
Total  income,  one  year,  actually  recorded  .... 

$2,106,53 

2,409.36 

Balance 

$    302.83 

Savings. 


Savings  fund  society: 
Father. . . 

$150.00 

150.00 

6.00 

Mother 

First  daughter 

1 

Total 

$306.00 

*  Actually  recorded. 
»  Four  tons  pea  coal. 

»  Food  expenditure  not  itemized  for  these  4 
weeks.     Father  in  hospital  during  this  period. 

♦  Twelve  weeks,  actually  recorded  expendi- 


ture, and  40  weeks,  estimated  at  $13.50  per 
week. 

»  The  store  slips  for  these  were  kept  through- 
out the  yeai . 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


79 


ACCOUNT  FOR  FIRST  PERIOD. 
CLOTHING    FOR    TWENTY-SIX    WEEKS,    SEPTEMBER    19.    1913-MARCH    19,    1914. 


Fathkb. 

Trousers $  2.00 

Sweater 3.75 

Shoe  repairs 50 

suppers 1.00 

Socks 25 

Underwear 6.50 

Suspenders 25 

Handkerchiefs 10 

S14.35 


MOTHEB. 


Dress 

Dress  goods 

Waists  (4) ^ . . 

Hat 

Shoes  (2  prs.) 

Shoe  repairs 

Stockings 

Underwear 

Making  underwear . 

Underskirt 

Corsets  (1  pr.) 

Lace  collar 

Tie 

Aprons  (4) 

Pocketbook 

Hand  bag 


9.50 

2.35 

2.39 

3.00 

6.00 

•  .50 

1.13 

5.18 

.75 

.49 

3.50 

.39 

.10 

1.03 

.50 

1.50 


$38.31 


First  DAaoHXEB. 

Coat $10.98 

Suit 12.95 

Alteration 25 

Dress 11.10 

Dress  goods 1.08 

Making  dress 2.35 

Trimming  dress 55 

Skirt 3.75 

Skirt,  working 1.98 

Waists  (8) 9.40 

Hat 4.75 

Hat,  working 1.10 

Hat  pin 50 

Shoes  (2  i)rs.) 7.00 

Shoe  repairs 15 

Stockings 1.50 

Rubbers 65 

Underwear 7.01 

Underskirts  (2) 2.98 

Apron 50 

Handkerchiefs 1.80 

Pendant  and  chain 9.00 


Suit 

Cap 

Shoes  (2  i>rs.) 
Shoe  repairs .  . 

Socks 

Shiit 

Collar 


First  Son. 


$11.00 
.  1.00 
.  6.50 
.  .95 
.  .38 
.  1.00 
.13 


Underwear 2.80 


$23.76 
Second  Son. 

Overcoat $10.00 

Suit 10.50 

Trousers 3.50 

Caps  (2) 2.00 

Shoes  (2  prs.) 6.00 

Shoe  repairs 1.25 

Slippers 75 

Socks 37 

Underwear 3.00 

Collars 25 

Tie 60 

Tie  holder 1.00 

Scarf  pin 1.75 

$40.87 
Third  Son. 

Suit $  5.50 

Cap 50 

Shoes  (2  prs.) 6.00 

Shoe  repairs 1.75 

Stockings 1.00 

Rubbers 75 

Sweater 2.00 

Underwear 1.25 

Suspenders 25 

Collar 25 

Tie 25 

Handkerchief 15 


$91.23 


$18.65 
Second  Daughter. 

Coat $  5.95 

Spring  coat 1.98 

Dresses  (3) 5.96 

Guimpes  (2) 50 

Hat 1.98 

Shoes  (4  prs.) 7.25 

Shoe  repairs 2.20 

Slippers 85 

Stockings 1.25 

Underwear 1.05 

Muslin 30 

Ribbon 75 

Gingham 1.00 

Apron  goods 30 

$31.32 


Vacations,  June-August,  1913. 

Atlantic  City — father  and  mother $  4.00 

Country  (3  days) — first  daughter 5.00 

Atlantic  City — father,  mother,  third  son,  and  second  daughter  . .  5.50 
New  London,  Conn. — father,  third  son,  and  second  daughter  .  .  .  26.00 
Wilmington,  Del. — mother,  boat  ride 1.00 

Total $41.50 


80 


BUDGETS    OF    FAMILIES    AND    INDIVIDUALS 


ACCOUNT  FOR   SECOND   PERIOD. 

INCOME. 

TJhiktt-one  Weeks,  February  5-September  9,  1915,  Actually  Recorded  Income. 

Amounts  are  recorded  for  bi-weekly  pay  intervals.     In  date  column  is  indicated  the  first  day  of 

each  fourth  week. 


Father,  Wages. 


Date. 


First  Daughter,  Wages 


Date. 


First  Son,  Wages. 


Date. 


Second  Son,  Wages. 


Date. 


Feb.     5,  1915» 
Mar.    5.  .  .  .  . 

April    2 

April  30 

May  28 

June  25 

July  23 

Aug.  20 


$  12.00 
22.00 
26.00 


20.00 
32.00 
21.00 
23.50 
30.40 
30.25 
26.00 
24.50 
30.50 
22.00 
22.10 


Feb.     6, 1915> 

Mar.    5 

April    2 

April  30 

May  28 

June  25 

July  23 

Aug.  20 


$20.41 
20.80 
20.50 
19.50 
13.30 
15.40 
20.00 
19.70 
14.80 
15.35 
20.00 
16.90 
19.26 
19.50 
19.50 


Feb.     6,  1915 

Mar.    5 

April    2 

April  30 

May  28 

June  25 

July  23 

Aug.  20 


$  9.25 
18.10 
17.00 

4.00 
14.25 

6.20 
15.00 
12.00 
19.00 
17.80 
21.00 
19.30 
18.05 

9.00 
16.00 
15.30 


Feb.     5, 


1915 

• 


Mar.  5 
April  2 
April  30 
May  28 
June  25 
July  23 
Aug.  20 


$12.06 
21.30 
20.26 
14.70 
16.75 
14.40 

4.50 

3.90 
18.00 
14.15 
12.70 
16.00 
24.00 
25.00 
16.20 


$342.25 


$274.92 


$231.25 


$233.92 


1  The  account  was  started  in  a  week 
did  not  fall. 


in  which  the  pay  days  of  the  father  and  the  first  daughter 


Income  from  all  Sources. 

Father,  wages $  342.25 

First  daughter,  wages 274.92 

First  son,  wages 231.25 

Second  son,  wages 233.92 

Third  son,  earnings , ,  I.OO 

Total  income,  31  weeks,  actually  recorded $1,083.34 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


81 


ACCOUNT  FOR  SECOND   PERIOD. 

EXPENDITURES. 

Thirty-one  Weeks,  February  5-September  9,  1915,  Actually  Recorded  Expenditures. 


Item. 

Amount. 

Thirty-one  Weeks, 
Actually  Recorded. 

Date  (date  indicates  the 

first  day  of  a  four-week 

period). 

Feb. 

5, 
1915 

Mar. 
5 

April 

to"' 

May 

28 

Jime 
25 

July 
23 

Aug. 
201 

Total. 

Total. 

House: 

Rent   

$14 

$1.50 

17.04 

7.41 

9.36 
5.02 

.10 

6.72 

.78 

1.98 

48.41 

2.89 

.25 

2.26 

11.29 
.25 

2.77 
14.65 

1.05 
.65 

2.69 
.17 
.55 

3.12 

3.16 

1.50 

1.00 

.82 

.35 

1.42 

6.50 
3.50 
5.96 
5.70 
.20 
.23 
1.38 
2.00 

.35 

per  mc 
$0.65 

1.25 
15.78 

8.50 

9.76 
4.81 

.30 
5.96 

.28 

2.01 

47.40 

1.75 
1.00 
2.24 

.05 

7.13 

.91 
5.17 
10.16 

.60 
1.85 
3.12 

6.60 
3.75 

1.78 
.85 

1.30 

4.00 
3.00 
4.70 
5.75 
.23 
.11 
1.40 

.19 

)nth 

$2.25 
15.24 
9.00 

9.52 
5.78 

.30 
8.41 

.56 

2.71 

51.52 

4.56 
1.50 
2.26 

1.15 
7.70 
7.50 
4.40 

.27 
1.60 
4.41 

.19 
1.85 
3.12 

2.05 
1.00 

.75 
.56 

.82 

6.25 

2.60 

5.50 

4.75 

.30 

.12 

.95 

.30 

$0.35 
2.25 

13,73 
9.90 

7.83 
7.89 

.20 
8.60 

1.81 
49.96 

1.05 
1.88 
2.18 

4.00 
10.87 
13.48 

14.50 
4.88 
3.32 
.17 
3.30 
3.12 

2.05 
.80 

1.05 
.49 

.40 

6.00 
3.00 
4.75 
1.30 
.23 
.12 
1.68 

$1.75 
11.70 
9.96 

5.65 
8.98 

8.37 

.35 

2.72 

47.73 

.59 

.37 

2.26 

.13 

.80 
6.10 
1.50 
3.50 

.10 
3.80 

.12 
4.80 
3.12 

8.60 
2.90 

1.00 

.47 

1.40 

1.40 

10.25 

5.90 

8.30 

1.50 

.20 

.12 

1.80 

.10 

20.00 

$1.75 
14.20 
10.51 

5.61 
10.57 

7.49 

5.63 
54.01 

2.58 

.77 

2.93 

1.50 
.80 
1.85 
1.53 
2.68 
3.93 
1.30 
.08 
4.50 
3.12 

1.10 
1.95 

.97 

.32 

.59 

7.95 

11.50 
4.35 
7.60 
2.50 
.78 
.37 
2.50 

10.00 

$1.75 
13.25 
10.24 

5.09 
9.43 

.20 
9.15 

6.23 
53.59 

1.70 

.34 

2.05 

.95 
3.00 
4.08 
2.26 

.51 
1.20 

.70 

.83 
5.30 
3.12 

1.50 
1.00 

1.12 
.25 
.13 

8.65 

15.00 

3.00 

8.15 

.05 

.46 

.31 

2.25 

.90 

20.00 

$1.50 
11.43 
5.91 

4.63 
6.52 

6.16 

3.73 
38.38 

.55 

.94 

1.62 

.87 
2.70 

.60 
.10 

1.41 
.21 
.70 

2.06 

.50 
1.10 

1.52 
.25 
.03 

6.20 

8.50 

1.55 

6.85 

4.00 

.38 

.24 

.70 

15.00 

$112.00 

1.00 

14.00 

112.37 

71.43 

57.45 
59.00 

1.10 
60.86 

1.97 
26.82 

15.67 

7.05 

17.80 

19.07 
24.29 
45.61 
24.34 
24.02 
17.63 
27.79 
2.37 

25.56 

14.00 

1.00 

68.00 
26.90 
51.81 
25.55 
2.78 
1.62 

Repairs ...           ... 

Fuel  and  light.  .^ 

$127.00 

Dairy  products 

Eggs2 

Staples^ 

Vegetables 

Fruits'* 

Cereals 

Baked  goods 

Beverages ' 

Miscellaneous 

Food  Total 

391.00 

Household  Expenses: 
Furniture. . 

General  supplies 

Laundry . . 

40.52 

Clothing: 
Father. .  .  . 

Mother 

First  daughter 

Second  son 

Third  son 

Second  daughter 

Notions 

185.12 

Medical  attention 

Insurance . . 

22.85 
23.90 

Dues: 
Lodge . 

Settlement  club 

Reading  matter. . . 

40.56 
9.01 

Church 

3.54 

Charity .     . 

2.15 

28.14 

Pocket  money: 

Father 

First  daughter 

First  son • 

Third  son . . 

Second  daughter 

a  r  fare 

176.66 
12.66 

Gifts 

3.00 

65.00 

S  imdries 

.84 

Total  expenditures,  3 
Total  income,  31  wee 

1  weeks,  actu 
ks,  actii.illv  r 

ally  recorder 

$1,131.95 

ecordei 

i  ...  . 

1,083.34 

Deficit 

• .  .  .  . 

a 

Savings. 


Savings  fund  society: 

Deposits 

Withdrawals 120.00 


None 
I  5.00 


25.00 


Total  amount  withdrawn,  31  weeks. 


None 
$50.00 


$      50.00 


1  Three  weeks  only. 

2  Included  under  dairy  products. 


3  These  are  groceries. 

*  Included  under  vegetables. 


82 


BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND   INDIVIDUALS 


ACCOUNT  FOR  SECOND  PERIOD. 
CLOTHING  FOR  THIRTY-ONE  WEEKS,  FEBRUARY   5-SEPTEMBER  9,   1915. 

First  Son. — Continued. 


Father. 

Suit $10.00 

Cap.\ 50 

Shirts  (3) 2.00 

Shoes  (1  pr.) 3.50 

Shoe  repair?* 90 

Socks 13 

Underwear 1.69 

Collars 35 


$19.07 
Mother. 

Dress $  1.85 

Dressgoods 2.80 

Making  and  trimming 3.90 

Ribbon  belts 62 

Waist 65 

Waist  goods 1.30 

Lace  and  buttons 17 

Lace  and  muslin 42 

Underwear 4.55 

Corsets  (1  pr.) 3.00 

Shoes  (1  pr.) 3.00 

Shoe  repairs 60 

Stockings 38 

Gloves 45 

Aprons  (2) 50 

Dust  cap 10 

$24.29 
P^ST  Dauohtbb. 

Coat. $  3.98 

Dress  goods 4.50 

Trimmings 40 

Lace 71 

Making  and  trimming 3.50 

Dress  goods 25 

Making 2.44 

Skirt 90 

Skirt 2.00 

Waist 1.25 

Waist  goods 46 

House  dress 59 

Hat 2.00 

Hat 4.00 

Shoes  (2  prs.) 5.50 

Shoe  repairs 1.40 

Stockings 95 

Gloves  (2  prs.) 1.00 

Underwear 6.67 

Underskirts 1.48 


Ribbon . 
Nightgown , . .  . 
Handkerchiefs . 

Apron 

Side  combs 


.25 
.69 
.34 
.25 
.10 


$45.61 
First  Son. 

Suit $11.00 

Caps  (2) 1.50 

Shoes  (1  pr.) 3.00 

Shoe  repairs 2.60 


Socks , 51 

Shirts 1.44 

Collars 49 

Underwear 2w05 

Tie 25 

Handkerchiefs 25 

Sleeve  garter 25 

Sundries I.OO 


$24.34 


Second  Son. 

Suit $10, 

Hat 2. 

Cap 1. 

Shoes 3. 

Shoe  repairs 2. 

Socks 7. .... .     1. 

Underwear 

Shirts  (2) '..'.'.'.'.'.'.     1. 

Collars 

Tie 

Belt '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 

Handkerchiefs [[       \ 

Garters 

Umbrella  repaired .......'.       '. 


*24.02 
Third  Son. 

Suit $  4.00 

Cap 25 

Shoes  (2  prs.) 4.50 

Shoe  repairs 2.85 

Stockings ....'.     1.00 

Trousers ' .  ] .     1.00 

Shirts  (4) 2.00 

Underwear i.jo 

Collars '    ' '         .12 

Ties  (2) 
Belt .  .  . 
Elastic 


.20 
15 

„     ,  .  06 

Bathmg  pants 10 


Hair  cuts . 


.30 


$17.63 


Second  Daughter. 

Dresses  (8) $  8.32 

Lawn  for  skirt 36 

Ribbon *     2.55 

Hat 1,98 

Shoes  (4  prs.) _  . .     8.00 

Shoe  repairs 1.65 

Stockings 2  00 

Belt ; ;.     .10 

Sweater ' [[]       [75 

Underwear 1,24 

Elastic ,,,       .11 

Rubbers 50 

Gingham 08 

Pins ]\  /,       .05 

Bathing  cap 16 


$27.79 
Notions $  2.37 


FAMILY  NO.   11. 
Membership  and  Occupation. 

Member.  Age,  Years.  Occupation. 

Father 41  Driver  of  a  brewery  wagon. 

Mother 37  Housekeeper. 

Son 17  Sorter  in  tannery. 

First  daughter 16  Looper  in  hosiery  mill. 

Second  daughter 12  In  school. 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  83 

Type  of  Family. — Mr.  and  Mrs.  E.  were  both  born  in  this  country, 
of  German  parents.  They  are  of  the  Roman  Catholic  faith.  This 
family  is  not  of  the  thrifty  type,  but,  on  the  contrary,  is  rather 
careless  with  regard  to  money  matters. 

The  Account — The  account  for  this  study  was  kept  for  a  year 
(October  4,  1913-October  2,  1914). 

Income. — The  father  is  employed  by  a  brewing  company.  He 
has  his  own  delivery  route,  and  is  paid  a  twenty-five  per  cent, 
commission  on  all  the  beer  that  he  sells.  He  gives  his  wife  regularly 
$14  per  week;  whatever  he  earns  above  this  amount,  he  considers 
his  own.  He  sometimes  makes  his  wife  ''gifts"  out  of  his  own 
money  when  the  household  fund  is  running  low.  The  son  earns 
$7  per  week;  he  gives  over  his  wages  to  his  mother.  The  older 
daughter  is  paid  on  a  piecework  scale,  and  earns,  as  a  rule,  from 
$4  to  $5.25  per  week.  She  also  gives  over  her  wages  to  her  mother. 
In  this  family's  account,  the  earnings  of  the  different  members 
have  not  been  kept  separately. 

House. — The  family  occupies  a  brick  house  which  rents  for  $14 
per  month.  It  has  six  rooms,  a  shed,  and  an  outside  toilet;  there 
is  a  bathtub  in  one  of  the  bedrooms.  The  house  is  heated  by  a 
hot  air  furnace.  The  cooking  is  done  entirely  on  the  coal  range; 
there  is  no  gas,  either  for  cooking  or  for  lighting  purposes.  The 
house  is  dingy,  and  is  badly  in  need  of  repairs  and  papering.  Mrs. 
E.  says  she  cannot  get  the  landlord  to  make  any  improvements. 
Most  of  the  furniture  in  the  house — including  the  hair  cloth  set 
in  the  parlor — is  old.  Altogether,  this  home  has  not  a  very 
cheerful  air.  During  the  year  of  the  account  Mrs.  E.  was  buying 
several  new  articles  of  furniture. 

Food. — The  food  expenditure  for  the  year  was  $610.78,  making 
an  average  of  $11.75  per  week.  The  Fall  River  ''fair  standard" 
weekly  food  allowance  for  this  family  would  be  as  follows :  ^ 

Father $1.82 

Mother 1.46 

Son '. 1.82 

First  daughter 1.46 

Second  daughter 1.09 

Total $7.65  ^ 

1 61st  Congress,  2d  Session,  Senate  Document  No.  645,  Vol.  XVI,  op.  cit.,  pp. 
24,  238. 


84  BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES  AND   INDIVIDUALS 

This  family  was  therefore  far  above  the  Fall  River  standard  with 
regard  to  its  food  expenditure. 

Clothing. — The  clothing  expenditure  for  the  year  was  $263.64. 
The' Fall  River  "fair  standard"  clothing  allowance  for  this  family 
would  be  as  follows :  ^ 

Father $  45.75 

Mother 33.75 

Son 50.50 

First  daughter 37.00 

Second  daughter 25.35 

Total ; $192.35 

In  clothing  expenditure,  therefore,  as  well  as  in  food  expenditure, 
this  family  was  far  above  the  Fall  River  standard. 

Medical  Attention. — Mrs.  E.  was  confined  to  her  bed  for  seven 
weeks  in  October  and  November,  1913,  as  the  result  of  a  fall  from  a 
street  car.  During  these  weeks  she  had  a  physician  every  day. 
She  was  ill  again  for  several  weeks  in  the  spring  of  1914.  Her  bills 
for  physician  and  medicine  made  up  most  of  the  total  of  $106.27 
recorded  under  Medical  Attention.  As  the  income  table  shows, 
Mrs.  E.  received  some  assistance  in  the  way  of  sick  benefits  from 
lodges. 

Pocket  Money. — The  son  and  the  older  daughter  receive  liberal 
allowances  of  ''pocket  money."  The  son's  allowance  has  been  $2 
per  week  since  the  beginning  of  1914;  the  older  daughter's  allow- 
ance runs  fifty  cents,  seventy-five  cents,  and  $1  per  week.  The 
younger  daughter  is  given  twenty-five  cents  each  week,  besides 
"extras  when  she  goes  anywhere."  The  total  amount  of 
"pocket  money"  given  to  the  three  children  during  the  year  was 
$147.87. 

Standard  of  Living. — The  income  for  the  year  was  $1,629.70; 
the  expenditures  were  $1,772.05,  leaving  a  deficit  of  $142.35.  The 
entire  income  of  this  family  each  year  goes  to  meet  current  expenses ; 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  E.  do  not  carry  a  savings  account.  Physician's  bills 
made  an  extra  drain  upon  the  income  during  the  year  of  the  account, 
but  these  alone  were  not  responsible  for  the  large  deficit.  This 
family  spends  an  unusually  large  amount  for  food.  "I  have  to 
give  my  family  good  food,"  Mrs.  E.  said  to  the  investigator;  "they 
won't  stand  for  anything  else;  they  have  to  have  meat  three  times 

*61st  Congress,  2d  Session,  Senate  Document  No.  645,  Vol.  XVI,  op.  cit., 
pp.  239,  240,  243. 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


85 


a  day,  and  you  know  how  meat  costs."  A  tendency  of  Mrs.  E.'s 
to  buy  things  on  the  installment  plan,  also  helps  explain  her  over- 
expenditure.  During  the  year  of  the  account  she  bought  a  buffet, 
a  brass  bed,  a  rug,  a  quilt,  window  curtains,  a  mesh  bag,  and  many 
articles  of  clothing,  on  the  installment  plan.  The  last  time  the 
investigator  called  at  this  home,  Mrs.  E.  was  beginning  to  be 
worried  over  the  fact  that  she  was  getting  so  deeply  into  debt. 
This  family  had  the  largest  deficit  of  any  of  the  families  studied. 


INCOME. 

One  Year  (^2  Weeks  or  364  Days),  October  4,  1913-October  2,  19 14 ^  Actually  Recorded 

Income. 

Amounts  are  recorded  for  weekly  pay  intervals.     In  date  column  is  indicated  the  first  day  of 

each  fourth  week. 


Father,  Son,  and  First 
Daughter,  Wages. 

Father,  Son,  and  First 
Daughter,  Wages. 

Father,  Son,  and  First 
Daughter,  Wages. 

Father,  Son,  and  First 
Daughter,  Wages. 

Date. 

a 

C 

e 
< 

Date. 

a 

S 

< 

Date. 

1 

< 

Date. 

Amount. 

Oct.     4,  1913  . 

Nov.    1 

Nov.  29 

$32.00 
30.00 
32.00 
34.00 
28.00 
27.00 
28.00 
40.00 
29.00 
32.00 
40.00 
46.00 
32.00 
28.00 

Jan.    10,  1914. 
Jan.  24 

Feb.  21 

Mar.  21 

$22.00 
30.00 
27.00 
29.00 
39.00 
28.00 
32.00 
35.00 
27.00 
29.00 
31.00 
21.00 
38.00 
36.001 

April  18,  1914. 

May  16 

June  13 

July  11 

$39,002 
27.00 
32.00 
32.00 
31.00 
23.00 
38.50 
29.30 
31.35 
26.00 
32.75 
30.00 
26.00 
29.00 

July  25,  1914. 
Aug.    8 

Sept.    5 

$      21.00 
26.00 
31.00 
29.00 
27.00 
20.00 
32.00 
30.00 
27.00 
29.80 

Dec.  27 

$1,581.70 

1  Includes  $11,  "gift  from  husband. 


2  Includes  $10,  "gift  from  husband." 


Income  from  all  Sources. 

Father,  son,  and  first  daughter,  wages $1,581.70 

Sick  benefits : 

5  weeks  @  $4.00 $20.00 

3  weeks  @  $6.00 18.00  38.00 

Gift  from  grandmother  to  second  daughter 10.00 

Total  income,  one  year,  actually  recorded $1,629.70 


86 


BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 


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OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


87 


CLOTHING  FOR  ONE  YEAR 

Father  and  Son. 

Coat  (Son) $15 

Suit  (Son) 15 

Suit  (Father) 13 

Suit  pressed 

Hats  (3) 5 

Shirts  (16) 12 

Underwear 4, 

Shoes  (4  prs.) 12 

Shoe  repairs 2 

Rubbers  (1  pr.) 1 

Slippers  (2  prs.) 5 

Collars .^ 1 

Ties 2 

Socks  (8  prs.) 1 

Nightshirt 

Sundries 

^  $91 

Mother  and  Two  Daughters. 

Coats  (3) $  27 

Dresses  (3) 4 

Dress  goods 27 

Trimmings 3 

Lace 1 


OCTOBER  4,   1913-OCTOBER  2,    1914. 
Mother  and  two  Daughters. — 
00  Continued. 

.00       Skirts  (2) 5.48 

25       Waists  (11) 8.63 

40       Hats  (3) 8.66 

.00       Dressmaking 4.50 

,31       Underwear 13.81 

00       Corsets  (4  prs.) 4.00 

.00       Corset  covers  (2) 1.00 

.35       Ribbons 65 

.25       Petticoats  (2) 3.00 

,00       Shoes  (8  prs.) 20.50 

,35       Shoe  repairs 2.65 

,50       Stockings  (49  prs.) 6.15 

,00       Gloves  (5  prs.) 2.25 

,75       Sweaters 4.25 

.05       Scarfs  (3) 2.55 

—       Rubbers  (2  prs.) 1.10 

,21        Sacks  (2) 1.24 

Aprons 49 

Miislin 1.05 

Nightgowns  (3) 1.40 

,91        Notions 2.45 

,27       Mesh  bag 8.25 

81       Jewelry 4.00 

05  

33  $172.43 


FAMILY   NO.   12. 
Membership  and  Occupation. 

Member.  Age,  Years.  Occupation. 

Father 60  Pattern  maker  in  iron  foundr3^ 

Mother 55  Housekeeper. 

First  daughter 28  Helps   her   mother.      Sometimes 

does  cleaning  outside. 

First  son 25  Bricklayer.     (Pays  board.) 

Second  son 23  Plumber.     (Pays  board.) 

Third  son 21  Druggist.       (Did  not   contribute 

to  family  income  during  period 

of  the  account.) 

Second  daughter 18  "Ticketer"  in  hosiery  mill. 

Fourth  son 15  Paper  ruler. 

(There  is  also  a  married  daughter,  who  has  her  own  home.) 

Type  of  Family. — Mr.  T.  was  born  in  Germany;  Mrs.  T.  was 
born  of  German  parents  in  Philadelphia.  Mrs.  T.  is  an  energetic, 
hard-working  woman,  and  a  painstaking  housekeeper.  She  and  her 
older  daughter  are  kept  busy  most  of  the  time  with  the  cooking, 
the  cleaning,  and  the  laundry  work  for  this  large  family. 

The  Account. — The  account  for  this  study  was  carefully  kept  for 
twenty-three  weeks  (June  28-December  5,  1913).  It  took  so  much 
time  to  record  all  of  the  expenditures  for  this  family,  and  was  such 
a  tax  upon  the  memory,  that  Mrs.  T.  gave  up  the  undertaking  of 
keeping  a  daily  record  at  the  end  of  the  twenty-three  weeks.  She 
furnished  a  list  of  the  periodical  obligations  and  she  assisted  in 
making  an  estimate  of  the  other*  expenditures  of  the  family  for 
the  remainder  of  the  year.     The  tables  for  this  family  therefore 


88  BUDGETS    OF    FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 

give  the  actually  recorded  account  for  twenty-three  weeks  (June 
28-December  5,  1913),  and  a  partly  estimated  account  for  one 
year  (June  28,  1913-June  26,  1914). 

Tncome. — The  contributions  of  each  of  the  wage-earners  to  the 
family  income  are  given  in  the  wage  table  for  the  twenty-three 
weeks.  The  father  earns  $15  or  $16  per  week,  and  turns  all  of  his 
wages  into  the  family  fund,  of  which  Mrs.  T.  has  charge.  The 
oldest  son — the  bricklayer — was  out  of  work  much  of  the  time 
during  August,  September,  October,  and  November,  1913.  When 
he  was  working,  he  generally  paid  $5  board  per  week  during  the 
period  of  the  account.  The  second  son — the  plumber-'-was  also 
out  of  work  for  a  large  part  of  the  fall.  He  belongs  to  the  union, 
and  therefore  can  take  nothing  but  a  "union  job."  When  he  has 
work,  he  earns  $4  per  day,  or  $22  per  week,  and  pays  $6  board  per 
week.  The  third  son — the  druggist — did  not  contribute  anything 
toward  the  household  expenses  during  the  period  of  the  account; 
he  used  all  of  his  earnings  to  pay  for  the  course  he  was  taking  at 
the  college  of  pharmacy.  The  youngest  son — the  paper  ruler — 
gives  over  his  wages  to  his  mother.     He  earns  $4.50  per  week. 

The  older  daughter  works  sometimes  "on  the  side,"  taking  care 
of  a  physician's  office.  She  keeps  the  little  that  she  earns  in  this 
way,  for  her  own  needs.  This  daughter  worked  for  eleven  years  in  a 
large  lace  mill,  and  gave  over  to  her  mother  her  entire  earnings 
during  that  period.  The  younger  daughter  gives  over  all  of  her 
wages  to  her  mother.    She  earned  $108.78  in  the  twenty-three  weeks. 

House. — Mr.  and  Mrs.  T.  own  their  home — a  store  and  dwelling — 
which  they  have  occupied  for  thirty-one  years.  A  son,  now  dead, 
who  was  a  real  estate  agent,  used  the  store  as  an  office.  Since  his 
death  the  family  has  had  no  use  for  the  store,  and  would  be  glad  to 
sell  the  home.  It  cost  Mr.  and  Mrs.  T.  $4,500;  the  assessed  value  is 
$3,600.  The  house  is  of  brick,  and  has,  besides  the  store,  three 
rooms  and  an  outside  toilet  on  the  first  floor;  three  bedrooms  and  a 
bathroom  on  the  second  floor;  and  two  bedrooms  on  the  third 
floor.  It  is  heated  by  a  hot  air  furnace.  The  cooking  is  done 
entirely  on  the  coal  range,  though  there  is  gas  in  the  house  for 
lighting.     The  store  and  dwelling  would  rent  for  $35  per  month. 

Food. — The  food  expenditure  for  the  twenty-three  weeks  was 
$308.59,  making  an  average  of  $13.42  per  week.  The  weekly  food 
allowance  for  this  family,  according  to  the  Fall  River  "fair  stand- 
ard" of  the  government  report,  would  be  as  follows:  ^ 

^61st  Congress,  2d  Session,  Senate  Document  No.  645,  Vol.  XVI,  op.  cit  , 
pp.  24,  238. 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  89 

Father $  1.82 

Mother 1.46 

First  daughter 1.46 

First  son 1.82 

Second  son 1.82 

Third  son 1.82 

Second  daughter 1.46 

Fourth  son 1.64 

Total $13.30 

This  family  was  therefore  a  trifle  above  the  Fall  River  standard 
with  regai-d  to  its  food  expenditure. 

Clothing. — The  estimated  yearly  total  spent  out  of  the  family 
fund  for  clothing,  was  $267.  Although  children  who  ''pay  board" 
ordinarily  buy  their  own  clothing,  some  of  the  clothing  of  the  first 
son  in  this  family  was  paid  for  out  of  the  family  fund  during  the 
year  of  the  account.  The  second  son  pays  for  all  of  his  own  cloth- 
ing; the  older  daughter  pays  for  most  of  hers  out  of  the  money 
that  she  earns  by  cleaning.  All  of  the  clothing  of  the  other  members 
of  the  family  is  paid  for  out  of  the  family  fund.  The  estimated 
amounts  spent  for  the  clothing  of  the  father,  the  mother,  and  the 
second  daughter,  during  the  year,  were  below  the  allowances  of 
the  Fall  River  "fair  standard."  ^  The  amounts  spent  for  the 
clothing  of  the  third  son  and  the  fourth  son  were  above  the  allow- 
ances of  that  standard. 2 

Church  and  Charity. — The  members  of  this  family  are  Roman 
Catholics.  The  following  is  a  list  of  their  regular  contributions  to 
church  and  charity: 

Per  Year. 

Mother: 

Orphanage $  3.00 

As  member  of  Ladies'  Aid  for  same 1.00 

Home  for  Immigrant  Girls 25 

Home  No.  1  for  Homeless  Boys 50 

Home  No.  2  for  Homeless  Boys 25 

Father: 

Two  German  papers  for  benefit  of  orphanage "j    '^ 

Father,  mother,  and  two  daughters,  church 6.00 

(The  sons  pay  their  own  church  dues.) 

Pew  rent  (two  pews) .  .   10.00 

Total $24.50 

^  61st  Congress,  2d  Session,  Senate  Document  No.  645,  Vol.  XVI,  op.  cil., 
pp.  239,  243. 
'  Idem. 


90 


BUDGETS    OF   FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 


Standard  of  Living. — This  family  appears  to  maintain  a  comfort- 
able standard  of  living,  although  during  the  year  of  the  account 
its  food  expenditure  was  not  high,  and  the  clothing  expenditure  of 
some  of  the  members  was  below  the  requirement  of  the  Fall  River 
"fair  standard"  of  the  government  report.  The  year  of  the  ac- 
count was  an  exceptionally  poor  one,  however,  owing  to  the  fact 
that  the  first  son  and  the  second  son  were  out  of  work  much  of  the 
time,  and  paid  their  board  only  when  they  were  working,  and  to  the 
fact  that  the  third  son  used  his  earnings  to  pay  for  his  education, 
and  contributed  nothing  toward  household  expenses. 

The  mother  made  a  trip  to  Wisconsin  during  the  y«ar  of  the 
account,  to  see  a  cousin  ordained  for  the  priesthood.  She  took 
$45  out  of  the  household  fund  to  help  pay  for  this  trip;  the  re- 
mainder of  the  expense  of  the  trip  was  met  from  a  gift. 

The  family  carries  a  savings  account  with  a  building  and  loan 
association. 

INCOME. 

TwENTT-THREB  Weeks,  Junb  28-Dbcbmbbr  5,  1913,  Actually  Recorded  Income. 
Amounts  are  recorded  for  weekly  pay  intervals.     In  date  column  is  indicated  the  first  day  of 

each  fourth  week. 


Date. 

Father, 
Wages. 

First  Son, 
Board. 

Second  Son, 
Board. 

Second 

Daughter, 

Wages. 

Fourth  Son, 
Wages. 

Amount. 

Amount. 

Amount. 

Amount. 

Amount. 

June  28.1913 

July  26. 

.    $  15.00 
15.00 

16.00 
15.00 
15.00 
15.00 
16.00 
16.00 
16.00 
15.00 
16.00 
16.00 

$12.50 

5.00 
5.00 
5.00 
5.00 
5.00 
5.00 

5.00 
5.00 

5.00 

5.00 
5.00 

5.00 

5.00 
5.00 

$  6.00 
6.00 
6.00 
6.00 
6.00 
6.00 
6.00 
6.00 
6.00 

2.00 
6.00 

6.00 

$  10.00 
8.50 

9.90 

9.20 

9.54 
3.60 
8.54 

9.50 
10.00 

10.00 
10.00 
10.00 

$  4.5() 
4.50 
4.50 
4.50 
4  50 

Aug.  23.. .        ... 

4.50 
4.50 
4.00 
4  50 

Sept.  20 

4.50 

4.00 
4  50 

Oct.    18... 

16.00 
16.00 
16.00 
16  00 

4.50 
4.50 
4.50 
4  50 

Nov.  15 

16.00 
16.00 
16.00 
16.00 
16.00 
16.00 

4.50 
4.50 
4.50 
4  50 

4.50 
4.50 

$346.00 

$82.50 

$68.00 

$108.78 

$98.00 

Income  prom  all  Sources. 

Father,  wages $346.00 

First  son,  board 82.50 

Second  son,  board 68.00 

Second  daughter,  wages 108.78 

Fourth  son,  wages 98.00 

Total  income,  23  weeks,  actually  recorded $703.28 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


91 


One  Year  (52  Weeks  or  364  Days),  June  28,  1913-June  26,  1914,  Partly 

Estimated  I'ncome. 
Income  from  all  Sources. 
Father,  second  daughter,  and  fourth  son,  wages;  and  first 

son  and  second  son,  board $1,650.00 

Gift  from  son 100.00 

Total  income,  one  year,  partly  estimated $1,750.00 


EXPENDITURES. 

Twenty-three  Weeks,  June  28-December  5,  1913,  Actually  Recorded  Expenditures. 
One  Year  (52- Weeks  or  364  Days),  June  28,  1913-June  26,  1914,  Partly  Estimated  Ex- 
penditures. 


Item. 

Amount. 

Twenty-three 
Weeks,  Actu- 
ally Recorded. 

One  Year,  Partly 
Estimated. 

Date  (date  indicates 
the  first  day  of  a  four- 
week  period) . 

June 
28, 
1913 

'fi 

^2T 

T- 

Oct. 
18 

Nov. 
151 

Total. 

Total. 

Total. 

Total. 

House: 

Taxes  and  water  rent 

Repairs 

Fuel  and  light 

Food:  Meats 

$7.00 
10.13 
2.40 

1.80 
.20 

11.90 

12.12 
38.55 

3.75 
.54 
.65 

.75 
9.57 

4.00 
3.00 
6.65 
3.35 
5.006 
4.15 
2.60 
2.00 
.50 
.50 

45.007 

4.00 
2.00 
3.00 

$5.80 
7.15 
14.65 

2.77 

7.18 
1.75 

6.00 

17.77 
50.12 

1.35 
.04 

2.00 
1.50 
.38 
3.02 
4.06 
3.82 
3.02 

5.40 

1.85 
.50 

5.35 
2.25 
1.45 

$7.80 
2.05 

4.25 
.30 

7.85 

19.20 
41.45 

18.00 

3.20 

.94 

1.80 
1.49 

.17 
37.42 

36.41 

.55 

9.40 

2.75 

1.60 

.50 

2.00 

4.00 
3.55 

$9.35 
15.69 

5.15 
.67 

2.07 
11.91 

4.66 

8.20 

.45 

16.21 

65.01 

.75 
.10 
.59 
.46 

.60 

1.25 

1.25 

.25 

,15 

1.25 

6.40 
7.00 

2.48 

.50 

3.50 

2.88 

5.00 
3.00 

$21.69 

4.19 

.75 

.81 

11.05 

2.70 

.10 

9.98 

1.70 

12.49 

65.46 

1.90 

.71 

.18 

.18 
1.39 

2.50 

18.25 

1.25 

6.40 
7.00 

2.54 
.50 

2.50 
.80 

4.00 

2.40 

.89 

$37.10 

12.73 

3.01 

.30 

17.01 

5.96 

1.00 

7.99 

48.00 

2.00 
.35 

.24 

1.45 
1.50 

.25 

4.65 
1.35 
9.50 
2.25 

7.75 

6.50 
4.20 

$5.80 
60.60 
82.69 
19.57 

1.72 

2.88 
53.20 

9.61 

.10 

49.89 

3.15 
85.78 

22.65 
8.75 
2.82 
1.53 

4.55 
14.79 
4.52 
8.44 
47.48 
28.87 
45.28 

$66.40 

308.59 
35.75 

153.93 
5.55 
36.40 
20.70 
11.50 
11.22 
3.00 
15.75 
48.68 

28.85 

17.40 

5.34 

2$61.503 

30.00 

106.00 

27.00 

45.00 

30.00 

6.00 

20.00 
30.00 
12.00 
15.00 
70.00 
50.00 
70.00 

$197.50 

Dairy  products 

Eggs 

Staples 

Vegetables 

Fruits 

Cereals    .  . 

Baked  goods 

Beverages  . , 

Miscellaneous 

Food  Total 

700.00 

Household  Expenses: 
Furniture 

Furnishings 

General  supplies .... 
Laundry ...    . 

108.00 

Clothing: 

Father 

Mother 

First  daughter* 

First  son* 

Third  son 

Second  daughter .... 
Fourth  son 

267.00 

Medical  attention 

Insurance 

15.00 
124.782 

43.352 

Music  lessons 

24.00 

Reading  matter 

Church 

22.00 
16.00 

Charity 

20.00 

60.00 

Pocket  money:  Father, 
second  daughter,  and 

60.00 

Car  fare 

34.00 

Gifts 

10.00 

Total  expenditures,  23  wet 
Total  income,  23  weeks,  a< 

sks,  actually 
jtually  recon 

record* 
led  .. 

'd 

$769.06 
703.28 

Deficit 

$  65.78 

Total  expenditure 
Total  income,  on 

js,  one  year, 
3  year,  nartlv 

partly  estima 

ted 

$1,701.63 
1,750.00 

estlm 

ated.. 

Balan 

ce. . . . 

$      48.37 

1  Three  weeks  only. 

2  Actually  recorded. 

3  Water  rent,  $9. 

*  Buys  most  of  her  own  clothes. 

7 


6  Buys  most  of  his  own  clothes. 

•  Dentist. 

''  Mother's  trip  to  Wisconsin. 


92 


BUDGETS    OF    FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 

Savings. 


Building  and  loan 
association 


8.00 

8.00 

8.00 

8.00 

8.00 

$40.00 

$96.00 


FAMILY  NO.   13. 


Membership  and  Occupation. 

Member.  Age,  Years. 

Husband 53 

Wife 43 


Occupation. 

Manager  of  a  restaurant. 
Housekeeper. 


Type  of  Family. — Mr.  and  Mrs.  S.  were  both  born  in  Scotland. 
Mr.  S.  has  lived  in  the  United  States  since  he  wlis  twenty-three 
years  old;  Mrs.  S.  has  lived  here  since  she  was  twelve.  They  have 
no  children.  Although  Mr.  S.  is  not  at  present  employed  in  a 
mill,  he  has  spent  the  main  part  of  his  life  in  textile  work.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  S.  are  earnest  Bible  students,  and  both  are  total  abstainers, 
from  principle.  Mr.  S.  often  takes  an  active  part  in  temperance 
services  which  are  conducted  at  a  mission  in  the  neighborhood. 

The  Account. — The  budget  of  this  family  covers  one  year  (April 
19,  1913-April  17,  1914).  The  account  was  kept  in  detail  for 
thirty  weeks  of  that  period.  Mrs.  S.  furnished  a  list  of  periodical 
obligations  and  an  account  of  clothing  expenditure,  for  the  year. 
(Clothing  expenditure  was  the  same  for  the  year  as  for  the  thirty- 
week  period.)  The  tables  for  this  family  therefore  give  the 
actually  recorded  account  for  thirty  weeks,  and  a  partly  estimated 
account  for  one  year.     The  income  is  exact  for  the  year. 

Income. — Mr.  S.  is  employed  by  the  proprietor  of  a  large  Kensing- 
ton restaurant  to  buy  the  food,  plan  the  meals,  and  exercise  a 
general  supervision  over  the  service.  He  receives  a  wage  of  $11 
per  week,  with  meals,  except  on  Sundays,  when  the  restaurant  is 
closed. 

House. — Mr.  and  Mrs.  S.  occupy  a  brick  house  which  rents  for 
$12  per  month.  It  has  four  rooms,  a  shed,  a  bath,  and  an  outside 
toilet.  It  is  heated  by  a  hot  air  furnace,  and  has  both  a  coal 
range  and  a  gas  range  for  cooking.  The  parlor  is  furnished  with 
an  upholstered  set  and  an  organ;  the  other  rooms  have  just  the 
necessary  furniture.     The  house  is  very  neat  and  clean. 

Food. — The  weekly  average  spent  for  food  for  the  thirty  weeks 
was  $2.30.  Mrs.  S.  eats  alone,  except  on  Sundays.  According  to 
the  Fall  River  ''fair  standard,"  the  weekly  food  allowance  for  this 
family  would  be  as  follows :  ^ 

161st  Congress,  2d  Session,  Senate  Document  No.  645,  Vol.  XVI,  op.  cit., 
pp.  24,  238. 


OF  KENSINGTON,  PHILADELPHIA.  93 

Husband  (three  meals  per  week  at  home) $  .26 

Wife 1.46 

Total $1.72 

This  family's  food  expenditure  was  therefore  above  the  allowance 
of  the  Fall  River  standard. 

Clothing. — The  husband's  clothing  expenditure  for  the  year 
amounted  to  $26.43;  the  wife's,  to  $45.85.  The  Fall  River  "fair 
standard"  allows  a  husband  $45.75  for  clothing;  a  wife,  $33.75.^ 

Dues.— Mr,  and  Mrs.  S.  spent  $34.32  for  lodge  dues  during  the 
year  of  the  account.  This  sum  was  over  six  per  cent,  of  their 
total  expenditures, — the  highest  per  cent,  of  total  expenditures 
spent  for  this  item  by  any  of  the  families  studied.  Besides  the 
expenditure  for  lodge  dues,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  S.  spent  $7.20  for  dues  in 
other  clubs  of  which  they  were  members. 

Standard  of  Living. — Mr.  and  Mrs.  S.  live  comfortably,  but 
practically  all  of  their  income  each  year  goes  to  meet  current 
expenses.     They  have  no  savings  account  or  provision  of  any  kind 

for  old  age. 

INCOME. 

Thirty  Weeks,  April  19-August  1,  1913,  September  6-September  12,  1913,. 

October  4-December  5,  1913,  February  21-March  13,  1914,  March 

21-April  3,  1914,  Actually  Recorded  Income. 

Husband,  wages,  30  weeks  @  $11.00 $330.00 

One  Year  (52  Weeks  or  364  Days),  April  19,  1913-April  17,  1914,  Actually 

Recorded  Income. 
Husband,  wages,  52  weeks  @  $11.00 $572.00 

CLOTHING  FOR  ONE  YEAR,  APRIL   19,    1913-APRIL   17,   1914. 

Husband.  Wife. 

Suit $15.00       Suit $10.00 

Coat 2.50        Skirt 4.25 

Trousers 2.00       Dress  goods 7.33 

Hat 2.00       Hats  (3) 8.70- 

Shoes Underwear 2.34 

Shoe  repairs 1.25       Corsets  (1  pr.) 1.75 

Underwear 2.13        Shoes  (2  prs.) 6.00 

Neckties 90       Shoe  repairs 1.35 

Collars 60       Gloves  (1  pr.) 1.00 

Shoe  laces 05        Linen 1.25- 


$26.43       Cuffs :       .2a 

Watch  and  chain 25.00        Ribbons 1.23 


$51.43 


Muslin 20- 

CufFs :       .2a 

Ribbons 1.23 

Sundries 25 


$45.85- 
DUES   FOR   ONE  YEAR,  APRIL   19,    1913-APRIL   17,    1914. 

Per  Month. 

Settlement  beneficial  society  (husband) $  .50 

Settlement  club  (husband) 25 

Settlement  quoit  club  (husband) 25 

Other  beneficial  society  (husband) .66 

Lodges  (husband  and  wife) 1.20 

Settlement  beneficial  society  (wife) 50 

Mothers'  club  (wife) 10 

$3.46 

1  61st  Congress,  2d  Session,  Senate  Document  No.  645,  Vol.  XVI,  op.  cit., 
pp.  239,  243. 


94 


BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 


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96  BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 

FAMILY   NO.   14. 
Membership  and  Occupation. 

V  Member,  Age,  Years.  Occupation. 

Father Deceased. 

Mother 54  Housekeeper.       Sometimes    does 

washing  and  cleaning  outside. 
Son 27  Works   with   heddles    for   looms. 

(Pays  board.) 

First  daughter 22  Looper  in  hosiery  mill. 

Second  daughter 19  Looper  in  hosiery  mill. 

Stepgranddaughter ....       15  Looper  in  hosiery  mill.     • 

(There  are  also  four  married  children,  who  have  their  own  homes.) 

Type  of  Family. — Mrs.  X.  is  a  German.  She  is  a  big-hearted, 
kindly  woman,  and  a  hard  worker.  She  has  brought  up  a  family 
of  seven  children  of  her  own  and  two  stepchildren,  and  has  done 
washing  and  cleaning  outside  throughout  her  married  life. 
ji  The  Account. — This  family's  budget  covers  one  year  (August  23, 
/  1913-August  21,  1914).  The  daily  record  was  kept  only  for  the 
first  eighteen  weeks  of  the  period.  The  income  from  each  wage- 
earner  was  recorded  in  detail  for  thirty-eight  weeks,  and  the  clothing 
expenditure  for  each  member  was  recorded  in  detail  for  the  entire 
year.  The  tables  give  the  actually  recorded  account  for  eighteen 
weeks,  and  the  partly  estimated  account  for  one  year. 

Income. — The  son  pays  his  mother  $7  board  per  week,  and  she 
gives  him  back  $1  per  week  for  ''dinner  money."  In  good  seasons 
the  older  daughter  earns  $7,  $7.50,  or  $8  per  week;  the  second 
daughter,  $6  or  $6.50;  and  the  stepgranddaughter,  $4  or  $4.50. 
The  daughters  and  the  stepgranddaughter  give  over  their  entire 
earnings  to  Mrs.  X. 

House. — This  family  occupies  a  new  house  in  a  newly  built  section 
of  Kensington.  They  moved  there  from  a  congested  quarter  just 
before  the  account  for  this  study  was  begun.  The  house  which 
the  family  now  occupies  rents  for  $13  per  month,  and  is  of  brick, 
with  three  rooms  and  an  outside  toilet  on  the  first  floor,  and  three 
bedrooms  and  a  bath  on  the  second  floor.  It  is  heated  by  a  hot 
air  furnace,  and  has  both  a  coal  range  and  ^  gas  range  for  cooking. 
Most  of  the  cooking  is  done  on  the  gas  range.  The  home  is  com- 
fortable and  pleasant.  The  parlor  is  furnished  with  a  new  uphol- 
stered ''parlor  set"  and  an  organ;  the  other  rooms  are  furnished 
plainly,  with  just  the  necessary  articles. 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  97 

Food. — The  food  expenditure  for  the  eighteen  weeks  was  $170.83, 
making  a  weekly  average  of  $9.49.  This  expenditure  included  the 
$1  per  week  which  the  son  spent  for  outside  dinners.  The  average 
weekly  expenditure  for  food  consumed  at  home  by  the  family,  was 
therefore  $8.49.  The  Fall  River  ''fair  standard''  weekly  food 
allowance  for  this  family  would  be  as  follows :  ^ 

Mother $1.46 

Son  (sixteen  meals  per  week  at  home) 1.39 

First  daughter 1.46 

Second  daughter 1.46 

Stepgranddaughter 1.46 

Total $7.23 

This  family  was  therefore  well  above  the  Fall  River  standard 
with  regard  to  its  food  expenditure. 

Clothing. — The  clothing  expenditure  for  the  year  was  $381.81. 
The  Fall  River  ''fair  standard"  clothing  allowance  for  this  family 
would  be  as  follows :  ^ 

Mother $  33.75 

First  daughter 63.80 

Second  daughter 63.80 

Stepgranddaughter 37.00 

Total $198.35 

This  family  was  therefore  far  above  the  Fall  River  standard 
with  regard  to  its  clothing  expenditure. 

Standard  of  Living. — Mrs.  X.,  after  years  of  hard  work,  has 
reached  a  point  where  her  family  is  comfortably  situated,  and 
she  feels  that  she  has  earned  a  little  leisure.  She  does  not  do  so 
much  outside  work  as  she  formerly  did,  and  though  she  has  a 
family  of  five  to  keep  house  for,  she  enjoys  some  recreation,  taking 
little  trips  now  and  then  and  "going  out  a  good  deal  among  her 
people"  (that  is,  visiting  her  married  daughters  and  other  relatives). 
The  year  of  the  account  was  a  fairly  prosperous  one;  the  family 
lived  well  and  also  put  by  some  savings.  Just  after  the  close  of 
the  period  of  the  account,  however,  harder  times  came  on.  Work 
became  slack  in  the  summer  of  1914  and  continued  so  throughout 
the  fall.  The  investigator  called  upbn  Mrs.  X.  in  December,  1914, 
and  found  her  discouraged,  after  trying  for  four  months  to  keep 
the  home  running  on  a  small  and  irregular  income. 

lOlst  Congress,  2d  Session,  Senate  Document  No.  645,  Vol.  XVI,  op.  cit., 
pp.  24,  238.  2  7^-^,^  pp.  239,  2|3. 


98 


BUDGETS    OF   FAMILIES   AND   INDIVIDUALS 


INCOME. 

Thirty-eight  Weeks,  August  23,  1913-May  15,  1914,  Actually  Recorded  Income. 
Amounts  are  recorded  for  bi-weekly  pay  intervals.     In  date  coliunn  is  indicated  the  first  day  of 

each  fourth  week. 


First  Daughter,  Wages. 

Second  Daughter,  Wages. 

Stepgranddaughter,  Wages. 

Date. 

Amount. 

Date. 

Amount. 

Date. 

Amount. 

Aug.  23,  19131.. 

$  13.00 

Aug.  23, 19131. 

$  10.00 

Aug.  23,  19131. 

$     9.00 

Sept.  20 

14.00 
14.00 

Sept.  20 

9.00 
14.00 

Sept.  20 

6.00 
8.00 

Oct.    18 

14.00 
15.00 

Oct.   18 

13.00 
13.50 

Oct.    18...... 

1 

9.00 
10.00 

Nov.  15 

14.50 
13.50 

Nov.  15 

13.00 
13.00 

Nov.  15 

9.25 
10.00 

Dec.  13 

15.00 
14.01 

Dec.  13 

10.50 
6.98 

Dec.  13 

8.00 
11.41 

Jan.    10,  1914  . . 

19.08 
14.47 

Jan.    10,  1914. 

15.00 
12.00 

Jan.    10, 1914. 

8.88 
11.28 

Feb.     7 

20.31 
16.50 

Feb.     7 

14.00 
9.50 

Feb.     7 

8.52 
7.63 

Mar.    7 

19.30 
17.10 

Mar.    7 

12.50 
12.00 

Mar.    7 

7.48 
9.43 

April   4 

8.90 
12.96 

April    4 

10.75 
12.46 

April    4 

5.81 

May    2 

19.85 
21.06 

May    2 

May    2 

$296.54 

$201.19 

$139.69 

1  The  account  was  started  in  a  week  in  which  the  pay  days  of  the  wage-earners  did  not  fall. 

Income  from  all  Sources. 

Son,  board,  $7  per  week $266.00 

First  daughter,  wages 296.54 

Second  daughter,  wages 201.19 

Stepgranddaughter,  wages 139.69 

Mother,  earnings  from  washing  and  cleaning,  16  weeks  @  $2 . . .     32.00 
Total  income,  38  weeks,  actually  recorded $935.42 

One  Year  (52  Weeks  or  364  Days),  August  23,  1913-August  21, 1914,  Partly 

Estimated  Income. 
Income  from  all  Sources. 

Son,  board,  $7  per  week $   364.00 

First  daughter,  wages 415.00 

Second  daughter,  wages 300.00 

Stepgranddaughter,  wages 215.00 

Mother,  earnings  from  washing  and  cleaning,  26  weeks  @  $2 . .        52.00 
Total  income,  one  year,  partly  estimated $1,346.00 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


99 


EXPENDITURES. 

Eighteen  Weeks,  August  23-December  26,  1913,  Actually  Recorded  Expenditures. 

One  Year,  August  23,  1913-Augu8t  21,  1914,  Partly  Estimated  Expenditures. 


Item. 

Amount. 

Eighteen  Weeks, 
Actually  Recorded . 

One  Year, 
Partly  Estimated. 

Date  (date  indicates 
the  first  day  of  a  four- 
week  period). 

Aug. 
23, 
1913 

Sept. 

Oct. 

18 

Nov. 
15 

Dec. 
131 

Total. 

Total. 

Total. 

Total. 

House: 

Rent 

$13 

$2.59 

5.11 

4.48 

1.43 

3.81 

2.06 

1.15 

.20 

2.85 

1.75 

7.15 

29.99* 

.20 
.99 

10.90 
.05 
$1.9 
.10 
.32 
.80 

8.50 

.60 
.40 

per  mc 

$4.67 

8.40 

6.59 

1.02 

2.52 

4.31 

3.07 

.20 

3.91 

2.99 

7.35 

40.36 

.25 
1.95 

18.16 
.05 

0  per  \ 
.10 
.56 
.40 

.60 

.70 
.20 

)nth 

$2.85 

10.18 
6.70 
2.93 
3.35 
2.92 
2.54 
.10 
5.15 
1.70 
7.55 

43.12 

.40 
1.29 

6.96 

veek 
.10 
.84 
.95 

$9.75 

10.42 

4.77 

2.62 

3.94 

2.83 

2.52 

.30 

4.55 

1.72 

7.51 

41.18 

.95 
.80 

19.25 
.10 

.10 
.52 
.95 

$2.25 

3.59 

1.23 

.78 

1.03 

1.37 

.68 

.10 

2.20 

1.07 

4.13 

16.18 

.25 

1.50 

.37 
.27 

$65.00 
22.11 
37.70 
23.77 

8.78 
14.65 
13.49 

9.96 

.90 

18.66 

9.23 
33.69» 

1.80 
5.28 

$87.11 

170.83 

7.08 

56.77 

.20 

34.20 

.40 

2.61 

3.37 

12.45 

9.60 
1.25 

$156,002 
58.50 

5.00 
15.00 

80.652 
129.442 
100.182 

71.542 

Fuel  and  light 

Food:  Meats 

$214.50 

Dairy  products 

Eggs. . 

Staples 

Vegetables 

Fruits 

Cereals 

Baked  goods 

Miscellaneous 

Pood  Total       

500.00 

Household  Expenses: 
Furniture . 

Furnishings 

General  supplies .... 

20.00 

Clothing:  Mother 

First  daughter 

Second  daughter. . . . 

Stepgranddaughter. . 

Clothing  Total 

Medical  attention 

Insurance 

381.812 

1.00 

98.802 

Dues:  Settlement  club. 

Reading  matter 

Church 

1.20* 
7.50 
7.50 

Charity 

Recreation 

1,25     2.10 

30.00 

Pocket  money: 

Daughters  and  step- 
granddaughter 

Car  fare 

.15 
.40 

8.15 
.25 

25.00 
4.00 

Gifts 

Total  expenditures, 

18  weeks,  actually  record 

ed 

$385.87 
436.25 

Total  income,  18  w 

eeks,  actually  recorc 

led  ,  .  , 

Balance 

$  50.38 

Total  exp€ 
Total  inco 

nditures,  one  year,  partly 
me,  one  vear.  nartiv  e.stim 

estima 
ated 

ted... 

$1,291.31 

1,346.006 

Balan 

ce .  . . . 



$      54.69 

Savings, 


Savings  fund  society  . . 
Penny  fund 

$8  per  month 
1  per  month 

$  40.00 
4.50 

$      40.00 
4.50 

Total 

$44.50  1 

$      44.50 

1  Two  weeks  only. 

2  Actually  recorded. 

'  Includes  $1  per  week  spent  by  son  for 
outside  dinners. 


♦Family  away  on  trips  for  part  of  this 
period. 

5  Actually  recorded  income  for  38  weeks; 
estimated  income  for  14  weeks. 


CLOTHING  FOR  ONE  YEAR,  AUGUST  23,   1913-AUGUST  21,   1914. 


Mother. 

Suits  (3) $30.00 

Dress  goods 12.25 

Hats  (3) 7.75 

Underwear 6.00 

Corsets  (2  prs.) 5.00 

Petticoat 3.00 

Shoes  (3  prs.) 9.00 

Shoe  repairs 1.75 


Mother  . — Continued. 

Stockings 1.95 

Aprons 1.00 

Handkerchiefs 1.25 

Muslin 75 

Sundries 95 


$80.65 


100 


BUDGETS    OF    FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 


FiKST  Daughter. 

Coat S  12.00 

Dress  goods 3.50 

Making  and  trimming 5.50 

Dresses  (4) 41.00 

Skirt 1.98 

Hats  (3) 8.00 

Plume 5.00 

Underwear 10.25 

Corsets  (1  pr.) 1.50 

Petticoats  (2) 3.98 

Shoes 17.00 

Shoe  repairs 1.50 

Stockings 3.95 

Gloves  (3  pts.) 2.85 

Neck  pieces 1.50 

Handkerchiefs 1.25 

Waist 98 

Muslin 1.10 

Mesh  bag 6.00 

Sundries 60 

$129.44 

Second  Daughter. 

Coat $  10.00 

Dress  goods 3.25 

Making  and  trimming 10.00 

Dresses  (3) 25.00 

Hats  (3) 8.75 

Underwear 6.40 

Corsets  (1  pr.) 1.50 

Petticoats  (3.) 3.23 

Shoes 17.25 

Shoe  repairs 2.00 


Second  Daughter. — Continued. 

Stockings 2.35 

Gloves  (3  prs.) 3.60 

Neck  pieces 1.50 

Handkerchiefs 1.00 

Waist 79 

Muslin 1.00 

Ribbon 50 

Clothes  cleaned 1.60 

Simdries 56 

$100.18 

Stepgranddaughter  . 

Coats  (2) $17.00 

Suit 8.00 

Dress  goods 6.30 

Dresses 11.00 

Hats  (2) 4.25 

Hat  pressing 1.25 

Underwear 4.00 

Corsets  (1  pr.) 9 1.00 

Petticoats  (2) 2.30 

Shoes 9.00 

Shoe  repairs 1.50 

Stockings 2.26 

Gloves  (1  pr.) 75 

Neck  pieces 60 

Lace 65 

Handkerchiefs 94 

Ribbon 45 

Sundries 40 

$71.54 


FAMILY   NO.   15. 


Membership  and  Occupation. 

Member.  Age,  Years.  Occupation. 

Husband 66  Foreman  in  cloth  mill. 

Wife 50  Housekeeper. 

Young  woman  boarder  and  lodger  No.  1  (March  22M3ctober  31,  1913). 

Paid  $4  per  week. 
Young  woman  boarder  and  lodger  No.  2  (March  22-October  31,  1913). 

Paid  $4  per  week. 
Man  boarder  and  lodger  (September  1-October  12,  1913).     Paid  $5 

per  week. 
(There  are  several  married  children,  who  have  their  own  homes.) 

Type  of  Family  and  Income. — Mr.  and  Mrs.  C.  are  Scotch. 
Mrs.  C.  speaks  with  pride  of  the  town  in  Scotland  where  members 
of  her  family  have  kept  a  store  for  three  generations.  Mr.  C.  is  a 
cloth  finisher  by  trade.  At  the  time  the  account  for  the  present 
study  was  begun,  he  had  been  working  for  twenty  years  in  one  of 
the  large  cloth  mills  of  Kensington,  having  been  foreman  for  the 
last  two  years  of  that  time.  For  the  eighteen  years  before  he  had 
become  foreman,  Mr.  C.  had  earned  $15  per  week;  as  foreman, 
he  earned  $20  per  week;  both  before  and  after  he  became  foreman, 
he  gave  over  all  of  his  wages  to  his  wife,  and  received  back  $2  per 
week  for  ''spending  money." 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPatA./,    ^         y'.^,'.l(\l 

The  Account. — This  family  was  studied  for  a  little  over  a  year 
(March  22,  1913-April  17,  1914);  during  that  time  a  complete 
change  occurred  in  the  household  economy;  the  budget  of  the 
family  therefore  falls  into  two  parts.  A  detailed  record  was  kept 
by  Mrs.  C.  for  a  period  of  nine  weeks  (March  22-May  23,  1913), 
and  again  for  a  second  period  of  five  weeks  (March  14- April  17, 
1914).     The  tables  give  the  accounts  for  these  two  periods. 

First  Period. 

House. — During  the  first  period,  this  family  occupied  a  brick 
house  of  six  rooms  and  a  bath  with  toilet.  The  house  was  heated 
by  a  hot  air  furnace,  and  had  both  a  coal  range  and  a  gas  range 
for  cooking.  The  rent  was  $14  per  month.  The  parlor  was 
furnished  with  a  new  upholstered  ''parlor  set,"  an  upright  piano, 
a  rug  of  good  quality,  lace  curtains,  and  various  ornaments  and 
pictures.  The  other  rooms  also  were  well  furnished,  and  the 
house  was  neatly  kept. 

Regular    Expenditures. — The    regularly    recurring    expenditures 

during  the  first  period  were  as  follows : 

• 

Rent $14.00  per  month. 

Insurance 85  per  week. 

Lodge  dues 1.10  per  month. 

Newspapers 17  per  week. 

Periodicals 25  per  month. 

"Spending    money"    for    husband    (for    tobacco, 

whiskey,  etc.) 2.00  per  week. 

Investments: 

Building  and  loan  association 4.00  per  month. 

Two  lotsi 10.00  per  month. 

Taxes  on  lots 2.46  per  month. 

Food. — Table  expenses  for  the  nine-week  period  (March  22-May 
23, 1913)  averaged  $6.93  per  week.  The  Fall  River  "fair  standard  " 
weekly  food  allowance  for  this  family  would  be  as  follows :  ^ 

Husband $1.82 

Wife 1.46 

Young  woman  boarder  no.  1 1.46 

Young  woman  boarder  no.  2 1.46 

Total $6.20 

1  When  the  payments  are  completed,  the  lots  will  have  cost  $800,  besides  $56 
for  water  pipe,  and  $22  for  deeds  and  taxes  for  five  years,  or  a  total  of  $878. 

2  61st  Congress,  2d  Session,  Senate  Document  No.  645,  Vol.  XVT,  op.  cit., 
pp.  24,  238. 


'.:  J^^*:  ;*•.*;::  BjjyrpdTS  of  families  and  individuals 

This  family  was  therefore  above  the  Fall  River  standard  with 
regard  to  its  food  expenditure.  Following  is  the  menu  for  one 
week  of  this  period : 

Menu  for  One  Week  in  the  Spring  op  1913. 
^     Monday. 

Breakfast:  Sausage,  eggs,  buckwheat  cakes,  water  cress,  bread  and  butter, 
tea. 

Dinner:  None. 

Supper:  Ham  and  cabbage,  tomatoes,  pickles,  stewed  peaches,  bread  and 
butter,  tea,  cake. 
Tuesday. 

Breakfast:  Ham  and  eggs,  bread  and  butter,  coffee.  , 

Dinner:  None. 

Supper:  Cheese,  preserves,  bread  and  butter,  tea. 
Wednesday. 

Breakfast:  Boiled  eggs,  bread  and  butter,  coffee. 

Dinner:  None. 

Supper:  Pork  chops,  celery,  salad,  bread  and  butter,  tea. 
Thursday. 

Breakfast:  Poached  eggs,  cereal  with  milk,  bread  and  butter,  coffee. 

Dinner:  None, 
.  Supper:  Beefsteak  pie,  tomatoes,  creamed  carrots,  marmalade,  bread  and 
butter,  puddin^g,  tea. 
Friday. 

Breakfast:  Cereal,  eggs,  pancakes,  bread  and  butter,  coffee. 

Dinner:  None. 

Supper:  Meat  cakes,  potatoes,  tomatoes,  red  cabbage,  salad,  stewed  fruit, 
cake. 
Saturday. 

Breakfast:  Cereal,  scrambled  eggs  and  bacon,  bread  and  butter,  coffee. 
Dinner:  None. 

Supper:  Oysters,  tripe,  tomatoes,  salad,  stewed  peaches,  bread  and  butter, 
tea,  cake. 
Sunday. 

Breakfast:  Poached  eggs,  cereal,  bread  and  butter,  coffee. 

Dinner:  Stewed  veal,  potatoes,  tomatoes,  salad,  pickles,  bread  and  butter, 

tea. 
Supper:  Cheese,  salad,  fruit,  bread  and  butter,  tea,  cake. 

Second  Period. 
Husband's  Loss  of  Position.— On  May  12,  1913,— seven  weeks 
after  Mrs.  C.  had  begun  to  keep  the  account  for  this  study,— her 
husband  lost  his  position,  without  warning.  His  pay  envelope 
was  handed  to  his  son  with  the  explanation  that  the  father  was 
wanted  no  longer  as  foreman,  on  account  of  his  age.  The  manager 
added  that  the  firm  would  be  willing  to  keep  Mr.  C.  if  he  would 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  103 

apply  for  an  easier  job.  Mr.  C.  was  humiliated  by  such  a  dis- 
missal, and  would  not  consider  the  proposition  of  asking  for 
another  position  with  this  firm.  He  tried,  without  success,  to  find 
work  elsewhere. 

Since  her  husband's  heart  had  long  been  set  on  visiting  his  old 
home  in  Scotland,  which  he  had  not  seen  for  forty  years,  Mrs.  C. 
now  decided  that  this  was  the  time  for  him  to  go,  and  she  accord- 
ingly withdrew  $150  from  their  bank  account  for  his  trip.  Mr.  C. 
was  gone  from  May  27  until  August  17.  While  her  husband  was 
away,  Mrs.  C.  had  to  begin  to  retrench,  since  her  only  income 
was  from  the  two  young  women  boarders  and  lodgers.  She 
dropped  one  insurance  policy  of  twenty-five  cents  per  week,  but 
kept  up  the  other  one  of  sixty  cents  per  week;  she  also  kept  up 
the  lodge  dues,  and  her  daughter-in-law  paid  the  building  and 
loan  association  interest.  Mrs.  C.  took  advantage  of  an  oppor- 
tunity to  sell  her  piano  for  $100,  and  loaned  the  proceeds  to  one 
of  the  young  women  boarders,  who  bought  a  piano  for  herself  with 
the  money  and  paid  the  debt  to  Mrs.  C.  in  monthly  installments 
of  $10. 

In  addition  to  the  $150  for  her  husband's  trip,  Mrs.  C.  withdrew 
from  their  bank  account,  during  the  summer,  the  following  amounts : 

For  a  dress $20.00 

For  making  dress 4.13 

For  trimming  for  a  hat 80 

For  trip  to  New  York  to  meet  Mr.  C.  on  his  return 5.00 

For  one  pair  shoes  for  herseK  (special  arches) 6.00 

For  ready-made  waist 65 

Total $36.58 

After  these  withdrawals  Mr.  and  Mrs.  C.  had  a  balance  of  but 
$10  left  in  the  bank. 

Mr.  C,  after  his  return,  was  again  unable  to  find  work;  so  on 
September  1,  Mrs.  C.  took  a  third  boarder  and  lodger — a  man — 
who  paid  $5  per  week,  thus  bringing  the  income  from  boarders  and 
lodgers  up  to  $13  per  week. 

New  Project  for  a  Livelihood. — Since  something  more  had  to  be 
done  for  a  livelihood,  and  since  it  was  becoming  apparent  that 
Mr.  C.  would  not  be  able  to  obtain  employment  in  the  textile 
industry,  Mrs.  C.  decided  to  try  to  support  her  husband  and 
herself  by  running  a  store.  She  therefore  borrowed  money  on  their 
lots,  at  six  per  cent.,  and  rented  a  small  candy  and  cigar  store  with 


104  BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND   INDIVIDUALS 

adjoining  dwelling  for  $26  per  month.  On  October  13,  the  family 
moved  into  its  new  quarters.  Mr.  C.  tried  to  add  to  the  family 
income  by  keeping  chickens.  The  investment  in  chickens  and 
wood  for  the  coop  amounted  to  $5.50. 

The  following  expenses  were  incurred  at  the  time  of  moving: 

Hauling  of  furniture  (not  including  boarder's  piano) $  5.00 

New  lights 2.50 

Repairing  of  bell 1.00 

Oil  heating  stove 2.75 

Linoleum  bought  of  preceding  tenant ^ .     2.00 

Shades,  bought  of  same 1.50 

Wash  tub,  wash  basin,  double  boiler 1.30 

New  shade 65 

Total $16.70 

Mrs.  C.  helped  meet  these  expenses  by  selling  her  sideboard 
for  $10. 

When  the  family  moved,  Mrs.  C.  gave  up  the  man  boarder,  but 
she  intended  to  keep  the  young  women  boarders,  and  with  this  end 
in  view  she  bought  a  gas  range  on  installments.  She  soon  found  it 
too  hard  to  cook  for  boarders  and  to  attend  to  the  store;  at  the 
end  of  October,  therefore,  she  let  the  young  women  boarders  go, 
and  in  April,  1914,  she  sold  the  gas  range  at  a  considerable  loss. 

From  November  on,  the  food  expenditure  was  for  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
C.  only.  This  is  given  in  the  table  for  the  five-week  period  (March 
14- April  17, 1914).  The  total  food  expenditure  for  these  five  weeks 
was  $17.67;  the  average  per  week,  $3.53.  The  Fall  River  "fair 
standard '^  weekly  food  allowance  for  a  man  and  his  wife  is  $3.28.^ 

There  is  no  income  record  for  the  second  period,  owing  to  the 
fact  that  no  attempt  was  made  to  keep  an  accurate  account  of 
receipts  from  the  store.  All  bills,  for  both  the  store  and  the  house, 
were  met  indiscriminately  from  funds  in  the  cash  drawer. 

The  store  is  not  paying  well  at  the  close  of  this  account  (April 
17,  1914).  The  house  has  been  hard  to  heat  and  has  proved 
expensive.  Mrs.  C.  had  to  burn  five  and  one-half  tons  of  coal, 
costing  $41.25,  and  one  hundred  gallons  of  oil,  costing  $11,  between 
October  13,  1913,  and  April  17,  1914,  and  she  used  twenty-five 
cents*  worth  of  gas  every  two  days.  The  project  is  apparently 
not  turning  out  successfully,  and  Mrs.  C.  is  discouraged  over  the 
venture. 

^  61st  Congress,  2d  Session,  Senate  Document  No.  645,  Vol.  XVI,  op.  cit., 
pp.  24,  238. 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


105 


INCOME. 

First  Period:  Nine  Weeks,  March  22-May  23,  1913,  Actually 

Recorded  Income. 

Income  from  all  Sources. 

Husband,  wages,  9  weeks  @  $20.00 $180.00 

Young  woman  boarder  and  lodger  no.  1,  9  weeks  @  $4.00 36.00 

Young  woman  boarder  and  lodger  no.  2,  9  weeks  @  $4.00 36.00 

Total  income,  nine  weeks,  actually  recorded ; $252.00 


EXPENDITURES. 
First  Period:    Nine  Weeks,  March  22-May  23,  1913,  Actually  Recorded  Expenditures. 
Second  Period:  Five  Weeks,  March  14-April  17,  1914,  Actually  Recorded  Expenditures. 


•  First  Period. 

Second  Period. 

Item. 

Amount. 

Nine  Weeks, 
Actually 
Recorded. 

Amoimt. 

Five  Weeks, 
Actually 
Recorded. 

Date  (date  indicates  the  first 
day  of  a  four-week  period). 

Mar. 
22, 
1913 

April 
19 

May 
171 

Total. 

Total* 

Mar. 
14, 
1914 

April 
111 

Total. 

Total. 

House: 

Rent 

$14 

$7.10 
2.60 
2.05 
2.04 
2.97 
3.74 
.20 
1.85 
1.25 
2.40 

26.202 

1.00 
1.70 
1.98 

6.24 

3.40 
1.10 
1.11 
1.60 

.30 
$2 

.40 
1.00 
2.46 

per  m 

$8.38 
4.13 
2.25 
1.42 
3.78 
2.84 
.10 
1.74 
1.20 
2.43 

28.272 

9.95 

2.02 

1.50 

14.78 

1.00* 

2.65 

.40 

.81 

1.40 

1.105 

per  w 
.70 

mth 

$2.23 
2.08 
.52 
.45 
1.28 
.57 
.10 
.55 

.15 
7.932 

.90 
.30 

.85 

.32 
.20 

eek 
.20 

$28.00 

2.00 

1.50 
17.71 
8.81 
4.82 
3.91 
8.03 
7.15 
.40 
4.14 
2.45 
4.98 

1.00 

12.55 

4.30 

1.50 

$31.50 

62.40 

19.35 
21.02 
1.00 
6.90 
1.50 
2.24 
3.20 

1.40 
18.00 
1.30 
1.00 
2.46 

$26 

mo 

(hous 

sto 

$4.29 
2.83 

.14 
1.67 
2.08 

.62 

.30 
1.37 

.55 

13.85' 

5.00 
.90 

.13 

.85 

1.80 

.30 

.18 

2.00 
.60 

per 
nth 
e  and 
re) 

$1.32 

.28 

.13 

.24 

1.10 

.10 
.40 
.15 
.10 
3.823 

1.50 
.23 

1.25 
.50 

$26.00 

3.09 

2.50 

5.61 

3.11 

.27 

1.91 

3.18 

.62 

.40 

1.77 

.70 

.10 

6.50 
1.13 

Repairs 

Fuel 

Light 

$31.59 

Food:  Meats 

Eggs.  . 

Staples 

Vegetables 

Fruits . 

Cereals 

Baked  goods ... 

Beverages 

f<'ood  Total  .... 

17.67 

Household  Expenses: 

Furniture 

Furnishings.  . 

Laundry. .    . 

7.63 

Clothing:  Wife 

1.38 

Medical  attention ...        

.85 

Insurance. . 

1.80 

.30 

Reading  matter 

Church 

.18 

Charity 

Recreation 

Pocket  money:  Husband 

Car  fare 

2.50 
.60 

Gifts 

Taxes  on  building  lots 

Total  expenditures,  nine  weeks 
Total  income,  nine  weeks,  acti 

},  actually  rec 
lally  recorded 

orded 

$173.27 

252.00 

$  78.73 

Total  expend 

itures, 
;tually 

Balance 



record 

ed.  .  . 

$64.50« 

Debt. 


Debt  paid 5.00 

Balance 


5.00 


$  73.73 


1  One  week  only. 

2  Four  persons,  1st  period. 
'  Two  persons,  2d  period. 
*  Eyeglasses. 


5  One  dollar  for  circus. 

« Income  account  not  kept  for  2d  period. 
3  p.  104. 


106 


BUDGETS    OF   FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 


Savings. 


15.00 
4.00 

4.00 

$  15.00 
8.00 

Building  and  loan  association 

vTotal 

$  23.00 

FAMILY  NO.   16. 

Membership  and  Occupation. 

Member.  Age,  Years. 

Father 36 

Mother 34 

First  son 13 

Daughter 11 

Second  son 7 


Occupation. 

Wilton  carpet  weaver. 

Housekeeper. 

In  school.       * 

In  school. 

In  school. 


Type  of  Family. — This  is  the  family  of  a  highly  skilled  American 
textile-mill  worker.  Mr.  W.  has  the  reputation  of  being  one  of 
the  best  weavers  in  the  carpet  trade  in  Kensington.  Mrs.  W.  has 
managed  the  home  well,  and  has  helped  her  husband  to  put  aside 
considerable  savings  each  year.  She  told  the  investigator  that 
until  recent  years  she  had  done  her  own  and  the  children's  sewing, 
and  that  she  had  ceased  doing  it  only  upon  her  physician's  advice. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  W.  are  eager  to  have  their  children  continue  at  school, 
especially  since  the  children  themselves  seem  studious  and  appre- 
ciative of  their  opportunities.  The  older  son  has  begun  to  study 
music  in  addition  to  doing  his  regular  school  work. 

The  Account. — The  budget  of  this  family  covers  a  year  (November 
7,  1913-November  5,  1914).  The  account  was  kept  in  detail  for 
eight  typical  weeks, — four  weeks  in  the  fall  and  four  weeks  in 
the  spring.  The  income  was  recorded  in  detail  for  twenty-four 
weeks,  and  an  account  of  the  important  articles  of  clothing 
and  of  the  periodical  obligations  of  the  family,  was  given  for  the 
year. 

Income;  Savings. — Mr.  W.,  owing  to  his  exceptional  executive 
ability,  has  for  some  time  been  a  leader  among  his  fellow- workmen 
in  their  organizations.  By  occupying  positions  of  trust  and 
responsibility  in  these  organizations,  he  has  been  enabled  to  add 
sometimes  as  much  as  $200  per  year  to  his  regular  income.  His 
wages  also  have  been  unusually  high,  as  the  result  of  his  efficiency 
as  a  weaver. 

During  their  fourteen  years  of  married  life,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  W. 
have  saved,  through  a  building  and  loan  association,  enough 
money  to  buy  two  houses.     One,  which  they  rent,  is  a  five-room, 


OF  KENSINGTON,  PHILADELPHIA.  107 

brick  house,  with  bath  and  shed,  valued  at  $1,400,  clear  of  all 
encumbrances;  the  income  from  the  rental  of  this  is  $12  per  month. 
The  other  house — the  one  in  which  the  family  now  lives — is  a 
seven-room,  brick  house,  valued  at  $3,200;  it  is  mortgaged  for 
$1,350.  Mr.  W.  is  at  present  carrying  twelve  shares  in  a  building 
and  loan  association  in  order  eventually  to  pay  off  this  mortgage; 
he  carried  seventeen  shares  for  some  time,  but  at  the  end  of  the 
seventh  month  of  the  year  of  this  account  he  reduced  his  savings, 
for,  as  he  says,  his  children  are  now  growing  up,  and  they  need  more 
in  the  way  of  necessaries  and  recreation  than  they  did  when  they 
were  younger. 

House. — The  house  in  which  this  family  lives  has  modern  con- 
veniences, and  is  well,  but  not  expensively,  furnished.  At  the 
present  time  Mr.  W.  is  buying  a  player  piano  on  installments. 
He  is  fond  of  music  and  likes  to  have  it  in  his  home,  where  he 
spends  much  of  his  leisure  time  with  his  family. 

Food, — The  account  of  the  food  expenditure,  which  was  carefully 
kept  for  four  weeks  in  the  fall,  and  again  for  four  weeks  in  the 
spring,  furnishes  a  basis  for  a  yearly  estimate,  since  Mrs.  W.  spends 
about  the  same  amount  upon  her  table  week  after  week.  The 
average  amount  spent  per  week  for  the  eight  weeks  of  the  account 
was  $9.17.  The  Fall  River  ''fair  standard''  weekly  food  allowance 
for  this  family  would  be  as  follows :  ^ 

Father $1.82 

Mother 1.46 

First  son 1.46 

Daughter 1.09 

Second  son 91 

Total $6.74 

This  family  was  therefore  far  above  the  Fall  River  standard 
with  regard  to  its  food  expenditure. 

Clothing. — The  total  clothing  expenditure  for  the  year,  as  based 
upon  Mrs.  W.'s  record  of  the  large  articles  of  clothing  bought, 
amounted  to  $182.50.  The  Fall  River  "fair  standard"  clothing 
allowance  for  this  family  would  be  as  follows :  ^ 

161st  Congress,  2d  Session,  Senate  Document  No.  645,  Vol.  XVI,  op.  cii., 
pp.  24,  238.. 

2  Ibid.,  pp.  239,  240,  243. 


108 


BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND   INDIVIDUALS 


Father $  45.75 

Mother 33.75 

First  son 30.55 

-     Daughter 25.35 

Second  son 17.45 

Total .$152.85 

All  the  members  of  this  family  are  well  dressed  year  after  year; 
to  show  this  fact  clearly,  an  account  covering  several  years  would 
be  necessary.  Mrs.  W.'s  remarks  to  the  investigator  at  the  close 
of  the  year  of  the  account,  are  significant:  ^'Even  rich  parents 
would  hardly  dress  a  child  better  than  we  dress  our  daughter.  My 
way  of  doing  is  to  buy  good  clothing,  for  it  not  only  looks  well,  but 
is  cheaper  in  the  end." 

Dues. — Mr.  W.  spends  a  considerable  amount  of  his  income  on 
lodges.  No  member  of  the  family  carries  life  insurance,  and  no 
member  except  Mr.  W.  himself,  is  insured  against  illness  by  mem- 
bership in  a  lodge. 

Recreation. — Recreation — including  the  father's  "pocket  money" 
— makes  a  large  item  in  this  budget.  Mr.  W.  feels  that  he  can 
afford  a  moderate  amount  of  pleasure  for  his  family  and  himself, 
and  he  does  not  hesitate  to  spend  his  money  for  this  purpose. 
There  is  hardly  a  week  during  the  year  in  which  he  does  not  take 
his  family  to  a  moving  picture  entertainment,  the  theater,  or  a 
concert;  and  in  the  summer  they  all  go  frequently  to  the  parks. 

Standard  of  Living. — This  budget  shows  how  well  the  family  of  a 
highly  skilled  carpet  weaver  of  Kensington  can  live,  when  circum- 
stances are  favorable.  Four  times  during  the  twenty-four  weeks 
(November  7,  1913-April  23,  1914)  for  which  the  income  of  this 
family  is  recorded,  Mr.  W.'s  weekly  wage  passed  the  $30  mark. 
The  budget  shows  a  high  standard  of  living,  as  well  as  some  pro- 
vision for  old  age. 

INCOME. 

Twenty-four  Weeks,  November  7,  1913-Aprii.  23,  1914,  Actually  Recorded  Income. 
Amounts  are  recorded  for  weekly  pay  intervals.     In  date  column  is  indicated  the  first  day  of 

each  fourth  week. 


Father,  Wages. 

Father,  Wages. 

Father,  Wages. 

Date. 

Amount. 

Date. 

Amount. 

Date. 

Amount. 

Nov.    7,  1913  . . 
Dec.     5 

$26.95 
17.51 
21.45 
22.07 
15.09 
25.90 
24.58 
28.88 
20.20 

Jan.     9,1914. 
Jan.   30 

Feb.  27 

$25.83 
30.34 
22.57 
27.86 
32.47 
30.20 
28.89 
20.08 
16.61 

Mar.  13,  1914. 
Mar.  27 

$  20.18 
33.61 
17.08 
12.00 
15.49 
23.16 

Jan.     2,  1914  .  . 

$559.00 

OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  109 

Income  from  all  Sources. 

Father,  wages $559.00 

Rent  from  house,  6  months  @  $12.00 72.00 


Total  income,  24  weeks,  actually  recorded $631.00 

One  Year  (52  Weeks  or  364  Days),  November  7,  1913-November  5,  1914, 
Partly  Estimated  Income. 

Income  from  all  Sources. 

Father,  wages $1,156.00 

Father,  salaries  from  club  and  union 81.00 

Rent  from  house 102.001 


Total  income,  one  year,  partly  estimated , $1,339.00 

1  Rent  from  house,  12  months  @  $12 $144.00 

Taxes $18.00 

Water  rent 9.00 

Repairs 15.00  42.00 


Net  income  from  rent  of  house $102.00 


110 


BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 


EXPENDITURES. 

Eight  Weeks,  November  7-December  4,  1913,  March  27-April  23,  1914,  Actdally  Recorded 

Expenditures. 
Onb  Year  (52  Weeks  ob  364  Days),  November  7,  1913-Novbmbbr  5,  1914,  Partly  Estimated 

Expenditures. 


Item. 


Date  (date  indicates  the  first  day  of  a 
four-week  period). 


House: 

Interest  on  mortgage. 

Taxes  and  water  rent . 

Repairs 

Fuel  and  light 

Food:  Meats 

Dairy  products 

Eggs 

Staples 

Vegetables 

Fruits 

Cereals 

Baked  goods 

Beverages 

Miscellaneous 

Food  Total 

Household  Expenses: 

Furniture 

Furnishings 

General  supplies 

Laundry 

Clothing:  Father 

Mother 

First  son 

Daughter 

Second  son 

Clothing  Total 

Medical  attention 

Insiu-ance 

Dues: 

Lodge 

Union 

Music  lessons 

Reading  matter 

Church 

Charity 

Recreation 

Pocket  money* 

Car  fare 

Gifts 


Amount. 


Nov. 

7, 
1913 


S 

13.19 
5.99 
2.67 
1.44 
2.22 
2.77 
.42 
5.16 
.99 
1.68 

36.53 

8.00» 
.85 
.53 

2.18 


12.94 
.55 


Mar. 
27 


.32 


2.40 


1.40 
2.00 


$9.80 
6.18 
3.75 
.38 
4.45 
2.41 

4.81 

.47 

4.57 

36.82 


1.70 

.48 

2.55 


62.97 
1.87 


.65 
1.65 


.80 


Total  expenditures,  8  weeks,  actually  recorded . 

Total  income,  8  weeks,  actually  recorded 

Deficit 


Eight  Weeks, 
Actually 
Recorded. 


Total. 


$22 
12 


Total. 


$73.35 


16.29 


75.91 
2.42 


4.05 


2.20 
2.00 


$177.85 
155.71 


$  22.14 


Total  expenditures,  one  year,  partly  estimated . 
Total  income,  one  year,  partly  estimated 


One  Year, 

Partly 
Estimated. 


Total. 


$54001 

i5roo2 


54.50 


il26.60« 
18.00 
6.00 
24.00 
52.50 
50.00 
30.00 
35.00 
15.00 


33.56 
10.40 


Total. 


$159.50 


475.00 


174.60 


182.50 
5.00 


43.961 
10.001 
18.00 
9.00 

156.005 

15.00 
15.00 


$1,263.56 
1,339.00« 


Balance 

$     75.44 

Savings. 

7  months  @  $17.50 
5  months  @  $12.00 

$122.50 
60.00 

Total 

$    182.50 

1  Actually  recorded. 

*  Water  rent,  $12. 

»  Player  piano  on  account. 

*  Includes  $1.60  foi  furniture  insurance. 


» Father's  "pocket  money"  is  included 
under  recreation. 

•Actually  recorded  income  for  24  weeks; 
estimated  income  for  28  weeks. 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  Ill 

FAMILY   NO.   17. 

Membership  and  Occupation. 

Member.  Age,  Years.  Occupation. 

Husband 26  Rego  carpet  weaver. 

Wife 27  Housekeeper. 

Man  boarder  and  lodger  No.  1  (39  weeks).  Paid  $5  per  week. 
Man  boarder  and  lodger  No.  2  (39  weeks).  Paid  $5  per  week. 
Baby  boarder  and  lodger  (36  weeks).    Paid  $3  per  week. 

Type  of  Family. — This  young  man  and  his  wife  are  Americans. 
Both  were  born  and  reared  in  the  Kensington  mill  district.  Mr. 
O.  is  ambitious  and  energetic.  For  the  past  three  years  he 
has  attended  evening  school,  in  order  to  learn  some  phases 
of  applied  electricity.  This  knowledge  has  proved  useful  during 
the  present  year  (1913-1914),  for  when  work  in  the  mill  was  so 
slack  that  Mr.  O.  could  not  earn  much  by  weaving,  he  found 
work  in  an  automobile  repair  shop.  Mrs.  O.  is  industrious,  and 
adds  to  the  family  income  by  taking  boarders  and  lodgers. 

The  Account. — The  budget  of  this  family  covers  one  year  (May  1, 
1913- April  29,  1914).  The  account  was  kept  in  detail  for  the 
first  twenty-one  weeks  of  the  period.  The  tables  give  the  actually 
recorded  account  for  the  twenty-one  weeks,  and  the  partly  esti- 
mated account  for  the  year. 

Income. — For  the  twenty-one  weeks  of  the  detailed  account,  the 
husband's  earnings  averaged  $13.79  per  week.  Income  from 
boarders  and  lodgers  helped  out  the  husband's  earnings  consider- 
ably during  the  year  of  the  account. 

House. — The  house  occupied  by  this  family  is  situated  on  one 
of  the  main  streets  in  the  mill  district.  It  is  of  brick,  and  has  six 
rooms,  a  shed,  and  a  bath  with  toilet;  it  is  heated  by  a  hot  air 
furnace,  and  has  both  a  coal  range  and  a  gas  range  for  cooking. 
Mr.  0.  is  buying  this  house  through  a  building  and  loan  association. 
It  is  valued  at  $3,360,  and  is  heavily  mortgaged.  During  the  year 
of  this  account,  Mr.  O.,  without  much  assistance,  papered  some  of 
the  rooms  and  painted  the  house  both  inside  and  outside. 

Food. — The  weekly  average  spent  for  food  during  the  twenty- 
one  weeks  was  $10.44.  The  Fall  River  ''fair  standard"  weekly 
food  allowance  for  this  family  would  be  as  follows :  ^ 

161st  Congress,  2d  Session,  Senate  Document  No.  645,  Vol.  XVI,  op.  cit.f 
pp.  24,  238. 


112  BUDGETS    OF    FAMILIES    AND    INDIVIDUALS 

Husband $1.82 

Wife * 1.46 

Man  boarder  no.  1 1.82 

Man  boarder  no.  2 1.82 

*■      Baby  boarder 55 

Total $7.47 

Following  is  the  menu  of  this  family,  kept  for  five  days  in  the 
early  summer  of  1913: 

Menu  for  Five  Days  in  the  Early  Summer  of  1913. 
Sunday.  0 

Breakfast:  Ham  and  eggs,  bread  and  butter,  milk. 

Dinner:  Mutton,  potatoes,  string  beans,  bread  and  butter,  berries  and  milk. 
Supper:  Mutton,  potatoes,  string  beans,  tomatoes,  bread  and  butter,  corn- 
starch, milk. 

Monday. 

Breakfast:  Bacon  and  eggs,  bread  and  butter,  milk. 

Dinner:  Meat  cakes,  potatoes,  green  peas,  bread  and  butter,  pie,  milk. 

Supper:  Lunch  roll,  fried  potatoes,  tomatoes,  bread  and  butter,  milk. 

Tuesday. 

Breakfast:  Ham  and  eggs,  bread  and  butter,  milk. 

Dinner:  Pork  chops,  potatoes,  corn,  bread  and  butter,  pineapple,  milk. 

Supper:  Veal  loaf,  mutton,  bread  and  butter,  milk. 

Wednesday. 

Breakfast:  Bacon  and  eggs,  bread  and  butter,  milk. 

Dinner:  Mutton  chops,  potatoes,  string  beans,  bread  and  butter,  milk, 

cake. 
Supper:  Boiled  ham,  cold  mutton,  bread  and  butter,  berries,  milk. 

Thursday. 

Breakfast:  Ham  and  eggs,  bread  and  butter,  milk. 

Dinner:  Boiled  ham,  bread  and  butter,  pie,  milk. 

Supper:  Mutton  chops,  potatoes,  tomatoes,  bread  and  butter,  milk. 

Clothing. — The  clothing  expenditure  (partly  estimated)  for  the 
year  was  $75.  The  Fall  River  ''fair  standard"  clothing  allowance 
for  a  man  and  his  wife  is  as  follows :  ^ 

Husband $45.75 

Wife 33.75 

Total $79.50 

1  6l8t  Congress,  2d  Session,  Senate  Document  No.  645,  Vol.  XVI,  op.  cit., 
pp.  239,  243. 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


113 


Dues. — Dues  are  an  important  item  in  this  budget.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  O.  both  belong  to  lodges.  Their  yearly  dues  for  these  amount 
to  $38.22. 

Recreation. — Mr.  O.  enjoys  going  to  his  club,  especially  on 
Sunday  afternoons.  He  takes  Mrs.  O.  to  the  theater  from  time  to 
time,  and  they  always,  upon  such  occasions,  have  a  light  supper  at  a 
restaurant  after  'Hhe  show." 

Standard  of  Living. — Mr.  and  Mrs.  0.,  by  working  hard,  are  able 
to  maintain  a  good  standard  of  living  and  to  lay  aside  considerable 
savings.  During  the  year  of  the  account  they  paid  $96  to  the 
building  and  loan  association.  They  sometimes  add  between 
$200  and  $300  per  year  to  their  savings. 

INCOME. 

Twenty-one  Weeks,  May  1-September  24,  1913,  Actually  Recorded  Income, 
Amounts  are  recorded  for  weekly  pay  intervals.     In  date  column  is  indicated  the  first  day  of 

each  fourth  week. 


Husband,  Wages. 

Husband,  Wages. 

Husband,  Wages. 

Date. 

Amoimt. 

Date.                Amount. 

Date. 

Amount. 

May    1,  1913  . . 
May  29 

$21.95 
20.43 
20.25 
21.68 
16.20 

June  26.  1913. 
July  24 

$  9.37 
26.09 
14.971 
19.971 
16.731 
5.781 

Aug.  21,1913. 
Sept.  18 

$  19.98 
15.15 
22.26 
20.58 
18.20 

$289.59 

Wages  for  work  in  automobile  factory. 


Income  from  all  Sources. 

Husband,  wages $289.59 

Man  boarder  and  lodger  no.  1,  21  weeks  @  $5.00 105.00 

Man  boarder  and  lodger  no.  2,  21  weeks  @  $5.00 105.00 

Baby  boarder  and  lodger,  15  weeks  @  $3.00 45.00 

Total  income,  21  weeks,  actually  recorded $544.59 

One  Year  (52  Weeks  or  364  Days),  May  1,  1913-April  29,  1914,  Partly 
Estimated  Income. 
Income  from  all  Sources. 

Husband,  wages $  910.00 

'  Man  boarder  and  lodger  no.  1,  39  weeks  @  $5.00 195.00^ 

Man  boarder  and  lodger  no.  2,  39  weeks  @  $5.00 195.00^ 

Baby  boarder  and  lodger,  36  weeks  @  $3.00 108.00^ 

Total  income,  one  year,  partly  estimated $1,408.00 

1  Actually  recorded. 


114 


BUDGETS    OF   FAMILIES   AND   INDIVIDUALS 


EXPENDITURES. 

Twenty-one  Weeks,  May  1-September  24,  1913,  Actually  Recorded  Expenditures. 
One  Year  (52  Weeks  or  364  Days),  May  1,  1913-April  29,  1914,  Partly  Estimated  Expendi- 
tures. 


Item. 

Amount. 

Twenty-one 
Weeks,  Actu- 
ally Recorded. 

One  Year,  Partly 
Estimated. 

Date  (date  indicates 

the  first  day  of  a  f  oxxr- 

week  period). 

May 
1913 

May 
29 

June 
26 

July 
24 

^2T- 

^If- 

Total. 

.Total. 

Total. 

Total. 

House: 

Interest  on  first 

mortgage 

Interest  on  second 

mortgage 

Taxes  and  water  rent 
Repairs. .    . 

$ 

18.49 
7.21 
2.93 
2.49 
2.41 

2.85 

3.11 

3.98 

43.47 

12.75 
1.17 

2.94 
.80 

.35 

3.20 

3.50 

.50 

$0.75 

19.17 
6.59 
2.75 
1.73 
2.37 

3.87 

2.84 

4.14 

43.46 

.40 
.49 

2.94 
.80 

.35 

3.20 

7.17 

.40 

$ 

54.00 

24.40 

5.10 
15.94 
4.23 
2.45 
2.02 
2.04 

6.53 

3.38 

6.11 

42.70 

.40 
1.06 

23.00< 

2.94 
.80 

20.00 

3.50 

.40 

$ 

13.10 
7.26 
3.85 
1.41 
2.92 

2.83 

3.11 

4.01 

38.49 

.40 

.87 

2.94 
.80 

.05 

3.50 
.30 

$2.50 

14.52 
5.41 
2.53 
1.46 
1.97 

4.65 

2.84 

3.65 

37.03 

.27 

3.30 

2.94 
.80 

.20 

3.50 
.20 

$3.98 
.88 
.75 
.34 
.22 

3.68 

1.24 

3.03 

14.12 

1.67 

.20 

27.005 

.25 

1.60 

3.50 

.20 

54.00 

24.40 

3.25 
5.10 
85.20 
31.59 
15.26 
9.46 
11.93 

24.40 
16.51 
24.92 

13.95 
3.86 

23.00 

16.37 
4.20 

$86.75 

219.27 

17.81 

23.00 
3.30 

20.57 

27.00 

1.20 

28.00 

24.67 

2.00 

$ 
108.002 

48.802 

2M.003 

§5.00 
60.00 

18.002 

25.00 

10.00 

3.00 

40.00 
35.00 

38.222 
10.402 

Fuel  and  light 

Food:  Meats.  .  . 

$295.80 

Dairy  products 

Eggs 

Staples. .  . 

Vegetables 

Fruits 

Cereals 

Baked  goods 

Beverages 

Miscellaneous 

Food   Total 

Household  Expenses: 
Furniture .... 

546.00 

Furnishings 

General  supplies .... 

56  00 

Clothing: 
Huisband. 

Wife 

75.00 

Medical  attention 

Insurance 

3.00 
13.202 

Dues: 

Lodge 

Union 

48.622 

Education 

27  002 

Reading  matter 

Church 

5.00 

Charity .  . . 

60.00 

Pocket  money :  Husband 
Car  fare 

50.00* 
6.00 

Gifts 

5.00 

Total  expenditures,  21  we< 

jks,  actually  recordf 

>d 

$453.57 
544.59 

Total  income,  21  weeks,  a 

ctually  record 

led .  .  . 

Deficit 

$     8.98 

Total  expenditur 

BS,  one  year,  partly 
e  year,  uartlv  estim 

estima 
ated. . 

ted 

$1,190.62 

Total  income,  on 

1,408.00 

Balan 

ce 

$    217.38 

Savings. 


Building  and  loan  I 

association |  8.00 


8.00  I  8.00  !  8.00 


7.83 


$39,831 


$96,002 


1  One  week  only. 
'  Actually  recorded. 
»  Water  rent,  $12. 
*  Suit,  $20;  shoes,  $3. 


'  Tuition  for  technical  night  school  course 
for  husband. 

•  One  dollar  per  week  of  husband's  "pocket 
money"  is  spent  for  tobacco. 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  115 


FAMILY   NO.    18. 

Membership  and  Occupation. 

Member.  Age,  Years.  Occupation. 

Father Deceased. 

Mother 56  Housekeeper. 

First  daughter 28  Winder  in  carpet  mill. 

Second  daughter 26  Winder  in  carpet  mill. 

Third  daughter 24  Bobbin  girl  in  carpet  mill. 

Type  of  Family. -^This  is  an  American  family  in  which  the  three 
grown  daughters  are  the  only  wage-earners.  The  daughters  turn 
over  all  of  their  earnings  to  their  mother,  who,  through  her  capable 
management,  keeps  up  a  comfortable  home  for  the  family. 

The  Account. — A  detailed  record  of  the  expenditures  of  this 
family  was  kept  for  eleven  weeks  (April  25- July  10,  1913);  a 
record  of  the  family  income  was  kept  for  twelve  weeks  (April  25- 
July  17,  1913). 

House. — The  house  occupied  by  this  family  is  situated  on  a  wide, 
clean  street  in  the  mill  district.  It  is  of  brick,  and  has  a  parlor, 
a  kitchen  (also  used  as  a  dining  room),  and  a  shed,  on  the  first 
floor;  and  two  sleeping  rooms  and  a  bath  with  toilet,  on  the  second 
floor.  It  is  heated  by  a  hot  air  furnace,  and  has  both  a  coal  range 
and  a  gas  range  for  cooking.  Upon  entering  this  home,  the  visitor 
is  impressed  by  the  simplicity  of  his  surroundings.  The  small  par- 
lor is  not  overcrowded,  and  the  few  articles  of  furniture  have  been 
carefully  selected,  with  appropriateness,  and  with  a  regard  for 
economy.  Mrs.  R.  takes  pride  in  her  home,  and  keeps  it  in  excellent 
order. 

Food. — The  weekly  average  spent  for  food  during  the  eleven 
weeks  was  $6.89.  The  Fall  River  ''fair  standard"  weekly  food 
allowance  for  this  family  would  be  as  follows:^ 

Mother $1.46 

First  daughter 1.46 

Second  daughter 1.46 

Third  daughter 1.46 

Total $5.84 

Pocket  Money;  Recreation;  Church. — The  average  amount  of 
"pocket  money"  given  to  the  three  daughters  during  the  eleven 

^61st  Congress,  2d  Session,  Senate  Document  No.  645,  Vol.  XVI,  op.  cit., 
pp.  24,  238. 


116 


BUDGETS    OF    FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 


weeks  was  $2.69  per  week,  or  ninety  cents  apiece,  per  week.  This 
family's  recreation  fund  is  interesting,  and  unusual  for  a  family  of 
textile-mill  workers;  Mrs.  R.  and  her  three  daughters  go  away  for  a 
vacation  each  summer,  and  in  order  to  prepare  in  advance  for  the 
expense  of  this  vacation,  they  place  a  part  of  each  week's  income 
in  a  special  fund.  During  the  eleven  weeks  a  total  of  $22.84  was 
added  to  the  vacation  fund. 

Mrs.  R.  and  her  daughters  are  active  members  of  the  Episcopal 
church,  and  much  of  their  social  life  is  connected  with  church 
activities.  This  family's  average  contribution  to  the  church  out 
of  the  household  fund,  for  the  eleven  weeks,  was  $2.34  per  week. 
The  daughters  also  made  contributions  to  the  church  f)ut  of  their 
*' pocket  money." 

Standard  of  Ldving, — The  income  contributed  by  the  three 
daughters,  as  recorded  for  the  twelve  weeks,  averaged  $20.38  per 
week,  or  $6.79  apiece  per  week.  The  fact  that  four  adult  women 
are  able  to  live  comfortably  upon  an  income  of  this  size,  shows  the 
importance  of  home  organization  as  a  factor  in  the  effective  utiliza- 
tion of  small  incomes.  On  the  whole,  this  family  maintains  a  good 
standard  of  living.  The  entire  income  is  used  each  year  in  main- 
taining this  standard;  no  savings  are  laid  aside. 


INCOME. 

Twelve  Weeks,  April  25-July  17,  1913,  Actually  Recorded  Income. 
Amounts  are  recorded  for  weekly  pay  intervals.     In  date  column  is  indicated  the  first  day  of 

each  fourth  week. 


Three  Daughters,  Wages. 

Three  Daughters,  Wages. 

Three  Danp-hters,  Wages. 

Date. 

Amount. 

Date. 

Amount. 

Date. 

Amoimt. 

April  25,  1913  . . 

$27.49 
19.59 
18.67 
22.62 

May  23,  1913. 

$20.80 
23.25 
18.75 
22.90 

June  20,  1913. 

$  21.94 
20.45 
14.06 
14.00 

$244.52 

OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


117 


EXPENDITURES. 

Eleven  Weeks,  April  25-July  10,  1913,  Actually  Recorded  Expenditures. 


Item. 


Date  (date  indicates  the  first  day  of  a  four- 
week  period). 


House: 

Rent 

Fuel  and  light 

Food:  Meats 

Dairy  products 

Eggs2 

Staples 

Vegetables 

Fruits .' 

Cereals 

Baked  goods 

Beverages^ 

Miscellaneous 

Food  Total 

Household  Expenses: 

Furniture 

Furnishings 

General  supplies 

Laundry 

Clothing 

Medical  attention 

Insurance 

Dues 

Reading  matter 

Church 

Charity 

Recreation: 

Vacation  fund 

Theater  and  trip 

Pocket  money:  Three  daughters 

Car  fare 

Gifts 


Amoimt. 


April 
25, 1913 


May 
23 


Jime 
201 


$14 


Total  expenditiu'es,  11  weeks,  actually  recorded. 

Total  income,  11  weeks,  actually  recorded 

Balance 


per  month 

$3.60 
3.51 
1.80 

6.64 
1.98 
1.49 

3.40 

1.35 
20,17 


1.41 
3.003 
1.50 


$0.05 
5.60 
2.48 

$4.71 
2.48 

11.55 

.97 

2.07 

10.70 
2.46 
2.12 

3.39 

3.59 

2.00 
28.06 

1.55 
27.61 

.74 
1.00 

.76 

1.57 

.10 

2.00 

8.55 

.10 

2.00 

A2 
10.49 

.33 
9.26 

8.42 

.25 

11.82 

.45 

8.24 

10.78 
.15 

5.98 


6.18 
.50 

8.74 
.30 


Eleven  Weeks,  Actu- 
ally Recorded. 


Total. 


$42.00 

3.65 

13.82 

6.76 

28.89 
5.41 
5.68 

10.38 

4.90 


1.50 
1.00 


22.84 
.75 


Total. 


$45.65 


75.84' 


2.50  ^ 

11.53    ' 

3.20  *" 

5.50  ^ 

.75 
25.73 


23.59 

29.58 

.90 


$224.77 
230.52 


$     5.75 


Three  weeks  only. 


2  Included  under  staples. 


»  Dentist. 


First  Daughter's  Personal  Account. — The  oldest  daughter  in  this 
family  kept  for  the  investigator  a  record  of  her  wages  and  of  her 
''pocket  money"  for  a  period  of  thirty-four  weeks  (November  18, 
1913- July  13,  1914);  she  also  kept  an  account  of  how  she  spent 
her  ''pocket  money"  for  seven  weeks  of  this  period.  This  daugh- 
ter's wages  averaged  $9.84  per  week,  and  her  "pocket  money" 
averaged  $1.63  per  week,  for  the  thirty-four  weeks. 


118 


BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 


PERSONAL  ACCOUNT   OF  FIRST   DAUGHTER; 

Income,  34  Weeks,  November  18,  1913-July  13,  1914,  Actually  Recorded  Income. 
Pocket  Money,  34  Weeks,  November  18,  1913-July  13,  1914,  Actually  Recorded  Pocket 

Money. 
Expenditures,  7  Weeks,  April  21-Junb  8,  1914,  Actually  Recorded  Expenditures. 


Income. 
Wages,  34  Weeks. 

Pocket  Money, 
34  Weeks. 

Expenditures, 
7  Weeks. 

Date. 

Amount. 

Date. 

Amt. 

Date  (date  indicates 
the  first  day  of  a 
four-week  period). . 

April 
19141 

May 
5 

June 

22 

Nov.  18,  1913  . 

$9.12 

8.45 

11.66 

10.76 

11.31 

9.15 

9.85 

12.87 

11.69 

13.42 

13.72 

14.25 

12.96 

13.55 

13.00 

11.18 

12.37 

11.82 

10.03 

10.89 

8.40 

9.71 

5.74 

5.34 

7.25 

7.15 

8.64 

6.06 

8.24 

7.72 

7.50 

7.03 

6.00 

7.81 

Nov.  18,  1913. 

Dec.  IG 

Jan.    13,  1914. 

Feb.  10 

Mar.  10 

April    7 

May    5 

June    2 

June  30 

$5.17 

6.60 

13.08 

10.91 

6.80 

3.64 

3.66 

3.78 
1.73> 

Dry  goods 

Church    .  .    . 

$0.75 
.35 
.50 
.10 

$1.50 
.60 
.20 
.20 

^5 

$0.15 
.10 
.10 

$2.25 
1  10 

Dec.  16 

Ice  cream  and  candy 
Car  fare       

.80 
.40 

Gift 

.85 

Jan.    13,  1914  . 

Total  expenditures,  7  weeks,  actually 

$5.40 

Total  pocket  money,  7  weeks,  actually 

6.06 

Feb.  10 

Balance    .    . 

$  .66 

Mar.  10 

April    7 

May    5 

June    2 

June  30 

1  Two  weeks  only. 

2  One  week  only. 

Total    income, 
34  weeks, 
actually 
recorded .... 

$334.64 

Total    pocket 
money,  34 
weeks,  actu- 
ally recorded 

$55.37 

FAMILY   NO.   19. 

Membership  and  Occupation, 

Member.  Age,  Years. 

Father 43 

Mother 41 

Son 10 


Occupation. 

Brussels  carpet  weaver. 

Housekeeper. 

In  school. 


Type  of  Family. — Mr.  K.  is  English.  He  has  lived  in  America 
since  he  was  twelve  years  old.  His  wife  was  born  in  Philadelphia. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  K.  have  been  married  for  seventeen  years,  and  have 
lived  in  Kensington  for  twelve  years.  Mr.  K.  is  a  reader  of  a  serious 
class  of  literature, — particularly  books  on  economics  and  sociology. 
He  is  a  follower  of  Karl  Marx,  and  was,  until  a  short  time  before  the 
present  writing  (September,  1915),  a  member  of  the  Socialist  party. 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  119 

The  expenditures  of  this  family, — contrary  to  the  common 
practice  in  Kensington, — are  directed  by  the  father,  who  method- 
ically apportions  his  income  among  the  various  items  of  the  budget. 
Mr.  K.  says:  ''I  do  not  follow  any  custom  of  keeping  pocket 
money;  what  I  earn  belongs  to  my  family  just  as  much  as  to  me. 
We  pay  our  bills  from  our  common  fund,  which  comes  from  my 
wages.  I  do  not  use  tobacco  or  liquors,  and  may  be  said  to  be  a 
total  abstainer." 

The  Account. — A  summary  of  the  expenditures  and  a  statement 
of  the  total  income  are  given  for  this  family  for  each  of  the  years 
1912,  1913,  and  1914,  and  for  the  first  twenty-six  weeks  of  1915. 
The  food  expenditure  is  given  in  detail  for  one  week  of  the  year 
1915;  the  clothing  expenditure  is  itemized  for  the  years  1912  and 
1913;  and  the  income  is  given  by  weeks  for  twenty-six  weeks  (March 
19-September  16)  of  the  year  1915. 

Income. — This  family  is  supported  entirely  by  the  father.  His 
wages  for  the  year  1914  averaged  $22.86  per  week. 

House. — This  family  lives  in  one  of  the  newly  built  sections  of 
the  mill  district.  The  house  which  the  family  occupies  is  of  brick, 
and  has  six  rooms,  a  shed,  a  bath  with  toilet,  and  a  front  porch. 
It  is  heated  by  a  hot  air  furnace,  and  has  both  a  coal  range  and  a 
gas  range  for  cooking.  The  rent  is  $16  per  month.  The  home  is 
well  furnished. 

Food. — Following  is  the  detailed  account  of  this  family's  food 
expenditure  for  one  week  of  the  year  1915: 

5  lbs.  chuck  roast @  $0.18  $0.90 

2  lbs.  lamb  chops @      .25  .50 

2  lbs.  rump  steak @      .27  .54 

2  lbs.  bacon @      .25  .50 

1  lb.  ham @      .28  .28 

2  lbs.  lard @      .18  .36 

2  lbs.  butter @       45  .90 

3  doz.  eggs @      .36  1.08 

14  qts.  milk @      .08  1.12 

Baked  goods 70 

Vegetables,  fruit,  cereals,  etc 2.12 

Total $9.00 

With  regard  to  this  list  of  foods  Mr.  K.  says:  ''The  menu  would 
be  changed  to  suit  the  changing  prices  of  summer  as  compared  with 
winter,  principally  butter  and  eggs;  but  the  sum  total  would 
ilmount  to  the  same, — $9  per  week." 


120  BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES  AND   INDIVIDUALS 

The  following  menu  for  one  day  is  given  by  Mr.  K.  as  typical 
of  the  family  diet.  ''Of  course  we  have  a  change  of  meat  and 
vegetables,"  he  says,  ''but  the  amount  is  about  the  same  every 
day  in  the  year." 

Menu  for  One  Day. 

Breakfast:  Mush  and  milk,  buttered  toast,  fruit  (choice  of  apples,  oranges,  or 

grape  fruit),  coffee,  tea,  or  milk. 
Dinner:  Roast  beef,  baked  or  boiled  potatoes,  spinach,  carrots,  bread  and  butter, 

milk,  pudding,  apples. 
Supper:  Poached  eggs  on  toast,  cereal  and  milk,  fruit,  milk.  « 

The  Fall  River  "fair  standard"  yearly  food  allowance  for  this 
family  would  be  as  follows :  ^ 

Father ■ $  94.64 

Mother 75.71 

Son 56.78 

Total $227.13 

The  total  food  expenditure  of  Mr.  K.'s  family  for  the  year  1914 
was  $480,  or  more  than  twice  the  amount  allowed  by  the  Fall 
River  standard. 

Clothing. — Mr.  K.  aims  to  keep  the  annual  clothing  expenditure 
of  his  family  down  to  $130,  or  below.  For  the  year  1914,  the 
clothing  expenditure  was  exactly  $130.  For  the  years  1912  and 
1913,  the  articles  of  clothing  bought  and  the  prices  paid  for  the 
same  were  as  follows: 

Clothing. 

Father:  Year  1912.       Year  1913. 

Overcoat $  10.00        $  15.00 

Suit 20.00  12.00 

Hat,  felt 2.00  2.00 

Hat,  straw 1.50 

Shirts 3.00  2.00 

Shoes 4.00  8.00 

Shoe  repairs 2.50  2.50 

Shppers 1.50               

Underwear,  summer 2.00  2.00 

Underwear,  winter 2.50  2.50 

Socks,  collars,  ties,  etc 10.40  10.40 

$  57.90        $  57.90 

161st  Congress,  2d  Session,  Senate  Document  No.  645,  Vol,  XVI,  op.  ciL, 
p.  243. 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  121 

Mother: 

Dresses,  underclothing,  etc $  26.00  $  26.00 

Shoes 3.00  6.00 

Shoe  repairs 1.00  1.10 

SUppers 1.50  


%  31.50  $  33.10 
Son: 

Suits,  underwear,  etc %  13.00  $  13.00 

Shoes 18.00  18.00 

Shoe  repairs 6.00  6.00 


$  37.00        $  37.00 


Total  for  family : $126.40        $128.00 

The  Fall  River  "fair  standard"  yearly  clothing  allowance  for 
this  family  would  be  as  follows :  ^ 

Father $  45.75 

Mother 33.75 

Son 30.55 

Total $110.05 

Medical  Attention. — During  the  latter  half  of  1914  and  the  first 
half  of  1915,  Mr.  K.'s  bills  for  medical  attention  for  his  wife  and 
child  were  unusually  large.  For  the  first  two  and  one-half  years 
of  this  family's  account,  the  total  amount  spent  for  medical  atten- 
tion (including  medicine,  and  services  of  physician,  dentist,  and 
oculist)  was  but  $58.44,  while  for  the  latter  half  of  1914  and  the 
first  half  of  1915,  the  expenditure  under  the  heading  Medical 
Attention  amounted  to  $76.50,  the  items  being  as  follows : 

Physician's  fees $30.00 

Medicine 26.00 

Dentist's  fees 9.00 

Oculist's  bill 11.50 

Total $76.50 

Lodge  and  Union  Dues. — In  1912  and  1913,  Mr.  K.  spent  $46  per 
year  for  lodge  and  union  dues.  In  1914  he  reduced  his  obligations 
to  lodges  by  one  half,  thus  bringing  his  yearly  total  for  lodge  and 
union  dues  down  to  $28.20. 

161st  Congress,  2d  Session,  Senate  Document  No.  645,  Vol.  XVI,  op.  cit., 
pp.  239,  240,  243. 


122 


BUDGETS    OF   FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 


Recreation. — Mr.  and  Mrs.  K.  and  their  son  go  frequently  to 
moving  picture  entertainments  and  to  the  parks,  and  they  enjoy 
^ch  other  recreations  as  are  inexpensive.  The  account  shows  an 
expenditure  of  $96  each  year  under  the  heading  Recreation,  which 
in  this  family  budget  includes  reading  matter,  stationery,  and 
car  fare,  as  well  as  amusements  and  trips. 

Standard  of  Living. — This  family  maintains  a  high  standard  of 
living.  Everything  is  carefully  planned  beforehand,  and  the  wants 
that  are  considered  necessary,  are  looked  after  first.  Mr.  K.  feels 
the  urgency  of  the  need  of  saving,  and  he  aims  to*  add  a  small 
amount  to  his  savings  account  each  year.  In  referring  to  the 
importance  he  places  upon  saving,  he  says:  "I  do  not  have  music 
in  the  house.  We  all  want  it,  but  I  cannot  afford  it.  I  must  use 
my  income  for  the  prime  material  things  of  life.  The  fears  of  the 
future  compel  me  to  save  the  expense  of  a  piano,  to  give  me  some 
degree  of  security  in  the  food,  clothing,  and  shelter  for  tomorrow." 
Mr.  K.  reports  that  it  has  taken  him  thirty-three  years  to  lay  aside 
$500. 

INCOME. 

Twenty-six  Weeks,  March  19-September  16,  1915, i  Actually  Recorded  Income. 
Amounts  are  recorded  for  weekly  pay  intervals.     In  date  column  is  indicated  the  first  day  of 

each  fourth  week. 


Father,  Wages. 

Father,  Wages. 

Father, 

Wages. 

Date,                 Amount. 

Date. 

Amount. 

Date. 

Amount. 

Mar.  19,  1915  . .  1         $32.27 

May  21,  1915. 

$18.44 

July  23,  1915. 

$  30.60 

32.69 

3.13 

31.71 

1           32.36 

2 

Aug.    6 

30.32 

i           31.76 

June  11 

25.00 

April  16 !           24.84 

2 

11.19 

;            31.56 

22.85 

21.10 

1           31.42 

30.25 

Sept.    3 

23.63 

!           32.27 

July     9 

30.90 

13.93 

May  14 I           26.74 

25.86 

$594.82 

1  These  26  weeks  are  typical  of  any  6 
months  during  the  last  18  months  of  the 
account,  both  as  to  the  amount  and  as  to  the 
irregularity  of  Mr.  K.'s  wages.     His  wages  for 


these  18  months  averaged  $22.86  per  week,  or 
$594.36  per  half  year. 

2  Mill  closed  during  these  three  weeks,  for 
stocktaking. 


INCOME. 

Three  Years  (52  Weeks,  or  364  Days,  Each),  1912,  1913,  and  1914, — and  First  Twenty-six 
Weeks  op  1915,  Actually  Recorded  Income. 


Year. 


1912. 


1913. 


1914.1 


1915.2 


Total  income;  father,  wages $906.17     |     $874.50       $1,188.72  |     $594.36 

1  In  the  summary  tables  of  family  budgets  2  First  twenty-six  weeks  only, 

(pp.  10-24),  the  figm-es  given  for  this  family  are 
tnose  of  the  year  1914. 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


123 


EXPENDITURES. 

Three  Years  (52  Weeks,  or  364  Days,  Each),  1912,  1913,  and  1914, — and  First  Twenty-six 
Weeks  of  1915,  Actually  Recorded  Expenditures. 


Year. 

Summary. 

1912. 

1913. 

1914.1 

1915.2 

Rent 

Fuel  and  light 

$192.00 

76.50 

447.20 

52.00 

126.403 

23.37 

6.00 

35.60 
10.40 
96.00 

$192.00 

76.50 

447.20 

52.00 

128.003 

23.38 

6.00 

35.60 
10.40 
96.00 

$192.00 

88.00 

480.00 

52.00 

130.00 

49.94 

6.00 

17.80 
10.40 
96.00 

$96.00 
44.00 

Food 

Household  expenses 

Clothing 

Medical  attention 

240.00    • 
26.00 
65.00  " 
38.25  ' 

Insurance 

Dues: 

Lodge 

Union 

Recreation* 

3.00- 

5.20 
48.00  ' 

Total  expenditures,  actually  recorded 

Total  income,  actually  recorded . 

$1,065.47 
906.17 

$1,067.08 
874.50 

$1,122,14 
1,188.72 

$565.45 
594.36 

Deficit 

$159.30 

$192.58 

Balance 

$66.58 

$28.91 

1  In  the  summary  tables  of  family  budgets 
(pp.  10-24),  the  figures  given  for  this  family 
are  those  of  the  year  1914. 

"  First  twenty-six  weeks  only. 


3  For  details,  see  pp.  120,  121. 

*  This  heading  here  includes  reading  matter, 
stationery,  and  car  fare,  as  well  as  amusements, 
trips,  etc. 


FAMILY   NO.  20. 

Membership  and  Occupation. 

Member.  Age,  Years.  Occupation. 

Father Deceased. 

Mother 50  Housekeeper  and  midwife. 

First  son 18  Teamster. 

Second  son 16  Clerk  in  textile  mill. 

Third  son 7  In  school. 

Woman  boarder  and  lodger  (left  family  in  September,  1913).     Paid 

nothing;  helped  with  housework. 
Man  boarder  and  lodger  No.  1  (entered  family  in  June,  1913).     Pays  $5 

per  week. 
Man  boarder  and  lodger  No.  2  (entered  family  in  September,  1913). 

Pays  $35  per  month. 
Man  lodger  (entered  family  in  September,  1913).     Pays  $1.75  per  week. 
(There  is  also  a  married  daughter,  who  has  her  own  home.) 


Type  of  Family. — Mrs.  N.  was  born  in  the  United  States,  of  Irish 
parents.  Her  husband,  who  was  a  Kensington  textile-mill  worker, 
died  two  months  before  this  account  was  begun.  The  family- 
had  a  continuous  struggle  to  get  along,  even  while  the  father  was 
living. 

The  Account. — Mrs.  N.  kept  a  record  over  a  period  of  eight 
months,  beginning  in  March,  1913.  During  the  period  covered  by 
her  record,  a  change  in  the  household  economy  occurred.     Because 

9 


124  BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND   INDIVIDUALS 

of  several  breaks  in  Mrs.  N/s  account,  due  to  moving  and  to  other 
causes,  the  figures  for  two  typical  months  only, — one  month  in 
the  spring  of  1913,  before  the  change  in  the  household  economy 
occurred,  and  one  month  in  the  fall  of  that  year,  after  the  change 
occurred, — are  given  in  the  tables  for  this  family. 

Standard  of  Living. — At  the  time  this  account  was  begun,  in 
March,  1913,  the  family  was  living  in  a  small,  dingy,  badly  furnished 
house,  on  a  dirty,  narrow  street  in  Kensington.  The  father's  death 
had  left  the  chief  burden  of  the  support  of  the  family  upon  the  two 
older  sons,  whose  combined  earnings  amounted  to  $14.50  per  week. 
Mrs.  N.  was  adding  a  little  to  the  income  by  going  outi occasionally 
as  nurse  and  midwife.  An  old  woman  who  was  living  with  the 
family,  was  assisting  with  the  housework,  for  her  board. 

Not  long  after  this  account  was  begun,  a  friend  of  Mrs.  N.'s, 
whose  home  had  been  broken  up  by  the  death  of  his  mother,  offered 
to  take  his  furniture  and  go  to  board  with  Mrs.  N.,  on  condition 
that  she  rent  a  larger  house  on  a  better  street.  In  September, 
1913,  this  arrangement  was  carried  out.  The  friend  pays  $35  per 
month  for  his  board  and  lodging,  which  means  a  considerable 
increase  in  the  income  of  Mrs.  N.'s  family.  The  woman  who 
assisted  with  the  housework  for  her  board,  left  the  family  in 
September,  and  Mrs.  N.  is  now  able  to  hire  a  woman  to  help  her, 
two  days  each  week,  at  $1  per  day.  At  the  close  of  her  account 
(November,  1913),  Mrs.  N.  writes  in  her  account  book:  ''You  will 
no  doubt  consider  me  quite  a  spendthrift,  but  the  money  is  coming 
in  better,  and  I  have  more  to  spend,  and  I  can  assure  you  that  I 
feel  as  if  I  were  about  twenty  years  younger  since  things  took  such 
a  good  turn  for  me." 

INCOME. 

Eight  Weeks,  March  22- April  18,  1913,  November  1-28,  1913,  Actually 

Recorded  Income. 
Income  prom  all  Sources. 

First  son  and  second  son,  wages $116.00 

Extra  earnings 2.00 

Man  boarder  and  lodger  no.  1,  4  weeks  @  $5.00 20.00 

Man  boarder  and  lodger  no.  2,  1  month  @  $35.00 35.00 

Man  lodger,  4  weeks  @  $1.75 7.00 

Total  income,  eight  weeks,  actually  recorded $180.00 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


125 


EXPENDITURES. 

Eight  Weeks,  March  22-April  18,  1913,  November  1-28,  1913,  Actually  Recorded 

Expenditures. 


Item. 


Date  (date  indicates  the  first  day  of  a  four- 
week  period). 


House: 

Rent 

Fuel  and  light .  .  .  . 
Food:  Meats 

Dairy  products .  .  . 

Eggs 

Staples 

Vegetables 

Fruits 

Cereals 

Baked  goods 

Beverages 

Miscellaneous.  .  .  . 

Food  Total 

Household  Expenses: 

Furniture 

Furnishings ...... 

General  supplies .  . 

Laundry 

Clothing: 

Mother 

First  son 

Second  son 

Third  son 

Medical  attention .  .  . 

Insurance 

Dues:  Lodge 

Reading  matter 

Church 

Charity 

Recreation 

Pocket  money 

Car  fare 

Gifts 


Amount. 


March 
22,  1913 


$12.00 

.25 

7.02 

6.12 

1.79 

2.21 

3.83 

.44 

.40 

1.50 

1.90 

4.00 

29.212 

4.00 

.60 

1.05 


3.33 


2.85 

1.60 

.40 

.59 


.10 


.94 


November 
1,  1913 


$18.00 

8.85 

8.79 

2.26 

.84 

.63 

2.73 

.12 

.10 

.40 

28.451 
44.323 


.30 

.75 

8.00* 

25.71 
3.006 
4.757 
5.508 


1.60 
.44 


Eight  Weeks, 
Actually  Recorded. 


Total. 


$30.00 

9.10 

15.81 

8.38 

2.63 

2.84 

6.56 

.56 

.50 

1.90 

1.90 

32.45 


4.00 

.90 

1.80 

8.00 

29.045 
3.00 
4.75 
5.50 


Total. 


$39.10 


73.53 


14.70 


42.29 
,  2.85 

3.20 
.40 

1.03 


.10 
.94 


Total  expenditures. 
Total  income,  8  we< 

8  weeks, 
2ks,  actus 

actually  recorded 

$178.14 

illy  recorded 

180.00 

Balance 

$1.86 

Savings. 

Savings  fund  society .  .  . 

1           .50       1 

2.00       1 

$2.50 

1  Includes  $4.70  for  meals  outside. 

2  Five  persons. 
'  Six  persons. 

*  Wages  to  laundress. 

5  Coat,    $17;    hat,    $4;    shoes,    $2.50; 


shoe 


repairs,    $1.95;    stockings,    $.75;    gloves,    $1; 
gingham,  $.36;  musUu,  $1.28;  thread,  $.20. 

*  Underwear. 

'■  Trousers,  $1.75;  underwear,  $3. 

8  Shoes,  $1.50;  hat,  $1;  coat,  $3. 


FAMILY  NO.   21. 

Membership  and  Occupation. 

Member.  Age,  Years.  Occupation. 

Father 32  Night  watchman  in  coal  yard. 

Mother 30  Housekeeper  and  practical  nurse. 

Daughter 14  Doffer  in  cloth  mill. 

First  son 11  In  school. 

Second  son 8  In  school. 

Third  son 4 


126  BUDGETS    OF    FAMILIES    AND    INDIVIDUALS 

Type  of  Family. — Both  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Q.  were  born  and  reared  in 
Kensington.  Mr.  Q.  was  sixteen  years  old,  and  Mrs.  Q.,  fourteen, 
at  the  time  of  their  marriage.  They  have  had  an  uphill  struggle 
*throughout  their  married  life. 

The  Account. — Mrs.  Q.  attempted  to  keep  a  daily  record  over  a 
long  period,  but  owing  to  her  lack  of  education,  the  account  was 
too  incomplete  to  serve  any  purpose  except  that  of  giving  a  general 
idea  of  the  family's  standard  of  living.  A  summary  of  the  budget 
for  four  weeks  only  (summer  of  1913),  is  given  in  the  table  for  this 
family. 

Income. — The  father  earns  $13  per  week,  the  daughter,  $5. 
Both  give  over  their  entire  earnings  to  Mrs.  Q.,  who  adds  to  the 
income  when  she  can,  by  going  out  as  a  nurse.  While  she  is  work- 
ing, the  children  are  cared  for  at  a  day  nursery. 

House. — The  housing  conditions  of  this  family  are  far  worse 
than  are  those  of  any  other  family  of  this  study.  The  street  on 
which  the  family  lives  has  been  raised  since  the  houses  were  built, 
so  that  half  of  the  lower  window  panes  in  Mrs.  Q.'s  parlor  are  below 
the  level  of  the  sidewalk,  and  one  has  to  go  down  several  steps  to 
enter  her  front  door.  The  house  is  of  brick,  and  has  four  rooms 
and  a  shed.  It  is  in  wretched  repair;  it  is  without  sanitary  plumb- 
ing; and  it  has  neither  kitchen  range  nor  furnace.  The  cooking 
is  done  on  a  hot-plate,  and  the  house  is  heated,  in  winter,  by  two 
stoves.  The  rent  is  $8  per  month.  The  few  articles  of  furniture 
in  the  house  are  dingy  and  dilapidated. 

Food. — The  average  weekly  food  expenditure  for  the  four  weeks 
was  $6.80.  The  Fall  River  ''fair  standard"  weekly  food  allowance 
for  this  family  would  be  as  follows :  ^ 

Father $1.82 

Mother 1.46 

Daughter 1.27 

First  son 1.09 

Second  son 91 

Third  son 73 

'      Total $7.28 

Standard  of  Living. — The  family  did  not  spend  all  of  its  income, 
during  the  month  of  the  account.     As  this  was  a  summer  month, 

»61st  Congress,  2d  Session,  Senate  Document  No.  645,  Vol.  XVI,  op.  a7., 
pp.  24,  238. 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  127 

there  was  no  expense  for  heating.  The  only  clothing  expendi- 
ture during  the  month  was  $3.22  for  shoes  and  stockings.  The 
family  has  all  it  can  do  to  make  ends  meet.  Its  housing  conditions 
are  without  doubt  below  those  of  any  recognized  fair  standard, 
and  the  same  is  probably  true  of  its  food  and  clothing. 

INCOME. 

Four  Weeks,  Summer  of  1913,  Actually  Recorded  Income. 
Income  from  all  Sources. 

Father,  wages,  4  weeks  @  $13.00 $52.00 

Daughter,  wages,  4  weeks  @  $5.00 20.00 

Total  income,  four  weeks,  actually  recorded $72.00 

EXPENDITURES. 

Four  Weeks,  Summer  of  1913,  Actually  Recorded  Expenditures. 

Summary. 

Rent $  8.00 

Gas 1.00 

Food 27.20 

Furnishings 50 

General  supplies 72 

/      Clothing 3.22 

Medical  attention 1.25 

Insurance 1.80 

Dues:  Union 50 

Recreation 40 

Car  fare 40 

Total  expenditures,  four  weeks,  actually  recorded $44.99 

Total  income,  four  weeks,  actually  recorded 72.00 

Balance $27.01 


FAMILY   NO.   22. 

Membership  and  Occupation. 

Member.  Age,  Years.  Occupation. 

Father 28  Hosiery  finisher. 

Mother 26  Housekeeper.       Sometimes    does 

sewing  for  others. 

First  daughter 6 

Second  daughter 2 

Son 2  months. 

Man  boarder  and  lodger.     Pays  $4.50  per  week. 


128  BUDGETS    OF   FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 

Type  of  Family. — This  family  has  a  struggle  to  get  along.  Both 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  H.  are  Americans.  As  they  are  highly  respected  and 
enjoy  a  good  reputation  for  honesty,  it  is  not  difficult  for  them 
to  obtain  credit  to  tide  them  over  hard  times.  Mrs.  H.  is  a  careful 
manager,  and  she  does  her  best  to  keep  expenditures  within  income. 
She  makes  her  own  and  the  children's  clothes,  and  adds  a  little  to 
the  family  income  by  sewing  for  others.  Mr.  H.  is  an  earnest  Bible 
student,  and  is  active  in  religious  work.  He  often  conducts  meet- 
ings at  a  small  mission. 

The  Account. — This  family's  budget  covers  one  year  (May  3, 
1913-May  1,  1914).  Mrs.  H.  kept  a  detailed  record  for  only 
eleven  weeks  of  the  period.  Like  most  Kensington  housewives, 
she  was  too  proud  to  keep  a  record  when  income  and  expenditures 
were  very  small,  owing  to  hard  times.  She  gave  an  account  of 
clothing  expenditure  for  the  year,  and  a  general  idea  of  the  other 
expenditures  for  the  year.  The  tables  give  the  actually  recorded 
account  for  the  eleven  weeks,  and  the  partly  estimated  account 
for  the  year. 

Income. — Mr.  H.  seldom  earns  more  than  $10  per  week;  during 
the  year  of  the  account  his  weekly  earnings  were  usually  less  than 
that  amount.  ''My  husband  has  not  been  earning  anything  for 
about  four  months,"  Mrs.  H.  said  to  the  investigator  at  the  close 
of  the  year,  "and  we  have  had  no  income  except  what  was  given 
to  us,  and  the  few  dollars  that  I  have  earned  by  sewing." 

House. — This  family  rents  the  rooms  above  a  store  in  the  mill 
district,  paying  $8  per  month.  The  apartment  consists  of  a  parlor, 
a  room  which  is  used  as  a  kitchen,  and  two  large  sleeping  rooms, — 
one  of  which  has  a  bath  tub.  The  cooking  is  done  on  a  two-burner 
hot-plate,  and  the  rooms  are  heated  by  a  small  coal  stove. 

Food. — The  average  weekly  food  expenditure  for  the  eleven 
weeks  was  $6.20.  The  Fall  River  ''fair  standard"  weekly  food 
allowance  for  this  family  would  be  as  follows :  ^ 

Father $1.82 

Mother 1.46 

First  daughter 91 

Second  daughter 73 

Son 55 

Man  boarder 1.82 

Total S7.29 

161st  Congress,  2d  Session,  Senate  Document  No.  645,  Vol.  XVI,  op.  ciL, 
pp.  24,  238. 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  129 

Clothing. — The  clothing  expenditure  for  the  year  was  $36.40. 
The  Fall  River  *'fair  standard"  clothing  allowance  for  this  family 
would  be  as  follows :  ^ 

Father $  45.75 

Mother / 33.75 

First  daughter ^ 16.85 

Second  daughter 6.30 

Son 6.30 

Total $108.95 

Standard  of  Living. — This  family's  budget  is  without  doubt  below 
that  of  any  recognized  fair  standard.  In  spite  of  Mrs.  H.'s  efforts 
to  keep  expenditures  within  income,  she  did  not  succeed,  during 
the  year  of  the  account,  but  came  out  with  a  small  indebtedness 
at  the  end  of  the  year. 

INCOME. 

Eleven  Weeks,  May  3-June  27,  1913,  March  21-April  10,  1914,  Actually 

Recorded  Income. 
Income  from  all  Sources. 

Father,  wages $  78.00 

Man  boarder  and  lodger,  7  weeks  @  $4.50 31.50 

/  Total  income,  11  weeks,  actually  recorded $109.50 

One  Year  (52  Weeks  or  364  Days),  May  3,  1913-May  1,  1914,  Partly  Esti- 
mated Income. 
Income  from  all  Sources. 

Father,  wages $256.00 

Mother,  earnings  from  sewing 30.00 

Man  boarder  and  lodger,  52  weeks  @  $4.50 234.00 

Gifts 20.00 

Total  income,  one  year,  partly  estimated $540.00-^ 

CLOXmNG  FOR   ONE  YEAR,   MAY  3,   1913-MAY   1,   1914. 

Father.  Mother. — Continued. 

Trousers $  4.00  Stockings 1.10 

Shirts  (2) 2.90  Combs  for  hair 60 

Shoes 3.00  Apron  goods 24 

Socks 13  

Tie  and  clasp 35  $15.10 

Collar 15  Children. 

Dress  goods $  1.31 

$10.53  Coat  goods 2.00 

Mother.  Coat  linings 45 

Dress $  1.60  Muslin 70 

Dress  goods 2.55  Cap 25 

Trimmings 1.06  Shoes 3.92 

House  dress 1.00  Stockings 60 

White  underskirt.; 1.00  Lace 34 

Hat 2.45  Hair  ribbons 95 

Hat  frame 10  Notions 25 

Shoes 2.50  

Shoe  repairs 90  •  $10.77 

*61st  Congress,  2d  Session,  Senate  Document  No.  645,  Vol.  XVI,  op.  cit., 
pp.  239,  240,  243. 


130 


BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND   INDIVIDUALS 


EXPENDITURES. 

Elsv£X  Weeks,  May,  3-June  27,   1913,   March  21-April  10,   1914,  Actually     Recorded 

Expenditures. 

One  Year  (52  Weeks  or  364  Days)  ,  May  3,  1913-May  1, 1914,  Partly  Estimated  Expenditures. 


Item. 

Amount. 

Eleven  Weeks, 
Actually 
Recorded. 

One  Year, 

Partly 
Estimated. 

Date  (date  indicates  the  first  day  of  a 
four-week  period). 

May 

3, 
1913 

May 
31 

Mar. 

21, 

19141 

Total. 

Total. 

Total. 

Total. 

House: 

Rent 

$8.00 
.72 
6.06 
2.25 
1.25 
6.78 
1.98 
1.34 

4.48 

1.45 

.73 

26.32 

2.003 
.10 

2.90 
.22 

1.80 

.05 

1.70 

.11 
.40 

$8.00 

3.78 

3.22 

.70 

5.61 

2.48 
1.69 

2.60 

.85 

.40 

21.33 

2.50 

.30 

1.60 

1.00* 
.15 

$8.00 

.30 

4.58 

2.82 

1.35 

2.40 

1.44 

1.30 

.47 

4.09 

.59 

1.50 

20.54 

1.64 

12.28 

.55 

1.40 

.02 

.20 

$24.00 
1.02 

14.42 
8.29 
3.30 

14.79 

5.90 

4.33 

.47 

11.17 
2.89 
2.63 

2.00 
.10 

4.54 
.22 

$25.02 

68.19 

6.86 

16.58 

.90 

4.70 

.02 

1.00 
.11 
.75 

$96,002 
27.00 

■ 

2.00 
4.00 
12.00 
2.50 
10.532 
15.102 
10.772 

Fuel  and  light 

$123,00 

Food:  Meats. . . 

Dairy  products 

Eggs 

Staples  ... 

Vegetables 

Fruits 

Cereals 

Baked  goods 

Beverages 

Miscellaneous 

Food  Total 

338.00 

Household  Expenses: 

Furniture 

Furnishings 

General  supplies 

Laundry 

20.50 

Clothing:  Father . . 

Mother ! 

Children...    . 

Clothing  Total 

36.402 

Medical  attention 

5.00 

Insurance 

20  802 

Dues 

Reading  matter .... 

1.00 

Church 

Charity 

Recreation . . . 

4.00 

Pocket  money:  Children 

1.50 

Car  fare 

5.00 

Gifts 

Total  expenditures,  11  weeks,  actuall 

y  recor 
rded. 

ded 

$124.13 
109.50 

Total  income,  11  weeks,  actually  reco 

Deficit 

$  14.63 

- 

Total  expenditures,  one  year,  partly  estimated . 
Total  income,  one  year,  partly  estimated . 
Deficit 


$555.20 

540.00 

$  15.20 


Debts. 

Debts  paid 

1  6.72  1   9.25  1 

1.89  1 

$17.86 
$32.49 

$17.86 

Total  deficit 

$33.06 

Savings. 

Children's  bank 

1     .301           1 

1 

.30||               1           .30 

1  Three  weeks  only. 

2  Actually  recorded. 


3  Ice  chest. 
*  Picnic. 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  131 

FAMILY   NO.   23. 

Membership  and  Occupation. 

Member.  Age,  Years.  Occupation. 

Father 37  Stationary  engineer. 

Mother Deceased. 

First  daughter 14  In  school. 

Second  daughter 12  In  school. 

Third  daughter 9  In  school. 

Fourth  daughter 7  In  school. 

First  son .^ 5  In  day  nursery. 

Second  son 3  In  day  nursery. 

Type  of  Family. — This  is  an  American  family.  The  father  has 
lived  in  Kensington  for  the  past  twenty-five  years.  The  mother 
died  a  short  time  before  the  study  of  this  family  was  begun.  Since 
her  death  Mr.  Z.  has  been  sending  the  younger  children  to  a 
nursery  while  he  is  at  work  during  the  day.  All  of  the  children  take 
their  meals  at  the  nursery,  except  on  Saturday  evenings  and 
Sundays,  when  the  oldest  daughter  cooks  the  meals  for  the  family 
at  home. 

'  The  Account. — Mr,  Z.  was  willing  to  have  his  budget  made  use 
of  by  the  investigators,  but  he  said  it  would  be  useless  for  him  to 
keep  a  daily  record,  because  his  expenses  were  practically  the  same 
week  after  week.  Out  of  his  wage  of  $15  per  week,  he  pays  the 
nursery  $2  per  week  for  boarding  the  children;  his  own  meals  at 
a  restaurant  cost  $3  per  week;  laundry  expenditure  is  fifty  cents 
per  week;  insurance,  sixty-eight  cents  per  week;  and  clothing, 
''just  what  is  necessary."  A  partly  estimated  summary  of  the 
budget  for  one  year  (March  1,  1913-February  28,  1914)  is  given 
in  the  table  for  this  family. 

House. — The  house  which  this  family  occupies  is  situated  on 
one  of  the  narrow  streets  in  the  mill  district.  It  is  of  brick,  and 
has  four  rooms,  two  of  which  are  used  for  sleeping.  There  is  a 
toilet  in  the  yard,  but  the  house  has  no  bath  tub.  The  kitchen  has  a 
coal  range  and  a  hot-plate.  The  only  method  of  heating  the 
house  is  by  the  kitchen  range.     The  rent  is  $11  per  month. 

Standard  of  Living. — The  children  are  given  sufficient  food  at  the 
nursery,  and  the  father  probably  gets  sufficient  food  at  the  res- 
taurant. With  regard  to  the  items  of  the  budget  other  than  food, 
and  possibly  clothing,  this  family  is  below  any  recognized  fair 
standard. 


132  BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 

INCOME. 

One  Year  (52  Weeks  or  364  Days),  March  1,  1913-February  28,  1914, 
Actually  Recorded  Income. 
*    Father,  wages,  52  weeks  @  $15.00 $780.00 

EXPENDITURES. 

One  Year  (52  Weeks  or  364  Days),  March  1,  1913-February  28,   1914, 

Partly  Estimated  Expenditures. 

Summary. 

Rent $132.00' 

Fuel  and  light ,.     30.00 

Food •. 312.00 

General  supplies 12.00 

Laundry 28.00 

Clothing 145.00 

Medical  attention 5.00 

Insurance 35.36^ 

Reading  matter 4.00 

Recreation 12.00 

Pocket  money: 

Father $52.00 

ChUdren 5.00  57.00 

Car  fare 5.00 

Total  expenditures,  one  year,  partly  estimated $777.36 

Total  income,  one  year,  actually  recorded 780.00 

Balance $    2.64 

^  Actually  recorded. 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  133 


CHAPTER  II. 

PREVAILING   STANDARDS   OF  LIVING  AMONG  TEXTILE-MILL 

WORKERS*   FAMILIES   IN  THE   NORTHEAST   SECTION 

OF  PHILADELPHIA. 

A  SUGGESTED  BUDGET,  FAIR  STANDARD,  FOR  A  TEX- 
TTLE-MILL  WORKER'S  FAMILY  OF  FIVE,  CONSIST- 
ING OF  A  FATHER,  A  MOTHER,  A  GIRL  OF  10, 
A  BOY  OF  6,  AND  A  BOY  OF  4,i  FOR  ONE 
YEAR,  1913  OR  1914. 

DETERMINATION   OF  A  FAIR  STANDARD. 

Whether  a  standard  of  living  may  be  considered  fair  or  not, 
depends,  to  a  great  extent,  upon  the  customs  and  aims  of  the 
persons  to  whom  it  is  applied.  In  the  present  attempt  to  deter- 
mine what  is  a  fair  standard  for  a  Kensington  mill  worker's  family ,^ 
the  various  items  that  enter  into  the  actual  budgets  of  families 
of  the  district  have  been  taken  into  consideration,  and  an  effort  has 
^been  made  to  include  in  the  standard,  for  the  most  part,  only 
those  things  which  the  majority  of  Kensington  mill  workers' 
families  are  striving  to  attain,  and  which  they  consider  essential 
to  a  fair  standard  of  living.  The  purpose  has  not  been  to  impose 
upon  these  families  an  ideal  standard.  In  the  case  of  but  two 
items  of  the  budget, — namely,  insurance  and  savings,  has  a  departure 
been  made  from  the  rule  of  basing  the  suggested  budget  upon  the 
actual  budgets  of  Kensington  families.  Under  the  heading  which 
covers  these  two  items  the  investigators  have  advocated  what 
they  regard,  for  a  workingman's  family,  as  the  wisest  method  of 
accumulating  a  savings  fund,  and  of  protecting  the  family  income, 
at  the  same  time. 

Previous  writers  on  workingmen's  budgets  have  dealt  at  length 
with  the  items,  such  as  food,  shelter,  and  clothing,  which  have  to 
do  with  the  immediate  needs  of  a  family;  the  items,  however,  which 
have  to  do  with  future  needs, — namely,  insurance  and  savings, 
have    received    far   from    adequate    attention.     The    question    of 

^  In  order  to  suggest  a  concrete  budget,  it  has  been  necessary  to  take  children 
of  definite  age  and  sex,  since  the  amount  needed  for  the  support  of  individuals 
varies  according  to  age  and  sex. 


134  BUDGETS    OF    FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 

making  provision  for  the  continuation  of  the  family  income,  in 
part,  at  least,  in  the  event  of  the  wage-earner's  disability  or  death, 
is  believed  by  the  present  investigators  to  be  quite  as  important 
as  ihsit  of  supplying  the  family  with  the  food,  shelter,  and  clothing 
needed  in  the  immediate  present.  Because  of  the  importance  of 
making  provision  for  the  future,  particular  stress  is  placed  upon 
the  items  insurance  and  savings,  in  the  budget  here  suggested, 
and  what  might  otherwise  appear  to  be  an  undue  allotment  of 
space  to  these  items  of  the  budget,  is  felt  to  be  justified  on  the 
ground  of  their  having  hitherto  received  so  little  attention. 

RENT. 

An  expenditure  of  $15  per  month  for  rent  in  Kensington,  enables^ 
a  family  to  live  in  a  seven-room,  two-story,  brick  house,  with 
modern  conveniences,  including  a  bath.  Three  of  the  rooms  may 
be  used  for  sleeping  purposes.  An  allowance  of  $15  per  month, 
or  $180  per  year,  is  therefore  suggested  for  rent,  for  a  fair  standard 
budget  for  a  Kensington  mill  worker's  family  consisting  of  five 
members. 

FUEL  AND  LIGHT. 

An  expenditure  of  $2  per  month  for  the  three  summer  months, 
and  an  average  of  $5  per  month  for  the  remaining  nine  months  of 
the  year,  will  probably  provide  sufficient  fuel  and  light  for  a  family 
of  two  adults  and  three  children,  in  the  Kensington  district.  An 
allowance  of  $51  per  year  is  therefore  suggested  as  a  fair  amount 
for  this  heading. 

FOOD. 

In  order  to  determine  upon  an  amount  that  might  be  considered 
a  fair  allowance  for  food,  it  was  necessary  to  ascertain  the  cost 
of  some  dietary  which  contains  all  of  the  food  elements  needed  by 
the  body,  in  their  proper  proportions.  Following  is  a  list  of  articles 
with  retail  prices  thereof,  in  a  dietary  plan  for  a  family  of  two 
adults  and  three  children,  for  one  week,  prescribed  by  the  Depart- 
ment of  Health  of  the  City  of  New  York  in  a  bulletin  of  May  5, 
1916,2  the  articles  embraced  in  the  list  having  been  "selected  with 
great  care  so  as  to  provide  a  well  balanced  diet  at  a  very  low  cost": 

^  Throughout  the  discussion  of  this  suggested  budget,  the  present  tense  has 
reference  to  the  years  1913  and  191-4 . 

2  Department  of  Health,  City  of  New  York,  Press  Bulletin  No.  444,  May  o, 
1916.  This  dietary  plan  was  published  also  in  the  Weekly  Bulletin  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Health,  City  of  New  York,  May  13,  1916;  it  was  printed  also  on  card 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  135 

One  Week's  Food  Supply  for  a  Family  of  Five. 

1  lb.  butter $  .42 

1  bag  sugar  (31  pounds) 24 

1  lb.  rice 08 

1  lb.  dried  peas 09 

1  lb.  beans 09 

1  lb.  farina 06 

1  lb.  oatmeal 05 

1  box  cocoa  (i  pound) 10 

1  lb.  prunes 15 

1  lb.  onions 04 

6  lbs.  potatoes 22 

1  head  of  cabbage  (medium  size) 05 

1  lb.  cheese 22 

2  doz.  eggs 60 

/[  2  lbs.  of  meat  daily  at  20  cents  lb 2.80 

t'    2  loaves  of  bread  daily  at  8  cents  each 1.12 

2  qts.  of  milk  daily  at  7  cents 98 

Total $7.31 

For  babies  and  young  children,  use  only  Grade  A  milk.  This  costs 
9  cents  a  quart.  In  summer,  fresh  fruit  should  be  used  instead  of 
prunes. 

According  to  the  bulletin,  the  list  of  foods  in  this  dietary  plan 
had  been  tested  for  about  two  years  by  the  Social  Service  Depart- 
ment of  the  Beth  Israel  Hospital,  and  the  nutritional  results  had 
indicated  that  the  diet  combined  all  of  the  food  elements  needed 
by  the  body.  ''Calculations  made  by  the  Bureau  of  Public  Health 
Education  of  the  Department  of  Health,"  the  bulletin  states, 
''show  that  the  diet  provides  approximately  9,500  calories  a  day. 
On  the  assumption  that  the  family  consists  of  two  adults  and  three 
children,  this  is  ample.  Moreover,  the  food  supplies  450  grams  of 
protein  daily,  which  means  that  it  contains  a  sufficient  amount  of 
building  and  repair  material.  Attention  has  also  been  paid  to  a 
proper  adjustment  of  acids  and  bases,  and  to  the  provision  of 
those  necessary  constituents  known  as  vit amines."  The  Depart- 
ment of  Health  suggests  that  the  food  be  distributed  as  follows: 
The  head  of  the  family  and  chief  worker  to  receive  3,000  calories; 
the  mother,  2,500  calories;  one  child  to  receive  1,600  calories,  and 
two  children  to  receive  approximately  1,200  calories  each. 

105  A  —  1916,  entitled  One  Week's  Food  Supply  for  a  Family  of  Five,  Prepared 
by  the  Social  Service  Department  of  the  Beth  Israel  Hospital,  and  Published 
for  free  distribution  by  the  Bureau  of  Public  Health  Education,  Department  of 
Health,  City  of  New  York. 


136  BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 

According  to  Dr.  Charles  F.  Bolduan,  who  calculated  the  food 
value  of  the  proposed  diet,  it  was  not  necessary  that  the  same  foods 
be  consumed  week  after  week.  In  order  to  show  that  a  varied  diet 
was  possible,  the  Department  of  Health  issued,  along  with  the 
above-mentioned  bulletin,  a  list  of  sample  menus  which  could  be 
served  to  a  family  of  five,  at  a  cost  of  $7.30  per  week.  Some  of 
the  menus^  follow : 

"Breakfast — Farina,  with  milk  and  sugar,  cocoa,  toast. 
Dinner — Scalloped  eggs,  baked  potato,  bread  and  butter. 
Supper — Macaroni  and  cheese,  bread  and  butter. 

Breakfast — Oatmeal  with  milk  and  sugar,  cocoa,  toast. 
Dinner — Baked  beans,  stewed  tomatoes,  bread  and  butter. 
Supper — Rice  and  lentils,  cocoa,  gingerbread. 

Breakfast — Rice  and  milk,  cocoa,  toast. 

Dinner — Pot  roast,  potatoes,  baked  apple. 

Supper — Cream  of  tomato  soup,  milk,  bread  and  butter. 

Breakfast — Cornmeal  and  milk,  cocoa,  toast. 

Dinner — Meat  pie,  spinach,  prunes  stewed. 

Supper — Baked  rice  and  cheese,  milk,  bread  and  butter. 

Breakfast — Stewed  apricots,  oatmeal  with  milk  and  sugar,  cocoa,  bread  and 

butter. 
Dinner — Lamb  and  gravy,  boiled  potatoes,  peas,  bread,  stewed  peaches. 
Supper — Cocoa,  cake,  bread  and  butter,  bananas  with  sugar  and  milk." 

The  articles  in  the  foregoing  dietary  plan  having  been  pronounced 
by  the  Department  of  Health  of  the  City  of  New  York  to  contain 
sufficient  nutriment  for  a  family  of  two  adults  and  three  children, 
for  one  week,  they  may  be  taken  as  a  fair  standard  of  diet  for  a 
Kensington  mill  worker's  family  of  that  size,  for  one  week.  Since 
there  was  no  appreciable  change  in  food  prices  between  the  period 
for  which  the  budget  in  the  present  chapter  is  computed  (1913- 
1914)  and  the  date  of  issuance  of  the  bulletin  containing  the  New 
York  dietary  plan  (May  5,  1916),^  and  since  retail  food  prices  in 

1  The  New  York  Times,  May  7,  1916,  Article  entitled:  "Call  $7.50  a  Week 
Enough  to  Feed  Five." 

2  For  retail  prices  of  principal  articles  of  food  in  Philadelphia  in  March,  1916, 
as  compared  with  the  prices  of  the  same  in  Philadelphia  in  March,  1913,  and  in 
March,  1914,  see  Appendix  B.  For  detailed  information  with  regard  to  move- 
ments of  food  prices,  and  also  for  comparison  between  food  prices  in  New  York 
and  those  in  Philadelphia,  the  reader  is  referred  to  the  bulletins  of  the  Bureau 
of  Labor  Statistics,  U.  S.  Department  of  Labor,  on  Retail  Prices,  especially 
Bulletin  No.  228,  Retail  Prices  1907  to  December,  1916-. 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  137 

Philadelphia  do  not  differ  to  any  great  extent  from  those  in  New 
York,  the  cost  of  the  New  York  dietary  plan  may  be  adopted  in 
the  present  budget  as  a  fair  expenditure  for  food, — it  being  within 
the  limits  of  accuracy  required  for  the  purpose  of  this  budget.  An 
allowance  of  $7.31  per  week,  or  $380.12  per  year,  is  therefore  sug- 
gested for  food,  for  a  fair  standard  budget  for  a  Kensington  mill 
worker's  family  consisting  of  two  adults  and  three  children,  for  the 
period  to  which  the  present  budget  is  intended  to  be  applicable 
(1913-1914). 

A  weekly  expenditure  of  $7.31  for  food,  for  a  family  consisting 
of  a  father,  a  mother,  a  girl  of  ten,  a  boy  of  six,  and  a  boy  of  four, — 
such  a  family  being  equivalent  to  3.3  man  units,^ — would  amount 
to  an  expenditure  of  $2.22  per  week  per  man  unit.  A  comparison 
of  this  amount  with  the  amount  spent  per  week  per  man  unit  for 
food  by  each  of  the  twenty-three  families  of  this  study,  can  be 
made  by  means  of  the  table  on  page  15.  From  the  same  table  can 
also  be  ascertained  what  the  food  expenditure  of  each  of  the  twenty- 
three  families  would  have  been,  on  the  basis  of  the  $2.22  per  week 
per  man  unit  required  by  the  New  York  dietary  plan. 

CLOTHING. 

The  amounts  allowed  in  the  government  report  for  a  fair  standard 
of  ^clothing  for  the  different  members  of  a  Fall  River  mill  worker's 
family,^  may  be  adopted  for  a  Kensington  mill  worker's  family, 
provided  the  allowance  of  $33.75  for  the  mother,  and  that  of  $25.35 
for  a  ten  year  old  daughter,  be  increased  to  $50  and  $30,  respectively. 
The  amounts  allowed  for  clothing  in  the  present  suggested  budget 
will  then  be  as  follows:  father,  $45.75;  mother,  $50;  daughter 
ten  years  old,  $30;  son  six  years  old,  $17.45;  son  four  years  old, 
$14.50;  total,  $157.70. 

MEDICAL  ATTENTION. 

A  fair  standard  budget  must  allow  for  medical  attention, 
which  here  covers  dental  and  optical,  as  well  as  medical  services, 
and  the  filling  of  prescriptions.  Since  the  amount  needed  for  these 
items  necessarily  varies  in  different  families  for  any  one  year,  and 
in  the  same  fataily  for  different  years,  it  is  impossible  to  set  a 
figure  for  this  heading  that  will  meet  the  requirements  in  all  cases. 
As  a  rule,  the  adult  members  of  the  textile-mill  workers'  families  of 

1  See  p.  14. 

2  61st  Congress,  2d  Session,  Senate  Document  No.  645,  Vol.  XVI,  op.  cit., 
pp.  239,  240,  243.     See  also  Appendix  A  of  this  study. 


138  BUDGETS    OF    FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 

Kensington  belong  to  lodges,  the  dues  for  which  entitle  the  members 
to  sick  benefits,  and  also  to  the  services  of  the  lodge  physicians. 
Inasmuch,  therefore,  as  provision  is  made  in  this  suggested  budget 
fgr  lodge  membership  for  the  father  and  the  mother,  the  con- 
tingency of  prolonged  illness  on  the  part  of  either  of  them  is  met, 
to  some  extent,  by  this  provision.  Lodge  assistance  will,  however, 
not  be  available  in  the  event  of  illness  on  the  part  of  the  children. 
An  expenditure  of  $27  will,  perhaps,  when  the  privileges  that  go 
with  lodge  membership  are  taken  into  consideration,  cover,  in  an 
average  year,  the  cost  of  dental,  optical,  and  medical  services,  and 
the  filling  of  prescriptions,  for  a  family  of  five,  whose  naembers  are 
ordinarily  in  good  health.  A  yearly  allowance  of  $27,  therefore, 
while  it  will  by  no  means  cover  all  emergencies,  is  suggested  as  a 
fair  amount  for  this  heading. 

INSURANCE  AND   SAVINGS. 

The  families  of  this  study  in  almost  every  case  carried  industrial 
insurance,  usually  ten  cents  per  week  for  each  adult,  and  five  cents 
per  week  for  each  child.  The  present  investigators  agree  with  the 
New  York  Association  for  Improving  the  Condition  of  the  Poor, 
and  with  the  Massachusetts  Widows'  Pension  authorities,  in 
believing  that  the  custom  of  taking  out  industrial  insurance  policies 
for  children,  for  the  purpose  of  covering  burial  expenses,  should  be 
discouraged,  since  the  price  paid  for  insurance  of  this  kind  is  alto- 
gether beyond  the  economic  and  social  value  that  it  has.  For  the 
same  reason, — ^its  high  cost  in  proportion  to  its  economic  and  social 
returns, — industrial  insurance  is  not  advocated  even  for  the  adults 
of  the  family,  in  the  present  study. 

A  budget  that  is  to  be  considered  fair,  however,  for  a  working- 
man's  family  that  is  entirely  dependent  upon  the  daily  earnings 
of  the  father,  should  make  provision  for  the  continuation,  in  part, 
at  least,  of  the  family  income,  in  the  event  of  the  father's  disability 
or  death.  A  savings  account  with  one  of  the  inany  excellent 
savings  fund  societies  or  building  and  loan  associations  of  the  city  of 
Philadelphia,  might  be  suggested  to  fill  this  need  in  the  Kensington 
mill  worker's  budget.  The  drawback  to  the  method  of  providing 
for  the  future  by  saving  annually  a  stipulated  sum  through  a  savings 
fund  society  or  a  building  and  loan  association,  is  the  uncertainty 
of  the  savings  period, — the  possibility  that  it  may  at  any  time  be  cut 
short  by  the  wage-earner's  death.  The  prime  requisite  in  the  provi- 
sion for  the  future  support  of  dependents,  obviously  is  absolute  cer- 
tainty,Siud  this  can  best  be  secured  by  means  of  a  life  insurance  policy. 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


139 


Besides  performing  the  primary  function  of  an  insurance  policy, — 
that  of  partly  capitalizing  the  value  of  the  wage-earner's  life,  and 
thus  guaranteeing  to  his  family  an  income  in  the  case  of  his  disability 
or  death, — one  type  of  life  insurance  policy, — namely,  the  long 
term  endowment  policy,  is  particularly  adapted  to  perform  the 
additional  function  of  creating  a  savings  fund.  The  annual  prem- 
ium charged  for  such  a  policy,  as  well  as  the  face  of  the  policy  at 
any  given  interval,  is  mathematically  resolvable  into  a  savings 
fund  portion  and  an  insurance  portion. 

Suppose,  for  example,  that  the  father  in  a  Kensington  family 
of  five,  takes  out,  at  the  age  of  thirty-five,  a  $3,000  thirty-year 
participating  endowment  policy.  The  rate  charged  by  one  of 
the  well-established  companies  for  such  a  policy,  is  an  annual 
premium  of  $94.32.^     In  order  to  find  what  part  of  this  premium 

^  This  is  the  gross  annual  premium.  The  amount  allowed  for  insurance  and 
savings  in  the  present  suggested  budget,  is  based  upon  the  gross  annual  premium, 
since  thifl  premium  represents  the  cost  of  the  insurance  to  the  poUcy  holder  for 
the  first  year.  For  each  subsequent  year,  however,  the  annual  cost  of  the  insur- 
ance will  be  materially  lessened  by  the  dividends  (principally  refunds  because  of 
redundant  premiums  charged)  which  are  customarily  paid  by  the  insurance 
companies.  Following  is  the  actual  record,  on  a  $1,000  basis,  of  the  dividends 
paid  on  a  thirty-year  participating  endowment  poHcy  taken  out  at  age  thirty- 
five,  and  maturing  in  1918,  in  the  company  referred  to  above: 


Age  35,  30-Year  Endowment,  Yearly  Premium  $31.44. 


End  of  Policy  Year. 

Dividend. 

End  of  Policy  Year. 

Dividend. 

2d 

$4.74 

17th 

$      6.99 

3d 

3.82 

18th 

10.98* 

4th 

4.16 

19th 

7.64 

5th 

4.51 

20th 

7.97 

6th 

4.87 

21st 

8.28 

7th 

5.25 

22d 

8.59 

8th 

5.63 

23d 

9.63 

9th 

6.03 

24th 

9.86 

10th 

6.46 

25th 

10.06 

11th 

5.16 

26th 

10.21 

12th 

5.45 

27th 

10.29 

13th 

5.74 

28th 

10.89 

14th 

6.05 

29th 

10.83 

isih 

6.36 

30th 

27.67t 

16th 

6.66 

Total 

$230.78 

*  Including  extra  dividend  of  $3.66* 
t  Including  maturing  dividend  of  $17.04. 
10 


140  BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 

is  the  savings  fund  portion,  and  what  part,  the  insurance  portion, 
it  must  be  ascertained  what  sum,  payable  at  the  beginning  of  each 
year,  will  accumulate  at  compound  interest  to  $3,000  in  thirty 
Xears.  Based  on  the  assumption  of  a  conservative  rate  of  interest, — 
three  and  one-half  per  cent,  is  taken  in  this  case, — the  amount  is 
found  to  be  $56.16.  That  amount,  therefore,  may  be  considered 
the  savings  fund  portion,  and  the  difference  between  that  amount 
and  the  total  premium,  may  be  considered  the  insurance  and 
expense  portion,  of  the  premium. 

The  amount  corresponding  to  the  savings  fund  portion  of  this 
premium,  if  deposited  annually  with  a  savings  fund*  institution, 
would,  at  the  end  of  ten  years,  accumulate  to  $681.78  (compound 
interest,  three  and  one-half  per  cent.) ;  at  the  end  of  twenty  years, 
to  $1,643.49;  at  the  end  of  twenty-five  years,  to  $2,263.80;  at  the 
end  of  thirty  years,  to  $3,000.  These  figures,  therefore,  will  repre- 
f  ent  the  savings  fund  portion  of  the  face  of  the  $3,000  thirty-year 
endowment  policy  at  corresponding  intervals,  and  the  difference 
between  any  one  of  these  figures  and  $3,000,  will  represent  the  term 
insurance  portion  at  that  particular  interval.  The  relation  between 
the  term  insurance  portion  and  the  savings  fund  portion  of  the  face 
of  the  poKcy  may  be  illustrated  thus : 

Term  Insurance + Savings  Fund  =  Face  of  Policy. 
At  the  start,  $3,000.00     +    $     00.00     =     $3,000.00  (obtained  in  case  of 

premature  death). 
End  of  10th  year,    2,318.22     +         681.78     =       3,000.00  (obtained  in  case  of 

premature  death). 
End  of  20th  year,    1,356.51     +       1,643.49     =       3,000.00  (obtained  in  case  of 
\  premature  death). 

End  of  25th  year,       736.20     +      2,263.80     =       3,000.00  (obtained  in  case  of 

premature  death). 
End  of  30th  year         00.00    +      3,000.00     =      3,000.00  (obtained    on    sur- 
(maturity  of  contract),  vival    of    30-year 

period). 

Total  premiums • $943.20 

Less  dividends 230.78 

Net  cost $712.42 

Average  net  cost  per  year $23.75 

In  case  the  insurance  is  purchased  on  the  non-participating  stock  plan,  the 
initial  premium  will  be  considerably  smaller  than  the  $94.32  mentioned  above, 
since  the  company  issuing  such  a  policy  discounts  future  dividends  which  are 
reasonably  certain  of  being  earned,  and  gives  the  insured  the  benefit  of  the  same 
in  advance,  in  the  form  of  a  lower  premium. 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  141 

In  addition  to  guaranteeing  an  estate  at  once,  life  insurance 
therefore  offers  a  method  of  saving  which  is  admirably  adapted 
to  the  putting  of  small  sums  of  money  to  prompt  and  profitable 
use.  This  method  of  saving  is  absolutely  safe,  provided  the  insur- 
ance is  purchased  from  a  well-established  company,  and  it  has, 
moreover,  the  great  advantage  of  making  methodical  thrift  com- 
pulsory. 

With  the  exception  of  pure  term  insurance  policies,  the  usual 
forms  of  life  insurance  policies  grant  cash  surrender,  policy  loan, 
paid-up  policy,  or  paid-up  term  policy  privileges, — these  usually 
being  in  force  after  the  premium  for  the  third  year  has  been  paid. 
At  any  time  after  these  privileges  are  in  force,  a  policy  may  be 
surrendered  for  its  full,  or  almost  full,  reserve  value  at  the  time  of 
such  surrender,  or  the  savings  fund  portion  of  the  policy  may  be 
borrowed  from  the  company  almost  to  its  full  extent,  at  a  reasonable 
rate  of  interest,  the  policy  continuing  as  before  upon  the  repayment 
of  the  loan. 

It  is  realized  by  the  investigators  that  the  families  of  wage- 
earners,  such  as  those  with  whom  this  study  deals,  may  at  any 
time  be  confronted  with  the  urgent  necessity  for  funds.  Under 
such  circumstances,  the  various  privileges  just  enumerated  may 
prove  a  blessing.  Most  policy  holders  among  the  class  of  textile- 
mill  /workers  would  not,  in  the  absence  of  life  insurance,  have 
saved  the  sums  represented  by  the  value  of  their  policies.  It  is 
highly  desirable,  however,  to  impress  wage-earners  with  the  fact 
that  the  value  of  their  policies  should  be  utilized  only  in  case  of 
absolute  necessity,  and  that  where  a  loan  must  be  obtained,  the 
policy  should  be  restored  to  complete  standing  as  soon  as  possible. 
The  aim  should  always  be  to  carry  the  insurance  to  successful 
completion,  since  its  underlying  purposes  are  protection  against 
premature  death  and  support  for  old  age. 

It  is,  moreover,  important  to  provide  that  the  proceeds  of  a 
policy,  either  upon  the  death  of  the  insured,  or  upon  his  survival 
of  the  endowment  period,  be  made  payable  on  the  continuous 
installment  plan,  preferably  on  the  monthly  installment  plan. 
By  means  of  the  continuous  installment  plan,  absolute  cer- 
tainty of  income  is  assured,  while  loss  of  the  insurance  proceeds 
through  ill-advised  expenditure  or  through  unwise  investment,  is 
precluded.  It  is  desirable  that  the  policy  should  also  contain  an 
agreement  providing  for  the  payment  of  the  insurance  in  install- 
ments  (preferably  on  the   'Hen  installments  certain,  continuous 


142  BUDGETS    OF   FAMILIES   AND   INDIVIDUALS 

income  plan"),  in  the  event  of  the  total  disability  of  the  insured, 
to  be  followed  by  the  maturity  of  the  contract  for  its  full  amount, 
upon  the  actual  death  of  the  disabled  insured,  again  on  the  install- 
ment plan.^ 

Because  of  its  many  advantageous  features,  it  appears  to  the 
investigators  that,  as  a  rule,  a  long  term  endowment  life  insurance 
policy  offers  the  wisest  method  of  saving,  for  a  workingman  with 
dependents,  at  the  same  time  that  it  guarantees  a  continuation  of 
income  in  the  event  of  his  premature  death.  An  allowance  of  $100 
per  year  is  suggested  to  cover  insurance  and  savings,  in  a  fair  stand- 
ard budget  for  a  family  of  five  in  the  Kensington  mill  district,  and 
it  is  advocated  that  this  entire  amount  be  used  to  purchase  a  long 
term  endowment  policy  from  a  company  of  good  standing.  The 
preceding  discussion  shows  that  this  amount  will  buy  a  thirty-year 
endowment  policy  of  something  around  $3,000,  if  taken  out  at  age 
thirty-five.2  Where  a  mill  worker's  family  wishes  to  purchase  a 
home  through  a  building  and  loan  association,  such  investment  is 
considered  by  the  investigators  to  have  many  desirable  features, 
provided  the  father  also  carries  term  insurance,  or  some  other  form 
of  insurance,  for  the  protection  of  his  family.  Where,  unfortunately, 
because  of  disease  or  unfavorable  family  history,  the  father  of  a 
family  is  not  insurable,  investment  of  the  $100  in  approved  govern- 
ment securities,  in  a  savings  fund  institution,  or  in  a  building  and 
loan  association,  is  recommended. 

^For  a  discussion  of  endowment  insurance,  see  Huebner,  Solomon  S.,  Life 
Insurance,  Chapter  VIII,  New  York,  1915.  All  of  Part  I  of  Professor  Huebner's 
book  deals  with  the  advantages  of  life  insurance. 

2  A  man  at  the  age  of  thirty-five  is  taken  in  the  present  illustration,  because 
of  the  fact  that  the  family  for  which  the  budget  in  this  chapter  is  suggested, 
consists  of  a  father,  a  mother,  and  three  children,  the  oldest  child  being  ten  years 
of  age.  It  is,  however,  recommended  by  the  investigators,  that  any  man  em- 
ployed in  the  textile  industry,  who  is  married  or  who  expects  to  be  married, 
insure  his  life  as  early  as  possible.  The  earher  the  age  at  which  a  man  buys 
an  endowment  poUcy  of  the  aforementioned  type,  the  smaller  is  the  absolute 
monetary  outlay  required  to  purchase  the  policy.  It  is  not  the  intention  of  the 
investigators,  moreover,  to  stipulate  that  the  endowment  poUcy  should  neces- 
sarily mature  at  age  sixty-five.  It  is  felt,  however,  that  such  a  poUcy  should 
mature  not  later  than  at  age  sixty-five,  since  the  family  is  quite  likely  to  need 
some  supplementary  income  by  that  time.  The  earning  power  of  a  man  em- 
ployed in  the  textile  industry,  is,  in  the  majority  of  cases,  on  the  decline  by  the 
time  he  reaches  age  sixty-five,  and  in  many  cases  it  is  on  the  decline  by  the  time 
he  reaches  age  sixty. 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  143 

LODGE  AND  UNION  DUES. 

Since  it  is  customary  for  the  adult  members  of  the  textile-mill 
workers'  families  of  Kensington  to  belong  to  lodges,  provision  should 
be  made,  in  a  fair  standard  budget,  for  lodge  membership  for  the 
father  and  the  mother.  Inasmuch  as  one  of  the  primary  functions 
of  a  lodge  is  that  of  providing  income  in  the  form  of  sick  benefits 
for  its  members,  in  the  event  of  their  illness,  it  is  important  that 
membership  should  be  taken  only  in  lodges  that  are  known  to  have 
their  premium  charges  regulated  by  actuaries  of  recognized  standing. 
Provision  must  also  be  made,  in  the  budget  of  a  textile-mill  worker's 
family,  for  union  membership  for  the  father.  An  allowance  of 
$26  per  year  is  suggested  as  a  fair  amount  to  cover  lodge  and  union 
dues,  in  the  budget  of  a  Kensington  textile-mill  worker's  family 
consisting  of  two  adults  and  three  children. 

READING  MATTER. 

A  fair  standard  budget  should  allow  for  a  week  day  and  a  Sunday 
newspaper,  and  for  a  book  or  a  magazine  now  and  then.  There 
should  also  be  provision  for  postage  and  stationery,  and  for  occa- 
sional telephone  calls, — all  of  which  items  are  here  included  under 
the  Heading  Reading  Matter.  No  provision  needs  to  be  made 
out  of  the  family  income  for  school  books,  since  these  are  furnished 
by  the  city,  to  pupils  attending  the  public  schools.  An  allowance 
of  $10  per  year  is  suggested  as  a  fair  amount  for  this  heading,  for  a 
Kensington  mill  worker's  family  consisting  of  two  adults  and  three 
children. 

CHURCH  AND   CHARITY. 

A  fair  standard  budget  should  provide  for  contributions  to  the 
church.  The  families  of  the  Roman  Catholic  faith  are  expected  to 
contribute  at  least  ten  cents  per  week  for  each  adult  attending 
church.  The  active  adult  members  of  Protestant  churches,  among 
the  mill  workers  of  Kensington,  also  endeavor  to  contribute  at 
least  that  amount.  An  allowance  of  ten  cents  per  week  for  each 
adult  member  of  the  family,  for  church,  and  of  two  cents  per  week 
for  each  child,  for  Bible  school, — or  a  total  yearly  allowance  of 
$13,52, — is  suggested  for  this  heading,  for  a  fair  standard  budget 
for  a  Kensington  mill  worker's  family  consisting  of  two  adults  and 
three  children. 


144  BUDGETS    OF    FAMILIES    AND    INDIVIDUALS 

FURNITURE,  FURNISHINGS,  AND   GENERAL  SUPPLIES. 

Provision  must  be  made  for  furniture,  furnishings,  and  general 
supplies.  Besides  the  occasional  expense  of  articles  of  furniture, 
dnd  of  such  furnishings  as  bedding,  cooking  utensils,  and  dishes, 
there  is  the  more  frequent  expense  of  such  general  supplies  as 
brooms,  scrubbing  brushes,  and  soap  for  laundry,  kitchen,  and  toilet 
purposes.  An  allowance  of  $30  per  year  is  suggested  as  a  fair 
amount  for  this  heading. 

RECREATION  AND  POCKET  MONEY. 

It  is  difficult  to  determine  what  is  a  fair  allowance  for  recreation 
for  a  textile-mill  worker's  family  living  in  a  large  city.  The  problem 
is  complicated  in  the  case  of  the  Kensington  families,  because  of 
their  custom  of  allowing  to  each  income  producer  a  certain  amount 
of  ''pocket  money,"  or  "spending  money,"  which  he  may  spend 
as  he  chooses.  A  father  who  uses  tobacco  and  liquor,  spends  his 
'' pocket  money"  largely  for  these  items.  On  the  other  hand,  a 
father  who  abstains  from  the  use  of  tobacco  or  liquor,  or  both, 
generally  spends  a  part,  at  least,  of  his  "pocket  money"  for  recre- 
ation for  his  family  and  himself.  A  fair  standard  budget  may 
allow  twenty-five  cents  per  week  for  the  father  for  tobacco,  but 
nothing  for  liquor.  An  additional  allowance  of  twenty-five  cents 
per  week  for  each  of  the  adults,  and  of  ten  cents  per  week  for  each 
of  the  children,  may  be  granted  for  recreation,  making  a  total 
yearly  allowance  of  $54.60  for  recreation  and  "pocket  money," 
in  the  case  of  a  family  of  two  adults  and  three  children. 

UNCLASSIFIED. 

A  budget  that  is  to  be  considered  fair  by  the  majority  of  Kensing- 
ton mill  workers'  families,  should  make  some  provision  for  outside 
laundry,  for  occasional  car  fare  (though  not  for  regular  car  fare  to 
and  from  work,  since,  as  a  rule,  a  Kensington  mill  worker  may 
secure  a  suitable  home  near  his  place  of  employment),  for  gifts  to 
friends,  or  to  relatives  who  are  not  of  the  immediate  family,  and  for 
a  small  contingent  fund.  An  allowance  of  $40  per  year  is  suggested 
to  cover  these  items  in  a  fair  standard  budget  for  a  Kensington 
mill  worker's  family  consisting  of  two  adults  and  three  children. 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


145 


RECAPITULATION. 

A  Suggested  Budget,  Fair  Standard,  for  a  Textile-Mill  Worker's  Family 

OP  Five,  Consisting  of  a  Father,  a  Mother,  a  Girl  of  10, 

A  Boy  of  6,  and  a  Boy  of  4,  for  One  Year,  1913  or 

1914.1 


Item. 


Amount. 

Per  Cent. 

$    180.00 

16.82 

51.00 

4.77 

380.12 

35.53 

157.70 

14.74 

27.00 

2.52 

100.00 

9.35 

26.00 

2.43 

10.00 

.93 

13.52 

1.26 

30.00 

2.80 

54.60 

5.10 

40.00 

3.74 

Rent , 

Fuel  and  light 

Food 

Clothing 

Medical  attention 

Insurance  and  savings . . . . 

Lodge  and  union  dues 

Reading  matter 

Church  and  charity 

Furniture,  furnishings,  and  general  supplies 

Recreation  and  pocket  money 

Unclassified 


Total 


$1,069.94 


100.00 


The  father  of  a  family  consisting  of  himself,  his  wife,  a  girl  of 
ten,  a  /boy  of  six,  and  a  boy  of  four,  must  therefore  earn  $1,069.94 
per  year, — that  is,  he  must  be  employed  300  days  in  a  year  at  an 
average  wage  of  $3.57  per  day, — in  order  to  support  his  family  in 
accordance  with  the  standard  that  is  here  suggested  as  fair. 


INCOMES  AND  THEIR  RELATION  TO  STANDARD 
OF  LIVING. 

As  a  rule,  the  children  in  a  Kensington  mill  worker's  family 
become  wage-earners  as  soon  as  they  arrive  at  the  legal  working 
age.  Where  the  children  are  all  under  working  age,  the  father's 
wages  are  sometimes  supplemented  by  income  from  boarders  or 
lodgers,  or  the  mother  may  add  to  the  family  earnings  by  sewing, 
or  by  doing  other  ''home  work."     The  normal  family,  however, 

}  Owing  to  conditions  growing  out  of  the  War,  there  has  been  a  great  advance 
in  the  cost  of  living  between  the  period  for  which  this  budget  was  suggested, 
and  the  date  of  publication  of  this  study.  Some  idea  of  the  extent  to  which  the 
retail  food  prices  of  1917  and  1918  advanced  beyond  those  of  1913  and  1914,  can 
be  had  by  referring  to  Appendix  B. 

The  amounts  in  the  suggested  budget  for  1914,  revised  by  the  use  of  index 
numbers  to  conform  to  the  scale  of  prices  for  March,  1918,  and  March,  1919,  may 
be  found  in  Appendix  C. 


146  BUDGETS    OF   FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 

or  the  family  in  which  the  father  is  the  sole  income  producer  so 
long  as  the  children  are  under  the  legal  working  age,  is  often  found 
in  Kensington;  and  even  where  there  is  some  additional  source  of 
income,  most  of  the  burden  of  support  usually  falls  upon  the  father 
while  the  children  are  young.  It  is  the  normal  type  of  family, — 
the  type  in  which  the  father  is  the  sole  income  producer, — that 
must  be  had  in  mind  in  any  attempt  to  determine  what  is  an  ade- 
quate income  for  a  man  employed  in  the  textile  industry  of  Phila- 
delphia. The  wage  scale  cannot  be  adjusted  on  the  assumption 
that  there  are  several  workers  to  contribute  to  the  family  income. 
The  wages  of  a  man  employed  in  the  textile  industry  ftiust  be  con- 
sidered in  their  relation  to  the  needs  of  a  family;  and  a  family  con- 
sisting of  father,  mother,  and  three  children  under  working  age, 
may  be  counted  of  fair  size  for  a  father  to  be  expected  to  be  able  to 
support. 

Of  the  twenty-three  families  whose  budgets  are  presented  in 
Chapter  I  of  this  study,  the  following  five  were  each  entirely  de- 
pendent upon  one  wage-earner: 

Family  No.  2,  consisting  of  husband  and  wife,  was  supported  by 
the  husband.     His  wages  for  the  year  were  $757.09. 

Family  No.  13,  consisting  of  husband  and  wife,  was  supported 
by  the  husband.  His  wages  for  the  year  were  $572.  (The  wages 
in  this  case  were  not  from  the  textile  industry,  but  were  payment 
for  running  a  restaurant.) 

Family  No.  16,  consisting  of  father,  mother,  and  three  children, 
was  supported  entirely  by  the  father.  Besides  his  wages  as  a 
textile-mill  worker,  however,  the  father  received  a  salary  as  an 
officer  in  a  club,  and  a  salary  as  an  officer  in  his  union;  he  also 
received  an  income  from  the  investment  of  his  former  earnings. 
For  the  twenty-four  weeks  during  which  the  record  of  this  family's 
income  was  kept,  the  father's  wages  averaged  $23.29  per  week; 
his  estimated  wages  for  the  year  were  $1,156. 

Family  No.  19,  consisting  of  father,  mother,  and  one  child,  was 
supported  entirely  by  the  father.  His  wages  for  the  year  1914  were 
$1,188.72. 

Family  No.  23,  consisting  of  father  and  six  children,  was  sup- 
ported entirely  by  the  father.     His  wages  for  the  year  were  $780. 

Two  other  families  among  the  twenty-three  whose  budgets  are 
presented  in  Chapter  I,  were  each  almost  entirely  dependent  upon 
one  wage-earner: 

Family  No.  1,  consisting  of  father,  mother,  and  two  children. 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  147 

was  supported  entirely  by  the  wages  of  the  father,  except  for 
the  additional  income  of  $19.25  paid  by  a  young  woman  boarder 
and  lodger  of  seven  weeks,  $3.25  earned  by  the  mother  by  sewing, 
and  $7.91  received  as  interest  on  savings.  The  father's  wages  for 
the  year  were  $638.74. 

Family  No.  5,  consisting  of  father,  mother,  and  two  children, 
was  supported  entirely  by  the  wages  of  the  father,  except  for  the 
additional  income  of  $15  paid  by  a  man  who  took  his  noonday  meal 
with  the  family  five  days  per  week  for  fifteen  weeks.  The  father's 
wages  for  the  year  were  $810.79. 

In  the  case  of  only  two  of  the  twenty-three  families  of  this  study, 
did  the  father  of  the  family  earn,  during  the  year  of  the  account, 
the  $1,069.94  necessary  for  the  maintenance  of  a  family  of  five  on 
the  basis  of  the  standard  of  living  suggested  as  fair  in  the  present 
chapter;  these  families  were  No.  16,  in  which  the  father  is  a  highly 
skilled  Wilton  carpet  weaver,  and  No.  19,  in  which  the  father  is  a 
highly  skilled  Brussels  carpet  weaver.  The  fathers  in  four  other 
families  could  each  have  earned  the  necessary  average  of  $3.57  per 
day,  had  they  been  employed  300  days,  or  2,700  hours,  during  the 
year;^  these  were  the  father  in  Family  No.  4, — a  loom  fixer  and 
master  weaver  of  textile  fabrics,  the  father  in  Family  No.  5, — a 
Bundhar  carpet  weaver,  the  father  in  Family  No.  6, — a  warp 
dresser  in  a  hosiery  mill,  and  the  father  in  Family  No.  17, — a  Rego 
carpet  weaver. 

In  addition  to  the  income  figures  furnished  by  the  twenty-three 
families  whose  budgets  are  presented  in  Chapter  I,  data  with 
regard  to  the  wages  of  nineteen  representative  men  textile-mill 
workers  were  obtained  by  the  investigators  from  the  pay  rolls  of 
two  Kensington  mills,  with  the  permission  of  the  mill  owners. 
Tables  giving  the  weekly  or  the  bi-weekly  earnings  of  these  nineteen 
men  textile-mill  workers  for  the  year  1912-1913,  or  the  year  1913, 
appear  at  the  end  of  this  chapter.  An  examination  of  these  tables 
shows  that  with  the  1912-1913  scale  of  piecework  wages,  a  Brussels, 
a  French  Wilton,  or  a  Bundhar  carpet  weaver,  if  employed  300  days, 
or  2,700  hours,  per  year,  could  easily  earn  the  $1,069.94  necessary 
for  the  support  of  a  family  of  five  on  the  basis  of  the  standard  of 
living  suggested  as  fair  in  the  present  chapter.  An  ingrain  carpet 
weaver  would  be  unable  to  earn  this  amount  unless  he  were  allowed 
to  operate  two  looms  at  a  time,  or  unless  he  made  an  effort  to 
turn  out  the  most  work  of  which  he  was  capable.  It  is  an  inter- 
esting fact  that  having  pay  day  come  once  a  week  instead  of  once 


148  BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 

in  two  weeks,  as  had  formerly  been  the  case,  resulted  in  an  increase 
in  output  in  one  of  the  mills  studied,  by  furnishing  the  weavers 
with  an  incentive  to  make  extra  efforts,  in  order  to  have  their 
rolls  of  carpet  ready  for  measurement  in  time  for  the  pay  roll  of 
each  week. 

Of  the  other  pieceworkers, — namely,  dye  house  workers  and 
finishers,  among  the  nineteen  men,  the  data  with  regard  to  whose 
wages  were  obtained  from  the  pay  rolls  of  the  two  mills,  none  could 
hope  to  earn  the  $1,069.94  required  by  the  suggested  standard. 
As  for  piecework  positions  in  the  textile  industry  of  Kensington, 
other  than  those  of  the  types  held  by  the  men  in  the  twenty-three 
families  of  Chapter  I,  and  by  the  nineteen  men,  the  data  with 
regard  to  whose  wages  were  obtained  from  the  pay  rolls  of  the 
two  mills, — these  are  held,  for  the  most  part,  by  women  and  girls; 
a  large  part  of  the  ingrain  carpet  weaving  is  also  done  by  women. 

Only  one  of  the  nineteen  men  workers,  the  data  with  regard 
to  whose  wages  were  obtained  from  the  pay  rolls  of  the  two  mills, 
is  paid  otherwise  than  on  a  piecework  basis;  this  is  Finisher  No.  1, 
who  is  paid  $18  per  week,  irrespective  of  the  number  of  hours 
he  is  employed.  His  income  of  $936  per  year  is  considerably  below 
the  amount  required  by  the  suggested  standard. 

VARIATION  IN  WEEKLY  EARNINGS. 

The  income  tables  and  charts  which  appear  in  Chapter  I,  in  the 
detailed  presentation  of  the  budgets  of  the  twenty-three  families 
of  this  study,  show,  in  the  case  of  almost  every  wage-earner,  a 
great  fluctuation  in  the  weekly  or  the  bi-weekly  income;  this 
fluctuation  was  caused,  for  the  most  part,  by  irregularity  in  hours 
at  work.  The  income  tables  and  charts  in  the  following  section, 
based  upon  data  obtained  from  the  pay  rolls  of  two  Kensington 
mills,  and  giving  the  weekly  or  the  bi-weekly  earnings  for  the 
year  1912-1913,  or  the  year  1913,  of  nineteen  men  employed  in 
these  mills,  show  a  similar  fluctuation  in  wages,  caused  also,  for 
the  most  part,  by  irregularity  in  hours  at  work.  The  number  of 
hours  at  work  each  week,  as  well  as  the  wages  received,  is  given 
in  the  case  of  seventeen  of  the  nineteen  men,  in  order  to  show  the 
parallel  relationship  between  wages  earned  and  time  spent  at  work. 
(The  mill  had  no  record  of  the  hours  at  work  of  the  other  two  men.) 

The  irregularity  in  hours  at  work  of  the  nineteen  men,  the  data 
with  regard  to  whose  wages  were  obtained  from  the  pay  rolls  of 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  149 

the  two  mills, — and  the  same  is  true  of  the  irregularity  in  hours  at 
work  in  the  case  of  the  wage-earners  in  the  twenty-three  families 
of  Chapter  I, — was  due  almost  entirely  to  irregularity  of  employ- 
ment in  the  industry.  One  of  the  two  mills  that  furnished  the  pay 
roll  data  is  closed  for  two  weeks  each  summer,  in  order  to  take 
account  of  stock,  clean  boilers,  etc.  The  reason  for  loss  of  time 
for  a  continuous  week  on  the  part  of  any  of  the  nineteen  men,  is 
in  each  case  noted  in  the  table.  Loss  of  time  for  a  part  of  a  week 
was  in  every  case  due  to  irregularity  of  employment  in  the  in- 
dustry. Comparatively  little  time  was  lost  on  account  of  illness, 
by  any  of  the  nineteen  workers. 

The  condition  of  irregularity  of  employment  with  its  consequent 
fluctuation  in  wages,  which  the  wage  tables  and  charts  in  the 
following  section  illustrate,  is  characteristic  of  textile  work  in 
Kensington.  These  nineteen  men  were  selected  by  their  employers 
as  being  representative.  The  very  fact  of  their  being  selected  by 
their  employers  for  the  purpose  of  having  their  wage  data  used  in 
the  present  study,  would  indicate  that  they  were  working  under  as 
favorable  conditions  of  employment  as  were  existent,  at  the  time, 
in  these  two  mills. 

It  is  true  that  employment  in  the  textile  industry  was  somewhat 
more  irregular  than  usual,  in  1913,  on  account  of  the  proposed 
change  in  the  protective  tariff  schedules.  Irregularity  of  employ- 
ment is,  however,  a  typical  condition  of  textile  work  in  Philadelphia 
at  all  times;  and  the  resulting  tendency  of  wages  to  fluctuate, 
which  the  tables  and  charts  in  the  following  section  illustrate,  is 
characteristic,  in  a  greater  or  a  less  degree,  of  any  given  year.  The 
w^ages  of  Ingrain  Carpet  Weaver  No.  1  and  Ingrain  Carpet  Weaver 
No.  2,  which  are  given,  in  the  tables  in  the  following  section,  for 
the  year  beginning  in  May,  1912,  show  a  fluctuation  similar  to 
that  of  the  wages  which  are  given,  in  those  tables,  for  the  calendar 
year  1913;  and  the  loss  of  time  which  resulted  in  this  fluctuation 
in  the  wages  of  these  two  ingrain  carpet  weavers,  was  due  entirely 
to  irregularity  of  employment,  no  time  having  been  lost  by  either 
of  these  weavers  on  account  of  illness,  or  on  account  of  anything 
for  which  they  were  responsible. 

Clearly,  irregularity  of  employment  with  its  consequent  fluctua- 
tion in  wages,  is  one  of  the  chief  factors  to  be  taken  into  considera- 
tion, in  any  attempt  to  readjust  wage  conditions  in  the  textile 
industry  of  Philadelphia  to  meet  the  requirements  of  a  fair  standard 
of  living.     Whether  a  man  employed  as  a  textile-mill  worker  can 


150  BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND   INDIVIDUALS 

earn  an  adequate  income  for  the  support  of  a  family,  is  very  fre- 
quently not  so  much  a  question  of  rate  of  piecework  wages,  as  it 
is  a  question  of  hours  of  employment. 

WAGES  OF  NINETEEN  REPRESENTATIVE   MEN  TEX- 
TILE-MILL WORKERS  IN  THE  NORTHEAST 
SECTION  OF  PHILADELPHIA. 

FIGURES  TAKEN  FROM  THE  PAY  ROLLS  OF  TWO  TEXTILE  MILLS. 

The  following  tables,  based  upon  data  obtained  from  the  pay 
rolls  of  two  textile  mills  of  Kensington,  and  showing  the  wages  of 
nineteen  representative  men  employed  in  several  lines  of  textile 
work,  are  intended  to  supplement  the  wage  figures  given  in  con- 
nection with  the  family  budgets  which  are  presented  in  detail  in 
Chapter  I.  From  these  tables  some  idea  can  be  had  as  to  what 
likelihood  there  is, — on  the  basis  of  the  1912-1913  scale  of  piece- 
work wages, — that  a  man  employed  in  any  one  of  the  lines  of 
textile  work  here  represented,  will  be  able  to  earn  the  $1,069.94 
necessary  for  the  maintenance  of  a  family  of  two  adults  and  three 
children  in  accordance  with  the  standard  of  living  suggested  as 
fair  in  the  present  chapter.  The  tables,  with  the  accompanying 
charts,  also  illustrate  the  characteristic  tendency  of  weekly  or  bi- 
weekly wages  in  these  different  lines  of  textile  work,  to  fluctuate, 
as  the  result  of  irregularity  in  hours  of  employment. 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


151 


Actual  Wages  (Weekly  or  Bi-weeklt),  Average  Wage  per  Week,  and  Total  Wages  per 
Year,  of  19  Men  Textile-Mill  Workers  op  the  Northeast  Section  op  Phila- 
delphia, Together  with  Hours  at  Work  per  Week  and  Total  Hours  at 
Work  per  Year  in  the  Case  of  17  of  the  19  Workers,^  for  the  Year 
1912-1913,  OR  THE  Year  1913. 

Amoxmts  are  recorded  for  weekly  or  bi-weekly  pay  intervals.     In  date  column  is  indicated  the 
first  day  of  each  fourth  week. 


Bundhar  Carpet  Weaver 

No.  1. 

January  3,  1913-January  1, 

1914.     (Chart  No.  4.) 


Date. 


Hrs.    Amount. 


Bundhar  Carpet  Weaver 

No.  2. 

January  3,  1913-January  1, 

1914.     (Chart  No.  5.) 


Date. 


Hrs.    Amount. 


French  Wilton  Carpet  Weaver 

No.  1. 

January  3,  1913-January  1, 

1914.     (Chart  No.  6.) 


Date. 


Hrs.    Amount. 


Jan.     3,  1913 

Jan.   31 

Feb.  28 

Mar.  28 '. 

AprU25 

May  23 

June  20 

July  18 

Aug.  15 

Sept.  12 

Oct.    10 

Nov.    7 

Dec.     5 


$24, 
23, 
24, 
28, 
27. 
28 
24 
21 
19, 
26, 
27. 
20. 
24. 
19, 

7, 
10, 
27. 
26, 
23, 
26, 
19, 
18, 

5, 
19, 
11, 

3, 


Jan.      3,1913 


Jan.    31 


Feb.  28. 
Mar.  28. 
April  25 . 
May  23. 
June  20. 
July  18. 
Aug.  15. 
Sept.  12. 
Oct.  10. 
Nov.  7. 
Dec.     5 . 


2233  $1,120.79 


Jan.     3, 1913. 

Jan.   31 

Feb.  28 

Mar.  28 

April  25 

May  23 

June  20 

July   18 

Aug.  15 

Sept.  12  . .    .  .  . 

Oct.    10 

Nov.    7 

Dec.     5 


$21.59 
16.33 
22.56 
24.52 
28.61 
29.67 
25.75 
26.68 
17.00 
21.39 
12.09 
10.31 
26.73 
19.07 
25.71 
21.79 
30.00 
27.54 
27.65 
25.83 
22.28 
10.16 
11.35 
13.27 


21.61 
24.44 
30.94 
18.39 
29.04 
23.12 
22.34 
20.00 
20.00 
23.74 
23.35 
1».38 

8.61 
12.98 
28.84 
23.00 

9.11 
13.70 
17.62 
23.17 
11.83 
19.06 
22.00 
29.20 


2330  |$1, 173.54 


2060 


$1,012.35 


Average  Wage. 


$21.55 


Average  Wage 


$22.57 


Average  Wage 


$19.47 


*  In  the  case  of  the  other  men  workers,  no  2  Stock  taking, 

record  of  the  hours  of  employment  was  kept  '  No  work, 

by  the  employer. 


152 


BUDGETS    OF    FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 


Actual  Wages  (Weekly  or  Bi-weekly),  Average  Wage  per  Week,  and  Total  Wages  per 
Year,  of  19  Men  Textile-Mill  Workers  of  the  Northeast  Section  of  Phila- 
delphia, Together  with  Hours  at  Work  per  Week  and  Total  Hours  at 
Work  per  Year  in  the  Case  of  17  of  the  19  Workers,!  for  the  Year 
^  1912-1913,  OR  the  Year  1913. 

Amounts  are  recorded  for  weekly  or  bi-weekly  pay  intervals.     In  date  column  is  indicated  the 
first  day  of  each  fourth  week. 


French  Wilton  Carpet  Weaver 

No.  2. 

January  3,  1913-January  1, 

1914.     (Chart  No.  7.) 


Brussels  Carpet  Weaver 

No.  1. 

January  3,  1913-January  1, 

1914.     (Chart  No.  8.) 


Brussels  Carpet  Weaver 

No.  2. 

January  3,  1913-January  1, 

1914.     (Chart  No.  9.) 


Date. 


Hrs.    Amount. 


Date. 


Hrs.    Amount.  I         Date.  •         Hrs.  Amount. 


Jan.      3,  1913  . 

Jan.   31 

Feb.  28 

Mar.  28 

April  25 

May  23 

June  20 

July  18 

Aug.  15 

Sept.  12 

Oct.    10 

Nov.    7 

Dec.     5 


$22.19 
21.47 
25.85 
25.00 
25.92 
27.60 
25.85 
25.54 
27.90 
29.90 
27.42 
26.76 
27.33 
21.58 
25.37 
27.05 
21.06 
28.42 
28.42 
21.79 
10.25 
5.14 
18.00 
16.43 


20.76 
17.77 
27.63 
20.07 
26.60 
14.22 
18.58 
14.82 
17.03 
17.23 
20.88 
20.56 
17.66 
12.42 
30.39 
25.45 
20.11 
21.25 
22.37 
19.84 
11.52 
13.82 
25.00 
20.33 


Jan.  3,  1913. 


Jan.  31. 


Feb.  28. 


14 
49 
54 
44 
54 
54 
39 
49 
49 
49 
49 
54 
54 

I     39 

j     54 

54 

April  25 I     39 

I     — ! 

1  27 
49 
3 


Mar.  28. 


May  23. 


June  20. 


July   18. 


Aug.  15. 


Sept.  12. 


Oct.    10. 


Nov.    7. 


Dec. 


$9.68 
20.05 
25.93 
19.08 
25.48 
24.64 
15.78 
20.70 
20.74 
20.72 
20.44 
25.00 
24.74 
15.55 
25.56 
25.47 
14.95 

11.02 

25.30 

1.98 


16.81 
23.77 
25.14 
20.65 
11.86 

14.00 
19.98 
16.09 
25.33 
20.63 
25.17 
25.06 
25.18 
20.24 
20.38 
21.12 
21.47 
21.96 
17.13 
30.97 


Jan.      3,  1913.^    49 
49 


Jan.   31 j 

j 

Feb.  28. . . .      ' 
Mar.  28.... 

April  25 

May  23...  . 

June  20 

July   18.... 
Aug.  15.  .  .  . 

Sept.  12 

Oct.    10 

Nov.    7... 
Dec      5 


$26.84 
25.13 
31.11 
25.00 
35.47 
35.52 
35.63 
33.06 
32.18 
33.00 
33.60 
19.53 
35.77 

17.60 
14.35 
16.04 
28.18 
28.42 
19.75 
14.70 
21.67 
7.96 
23.68 
23.74 
15.19 


23.38 
25.28 
32.29 
19.04 

13.05 

24.91 

8.29 


13.23 
24.54 
28.88 
31.64 
24.26 
17.31 
24.19 
3.26 
8.40 
21.73 
27.00 
26.82 


'2108 


$1,038.55 


1832 


$844.08 


11798  '$1,030.62 


Average  Wage . 


$19.97 


Average  Wage   $16.23 


Average  Wage   \      $19.82 


1  In  the  case  of  the  other  two  workers,  no  2  Stock  taking, 

record  of  the  hours  of  employment  was  kept  by  *  No  work, 

the  employer.  *I11. 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


153 


Actual  Wages  (Weekly  or  Bi-weekly),  Average  Wage  per  Week,  and  Total  Wages  per 
Year,  of  19  Men  Textile-Mill  Workers  op  the  Northeast  Section  of  Phila- 
delphia, Together  with  Hours  at  Work  per  Week  and  Total  Hours  at 
Work  per  Year  in  the  Case  of  17  op  the  19  Workers,^  for  the  Year 
1912-1913,  or  the  Year  1913. 

Amounts  are  recorded  for  weekly  or  bi-weekly  pay  intervals.     In  date  column  is  indicated  the 
first  day  of  each  fourth  week. 


Brussels  Carpet  Weaver 

No.  3. 

January  3,  1913-January  1, 

1914.     (Chart  No.  10.) 


Date. 


Hrs.    Amount. 


Brussels  Carpet  Weaver 

No.  4. 

January  3,  1913-January  1 

1914.     (Chart  No.  11.) 


Date. 


Hrs.    Amount. 


Brussels  Carpet  Weaver 

No.  5. 

January  3,  1913-January  1, 

1914.     (Chart  No.  12.) 


Date. 


Hrs.    Amount. 


Jan.     3,  1913 

Jan.    31 

Feb.  28 

Mar.  28 

April  25 

May  23 

June  20 

July   18 

Aug.  15 

Sept.  12 

Oct.    10 

Nov.    7 

Dec.     5 


49 
49 
49 
54 
54 
54 
54 
54 
/54 
54 
39 
20 
24 


$21.35 
23.02 
27.32 
29.88 
35.35 
33.79 
34.40 
28.85 
28.74 
29.50 
19.83 
8.15 
12.63 


15.72 
20.49 
21.33 
26.38 
26.80 
22.09 
15.31 
12.33 
23.50 
24.92 
25.72 


22.28 
22.50 
24.00 
20.00 
17.93 
20.47 
2.36 
13.35 
18.98 

13.88 
16.15 
20.55 
21.76 
25.92 
30.60 
18.66 
29.67 
22.42 
7.73 

21.86 
26.14 
31.31 


Jan.      3,  1913, 

Jan.   31 ; . 

Feb.  28 

Mar.  28 

April  25 

May  23 

June  20 

July   18 

Aug.  15 

Sept.  12 

Oct.    10 

Nov.    7 

Dec.     5 


20- 

$11.16 

54 

25.34 

20 

9.88 

54 

26.00 

24 

14.11 

54 

30.95 

54 

26.69 

54 

25.57 

54 

24.78 

54 

31.26 

54 

25.75 

54 

21.82 

54 

24.64 

54 

26.42 

49 

20.59 

A 

54 

25.47 

54 

25.41 

30 

15.48 

15 

8.44 

a 

39 

17.72 

10 

4.04 

2 

5 

2 

3 

3 

10 

5.61 

15 

9.94 

15 

10.52 

30 

16.49 

49 

24.78 

49 

23.95 

49 

22.57 

17 

10.74 

49 

21.48 

15 

8.43 

39 

19.97 

10 

5.91 

49 

20.30 

39 

15.45 

54 

26.00 

54 

25.26 

54 

24.93 

39 

15.48 

54 

26.85 

39 

19.27 

49 

24.02 

49 

21.64 

20 

11.10 

1950 


$1,015.92 


1756 


Average  Wage . 


$19.54 


Average  Wage 


Jan.     3,  1913. 

Jan.   31 

Feb.  28 

Mar.  28 

April  25 

May  23 

June  20 

July   18 

Aug.  15 

Sept.  12 

Oct.    10 

Nov.    7 

Dec.     5 


15 


$20.26 
18.80 
19.87 
20.40 
14.44 
21.15 
23.56 
19.68 
20.23 
20.14 
20.76 
20.09 
20.52 
15.31 
20.38 
15.43 
20.37 
20.08 
16.46 
20.27 
7.74 


9.77 


13.59 
15.50 
21.18 
15.44 
24.12 
20.16 
20.24 
15.47 
13.13 

.74 
22.38 
24.80 
20.38 
20.58 
19.98 
20.02 
26.11 
15.94 
19.66 
20.67 
29.90 
15.89 
19.63 


$852.21 


1881 


$841.22 


$16.39 


Average  Wage 


$16.18 


1  In  the  case  of  the  other  two  workers,  no  ^  Stock  taking, 

record  of  the  hours  of  employment  was  kept  by  *  No  woik 

the  employer.  *  III. 


154 


BUDGETS    OF    FAMILIES    AND    INDIVIDUALS 


Actual  Wages  (Weekly  or  Bi-weekly),  Average  Wage  per  Week,  and  Total  Wages  per 
Year,  of  19  Men  Textile-Mill  Workers  of  the  Northeast  Section  op  Phila- 
delphia, Together  with  Hours  at  Work  per  Week  and  Total  Hours  at 
Work  per  Year  in  the  Case  of  17  op  the  19  Worker8,i  for  the  Year 
1912-1913,  or  the  Year  1913. 

Amounts  are  recorded  for  weekly  or  bi-weekly  pay  intervals.     In  date  column  is  indicated  the 
first  day  of  each  fourth  week. 


Brussels  Carpet  Weaver 

No.  6. 

January  3,  1913-January  1, 

1914.     (Chart  No.  13.) 


Date. 


Jan.     3,  1913  . 

Jan.   31 

Feb.  28 

Mar.  28 

April  25 

May  23 

June  20 

July  18 

Aug.  15 

Sept.  12 

Oct.   10 

Nov.    7 

Dec.     5 


Hrs. 


Amount. 


$17.13 
18.38 
22.00 
19.49 
21.46 
22.62 
19.30 

5.31 
21.17 

9.91 
11.04 

5.07 
14.50 

2.22 


14.13 
10.37 
11.09 
9.33 
15.19 
11.09 
16.17 
14.17 
11.95 


15.47 

19.26 

22.94 

14.00 

20.06 

18.22 

19.12 

14.27 

18.33 

6.00 

11.40 

10.59 

2.41 

8.54 

16.54 

16.76 

14.15 

2.98 

9.05 

10.82 

8.90 

12.70 

17.18 

21.87 


Dye  House  Worker 

No.  1. 

January  3,  1913-January  1, 

1914.     (Chart  No.  14.) 


Date. 


Hrs.    Amount. 


Jan.      3,  1913 

Jan.   31 

Feb.  28 

Mar.  28 

April  25 

May  23 

June  20 

July  18 

Aug.  15 

Sept.  12 

Oct.    10 

Nov.    7 

Dec.     5 


$11.56 

12.12 

14.87 

14.81 

12.31 

14.93 

14.75 

14.75 

13.62 

11.06 

12.18 

11.06 

9.75 

7.31 

12.18 

12;i8 

12.18 

9.75 

12.18 

12.18 

9.93 

9.75 

7.50 

7.31 

7.68 

7.50 


49 

12.18 

49 

12.18 

49 

12.18 

29 

7.31 

54 

13.50 

54 

13.50 

49 

12.18 

40 

9.93 

39 

9.75 

39 

9.75 

44 

11.06 

39 

9.75 

44 

11.06 

54 

13.50 

54 

13.50 

54 

13.50 

54 

13.50 

48 

12.06 

54 

13.50 

54 

13.50 

49 

12.31 

54 

13.50 

54 

13.50 

54 

13.50 

Dye  House  Worker 

No.  2. 

January  3,  1913-January  1, 

1914.     (Chart  No.  15.) 


Date. 


Hrs. 


Jan.     3,  1913. 

Jan.   31 

Feb.  28 

Mar.  28 

April  25 

May  23 

June  20 

July  18 

Aug.  15 

Sept.  12 

Oct.    10 

Nov.    7 

Dec.     5 


Amount. 


$11.56 

12.12 

14.87 

14.81 

14.75 

14.81 

14.75 

14.75 

13.62 

12.18 

12.18 

7.31 

7.31 

9.75 

9.75 

12.18 

12.18 

12.18 

12.18 

12.18 

9.75 

9.75 

6.62 

7.31 

7.31 

4.87 


12.18 

12.18 

12.18 

13.50 

13.50 

13.50 

12.18 

9.75 

9.75 

9.75 

9.75 

9.75 

11.06 

13.50 

13.50 

12.18 

13.50 

12.06 

13.50 

12.18 

7.31 

13.50 

13.50 

13.50 


1562 


$654.65 


2343  I  $585.60 


2314 


$578.29 


Average  Wage . 


$12.59 


Average  Wage 


I     $11.26 


Average  Wage 


$11.12 


1  In  the  case  of  the  other  two  workers,  no  2  Stock  taking, 

record  of  the  hours  of  employment  was  kept  by  '  No  work, 

the  employer. 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


155 


Actual  Wages  (Weekly  or  Bi-weekly),  Average  Wage  per  Week,  and  Total  Wages  per 
Year,  of  19  Men  Textile-Mill  Workers  op  the  Northeast  Section  op  Phila- 
delphia, Together  with  Hours  at  Work  per  Week  and  Total  Hours  at 
Work  per  Year  in  the  Case  of  17  op  the  19  Workers,i  for  the  Year 
1912-1913,  OR  THE  Year  1913. 

Amounts  are  recorded  for  weekly  or  bi-weekly  pay  intervals.     In  date  column  is  indicated  the 
first  day  of  each  fourth  week. 


Dye  House  Worker 
No.  3. 
January  3,  1913-January 
1914.     (Chart  No.  16.) 


Date. 


Hrs. 


Amount. 


Dye  House  Worker 

No.  4. 

January  3,  1913-January  1, 

1914.     (Chart  No.  17.) 


Date. 


Hrs.  I  Amount. 


Finisher 

No.  1. 

January  3,  1913-January  1, 

1914. 


Date. 


Hrs.    Amount. 


Jan.     3,  1913 

Jan.   31 

Feb.  28 

Mar.  28 

April  25 

May  23 

June  20 

July   18 

Aug.  15 

Sept.  12 

Oct.    10 

Nov.    7 

Dec.     5 


29 


$11.56 

12.12 

14.87 

11.56 

15.37 

14.81 

14.75 

14.75 

13.50 

13.50 

12.18 

9.75 

14.62 

9.75 

12.18 

12.18 

12.18 

12.18 

12.18 

12.18 

9.75 

9.75 

.     7.31 

9.75 

9.75 

7.31 


12.18 

12.18 

12.18 

13.50 

13.50 

862 

12.18 

9.75 

9.75 

9.75 

9.75 

11.06 

11.06 

13.50 

13.50 

12.18 

13.50 

12.06 

13.50 

13.50 

11.06 

13.50 

13.50 

13.50 


Jan.      3,  1913, 

Jan.   31 ..  . 

Feb.  28 

Mar.  28 

April  25 

May  23 

June  20 

July   18 

Aug.  15 

Sept.  12 

Oct.    10 

Nov.    7 

Dec.     5 


$11.56 

12.12 

14.87 

14.81 

14.12 

14.81 

14.81 

14.75 

13.62 

13.50 

12.18 

9.75 

9.75 

7.31 

12.18 

12.18 

12.18 

12.18 

12.18 

9.75 

9.75 

7.31 

7.31 

7.31 

7.50 


12.18 

12.18 

12.18 

13.50 

13.50 

13.50 

12.31 

9.75 

9.75 

9.75 

11.06 

9.75 

11.06 

13.50 

13.50 

9.75 

13.50 

12.06 

13.50 

13.50 

7.31 

13.50 

13.68 

13.50 


Jan.     3,  1913. 

Jan.   31 

Feb.  28 

Mar.  28 

April  25 

May  23 

June  20 

July  18 

Aug.  15 

Sept.  12 

Oct.   10 

Nov.    7 

Dec,     5 


2396 


$598.55 


2302 


$575.56 


2578 


$936.00 


Average  Wage. 


$11.51 


Average  Wage 


$11.07 


Average  Wage 


$18.00 


1  In  the  case  of  the  other  two  workers,  no 
record  of  the  hours  of  employment  was  kept  by 
the  employer. 

11 


2  Stock  taking. 
*  No  work. 


156 


BUDGETS    OF   FAMILIES   AND   INDIVIDUALS 


Actual  Wages  (Weekly  or  Bi-weekly),  Average  Wage  per  Week,  and  Total  Wages  per 
Year,  of  19  Men  Textile-Mill  Workers  of  the  Northeast  Section  op  Phila- 
delphia, Together  with  Hours  at  Work  per  Week  and  Total  Hours  at 
Work  per  Year  in  the  Case  of  17  of  the  19  Worker8,i  for  the  Year 
1912-1913,  OR  THE  Year  1913. 

Amounts  are  recorded  for  weekly  or  bi-weekly  pay  intervals.     In  date  column  is  indicated  the 
first  day  of  each  fourth  week. 


Finisher 

No.  2. 

January  3,  1913-January  1,  1914. 

(Chart  No.  18.) 


Date. 


Hours.    Amount. 


Finisher 

No.  3. 

January  3,  1913-January  1,  1914. 

(Chart  No.  19.) 


Date. 


Hours.    Amount. 


Ingrain  Carpet  Weaver 

No.  1. 

Widower.    Age  55. 

Has  three  married  children. 

Rents  a  room;  takes 

his  meals  outside. 

May  10,  1912-May  8,  1913. 

(Chart  No.  20.) 


Dat#. 


Amount. 


Jan.     3,  1913 

Jan.   31 

Feb.  28 

Mar.  28 

April  25 

May  23 

June  20 

July   18 

Aug.  15 

Sept.  12 

Oct.    10 

Nov.    7 

Dec.     5 


48 
46 
55 
59 
55 
55 
55 
58 
56 
55 
51 
51 
54 
44 
49 
49 
54 
54 
49 
49 
39 
39 
42 
49 
39 
39 
24 

2 

29 
39 
54 
54 
54 
54 
54 
44 
44 
44 
44 
44 
44 
49 
54 
54 
54 
54 
44 
44 
44 
49 
54 
54 


$14.29 
13.70 
16.29 
17.48 
16.29 
16.29 
16.29 
17.18 
16.59 
16.29 
15.02 
15.02 
16.00 
13.11 
14.43 
14.43 
16.00 
16.00 
14.43 
14.43 
11.56 
11.56 
12.58 
14.43 
11.56 
11.56 
7.26 

8.67 
17.00 
17.00 
17.00 
17.00 
17.00 
17.00 
17.00 
17.00 
17.00 
17.00 
17.00 
17.00 
17.00 
17.00 
17.00 
17.00 
17.00 
17.00 
17.00 
17.00 
17.00 
17.00 
17.00 


Jan.     3, 1913 

Jan.    31 

Feb.  28 

Mar.  28 

April  25 

May  23 

June  20 

July   18 

Aug.  15 

Sept.  12 

Oct.    10 

Nov.    7 

Dec.     5 


44 
49 
64 
59 
54 
60 
63 
54 
54 
54 
54 
54 
54 
44 
49 
54 
54 
54 
54 
49 
44 
44 
39 
49 
39 
39 
29 

2 

20 
39 
54 
54 
54 
54 
54 
49 
44 
44 
44 
44 
44 
44 
54 
54 
54 
54 
44 
44 
44 
54 
54 
54 


May  10,  1912 

June  7 

July  5 

Aug.  2 

Aug.  30 

Sept.  27 

Oct.  25 

Nov.  22 

Dec.  20 

Jan.  17, 1913 

Feb.  14 

Mar.  14 

AprU  11 


$22.91 
24.47 
■21.17 
27.13 
26.49 
26.45 
25.43 
23.88 
21.42 
26.V7 
29.87 
28.37 
23.21 
21.44 
22.i'4 
26.47 
18.23 
21.32 
25.66 
26.83 
28.21 
36.6'7 
24.81 
23.69 
27.86 
27.i'9 


2473 


$789.74 


2510 


$604.93 


$632.83 


Average  Wage . 


$15.19 


Average  Wage 


$  1 1 .  63     Average  Wage 


$12.17 


1  In  the  case  of  the  other  two  workers,  no 
record  of  the  hours  of  employment  was  kept 
by  the  employer. 


2  Stock  taking. 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


157 


Actual  Wages  (Weekly  or  Bi-weekly),  Average  Wage  per  Week,  and  Total  Wages  per 
Year,  of  19  Men  Textile-Mill  Workers  of  the  Northeast  Section  op  Phila- 
delphia, Together  with  Hours  at  Work  per  Week  and  Total  Hours  at 
Work  per  Year  in  the  Case  of  17  op  the  19  Workers,i  for  the  Year 
1912-1913,  OR  the  Year  1913. 

Amounts  are  recorded  for  weekly  or  bi-weekly  pay  intervals.     In  date  column  is  indicated  the 
first  day  of  each  fourth  week. 


Ingrain  Carpet  Weaver 

No.  2. 

Married.     Age  45, 

Has  four  children.     His  wife 

keeps  a  small  candy  and 

cigar  store. 

May  10,  1912-May  8,  1913. 

(Chart  No.  21.) 

Ingrain  Carpet  Weaver 

No.2. 

Married.    Age  45. 

Has  four  children.     His  wife 

keeps  a  small  candy  and 

cigar  store. 

May  10,  1912-May  8,  1913. 

(Chart  No.  21.) 

Ingrain  Carpet  Weaver 

No  2. 

Married.    Age  45. 

Has  four  children.     His  wife 

keeps  a  small  candy  and 

cigar  store. 

May  10,  1912-May  8,  1913. 

(Chart  No.  21.) 

Date. 

Amount. 

Date. 

Amount. 

Date. 

Amount. 

May  10,  1912  . . 

June    7 

July     5 

Aug.    2 

Aug.  30 

$27.79 
27.58 
24.02 
29.22 
15.52 
18.75 
18.51 
20.73 
21.35 

Sept.  13,  1912. 
Sept.  27 

Oct.   25 

Nov.  22 

Dec.  20 

$12.27 
29.49  . 
17.78 
28.81 
17.51 
23.38 
26.'52 
22.19 

ie.i's 

Jan.    17,  1913. 

Feb.  14 

Mar.  14 ; 

April  11 

$23.73 
24.80 
22.36 
24.81 
24.42 
30.07 
25.56 
25.32 

$592.64 

Average  Wage 

$11.40 

1  In  the  case  of  the  other  two  workers,  no  record  of  hours  of  employment  was  kept  by  the- 
employer. 


158 


BUDGETS    OF   FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 


Actual  Wages  (Weekly  or  Bi-Weekly),  Average  Wage  per  Week,  and  Total  Wages  per 
Year,  op  19  Men  Textile-Mill  Workers  of  the  Northeast  Section  of  Phila- 
delphia, Together  with  Hours  at  Work  per  Week  and  Total  Hours 
at  Work  per  Year  in  the  Case  of  17  of  the  19  Worke^p, 
FOR  THE  Year  1912-1913,  or  the  Year  1913. 

BUNDHAR  CARPET  WEAVER   NO.    1. 
Weekly  Wages. 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


159 


BUNDHAR  CARPET   WEAVER  NO.  2. 

Weekly  Wages. 


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CHART  S 


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FRENCH  WILTON   CARPET  WEAVER  NO.   1. 
Weekly  Wages. 


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160 


BUDGETS    OF   FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 


FRENCH  WILTON   CARPET   WEAVER   NO.   2. 
Weekly  Wages. 


CH^RT   Z 


BRUSSELS   CARPET  WEAVER   NO.    1. 
Weekly  Wages. 


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BRUSSELS   CARPET  WEAVER   NO.   2. 
Weekly  Wages. 


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BRUSSELS   CARPET,  WEAVER   NO.   3. 
Weekly  Wages. 


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162 


BUDGETS    OF    FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 


BRUSSELS  CARPET  WEAVER  NO.  4. 

Weekly  Wages. 


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cm/^T  // 


BRUSSELS  CARPET  WEAVER  NO.   5. 
Weeklt  Wages. 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


163 


BRUSSELS  CARPET  WEAVER   NO.   6. 

Weekly  Wages. 


CHART  /J 


DYE   HOUSE  WORKER   NO.    1. 
Weekly  Wages. 


DYE  HOUSE  WORKER   NO.   2. 

Weekly  Wages. 


164 


BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 


DYE   HOUSE  WORKER   NO.   3. 
Weekly  Wages. 


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OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


165 


FINISHER  NO.   3. 

Weekly  Wages. 


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INGRAIN  CARPET  WEAVER  NO.   1. 
Bi-Weekly  Wages. 


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166 


BUDGETS    OF   FAMILIES   AND   INDIVIDUALS 


INGRAIN  CARPET  WEAVER  NO.  2. 

Bi-Weekly  Wages. 


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OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  167 


CHAPTER  III. 

BUDGETS   OF  SELECTED  INDIVIDUALS  IN  THE   NORTHEAST 
SECTION  OF  PHILADELPHIA. 

SUMMARY  OF  BUDGETS  OF  INDIVIDUALS. 

Explanation  of  Tables. 

In  the  present  section,  the  chief  expenditures  of  the  eleven 
individuals  whose  budgets  are  presented  in  this  chapter,  are  brought 
together  in  the  form  of  summary  tables.  In  these  summary  tables, 
the  several  individuals  are  numbered  to  correspond  with  the 
numbers  assigned  to  them  in  the  detailed  presentation  of  the 
budgets.  In  the  case  of  those  individuals  whose  accounts  have 
been  kept  for  more  than  one  year,  the  summary  tables  deal  with 
the  expenditures  for  the  year  1913-1914  only.  Two  of  the  eleven 
individuals  (Nos.  7  and  11)  whose  budgets  are  presented  in  this 
chapter,  are  unmarried  young  men  of  the  Kensington  district;  the 
other  nine,  are  unmarried  women  of  that  district. 

LODGING. 

When  an  individual  lodges  and  boards  in  the  same  house,  the 
division  of  the  weekly  payment  made  to  the  landlady  into  two 
parts, — one,  the  payment  for  lodging,  and  the  other,  the  payment 
for  board  (table  board), — is  necessarily  quite  arbitrary.  Moreover, 
it  should  be  borne  in  mind  in  comparing  the  amounts  spent  for 
lodging  and  board  by  the  different  individuals  of  this  chapter, 
that  even  the  combined  sum  paid  for  lodging  and  board  cannot 
always  be  relied  upon  as  a  criterion  by  which  to  judge  of  the  com- 
forts of  the  lodging  or  the  quality  and  the  quantity  of  the  food 
obtained,  since  in  some  cases  the  individuals  live  with  strangers, 
the  prices  charged  them  being  determined  largely  by  business 
considerations  or  by  custom,  while  in  other  cases  the  individuals 
live  at  home,  where  their  payments  for  lodging  and  board  are 
determined  largely  by  the  needs  of  their  families. 

It  should  also  be  borne  in  mind  in  making  comparison  between 
the  amounts  paid  for  lodging  and  board  by  the  different  individuals 
of  this  chapter,  that  the  price  paid  to  the  landlady  by  a  textile- 


168  BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 

mill  worker  of  Kensington,  where  the  worker  has  room  and  board 
with  the  same  landlady,  covers  payment  not  only  for  room  and 
board,  but  for  laundry  service  as  well,  it  being  customary  in 
Kensington  for  the  landlady  to  do  the  washing  and  the  ironing  of  all 
the  plain  articles  of  clothing  of  the  individual — whether  man  or 
woman — who  lodges  and  boards  with  her,  without  making  an 
extra  charge.  Individuals  who  board  at  home,  also,  as  a  rule, 
have  the  main  part  of  their  laundry  work  done,  without  extra 
charge,  by  the  member  of  the  family  who  keeps  house.  An  indi- 
vidual who  does  not  board  with  the  landlady  with  whom  he  lodges, 
receives  no  laundry  service  from  her.  Of  the  eleven  individuals  of 
this  chapter,  all  but  three  women  (Individuals  No.  2,  No.  5,  and 
No.  6  for  part  of  the  period  of  her  account)  paid  for  lodging  and 
board  in  one  lump  sum,  and  were  given  laundry  service  without 
extra  charge. 

The  division,  in  Table  1,  of  the  amount  paid  for  lodging  and 
board  by  each  of  those  individuals  who  paid  for  these  two  items 
in  one  lump  sum,  into  a  payment  for  lodging  and  a  payment  for 
board,  is  made,  wherever  possible,  according  to  what  the  particular 
individual  considered  the  correct  division  in  his  or  her  case. 
Where  there  has  been  no  indication  as  to  what  the  individual 
considered  the  correct  division,  the  investigators  have  aimed  to 
follow  customary  Kensington  practices,  in  making  the  decision 
as  to  what  part  of  the  total  amount  paid  to  the  landlady  or  to 
the  individual's  family  should  be  classed  as  payment  for 
lodging,  and  what  part  should  be  classed  as  payment  for  board, 
although  in  Kensington,  as  in  any  other  locality,  there  is  no 
uniform  rule  in  this  matter. 

Table  1  shows  the  yearly  and  the  weekly  room  rent  paid  by 
each  of  the  eleven  individuals  whose  budgets  are  presented  in  this 
chapter,  and  the  per  cent,  of  the  total  expenditures  which  the 
yearly  room  rent  amounted  to.  The  highest  per  cent,  of  total 
expenditures  spent  for  room  rent  by  any  of  the  individuals  whose 
budgets  cover  fifty  weeks  or  more,  was  21.03;  the  lowest,  10.97. 
The  average  per  cent,  spent  for  room  rent  by  the  individuals  whose 
budgets  cover  fifty  weeks  or  more,  was  15.32;  the  median,  14.22. 

FOOD. 

In  making  comparison  between  the  amounts  spent  for  food  by 
the  different  individuals  whose  budgets  are  presented  in  this 
chapter,  the  following  facts  should  be  borne  in  mind : 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  169 

1.  Two  of  the  eleven  individuals  (Nos.  2  and  5)  bought  and 
prepared  their  own  food,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  meals  eaten 
outside;  their  food  expenditure  therefore  covered,  in  the  main, 
only  the  bare  cost  of  the  food.  The  other  nine  individuals  boarded; 
their  food  expenditure  therefore  included  payment  for  preparation 
and  service. 

2.  Each  of  the  nine  individuals  who  boarded  (except  Individual 
No.  6,  for  part  of  the  period  of  her  account),  had  board  in  the  same 
house  in  which  he  or  she  lodged.  These  individuals  therefore 
paid  for  board  and  lodging  in  a  lump  sum.  As  stated  in  the  pre- 
ceding discussion  of  lodging,  it  is  impossible  to  divide  such  a  lump 
sum  into  two  parts, — one,  the  payment  for  board,  and  the  other, 
the  payment  for  lodging, — on  anything  like  a  scientific,  or  even  a 
uniform  basis. 

3.  Even  the  combined  sum  paid  for  board  and  lodging  by  any 
given  individual,  cannot  be  wholly  relied  upon  as  a  criterion 
by  which  to  judge  of  the  character  of  either  the  food  or  the  lodging 
obtained  by  that  individual,  since  the  amount  paid  for  board  and 
lodging  is  often  determined  more  by  custom  or  by  family  relation- 
ship than  by  strictly  business  considerations.  Miss  D.  (Individual 
No.  3),  for  example,  boards  with  strangers,  and  pays  $3.75  per 
week  for  board  and  lodging,  while  Miss  G.  (Individual  No.  9) 
lives  at  home,  and  pays  $8  per  week;  yet  the  probabilities  are  that 
Miss  D.  has  a  more  plentiful  menu  served  to  her  than  has  Miss  G. 
It  does  not  seem  likely  that  Miss  D.'s  $3.75  per  week  can  much 
more  than  cover  the  cost  of  her  food,  and  that  of  the  fuel  con- 
sumed in  preparing  her  food  and  in  heating  and  lighting  her 
room;  yet  for  this  weekly  payment  to  her  landlady  she  also 
receives  service,  including  laundry  service, — Miss  D.'s  expenditure 
for  outside  laundry  work  amounting  only  to  thirty-nine  cents  for 
the  entire  year  of  her  account.  The  $8  per  week  paid  by  Miss  G., 
on  the  other  hand,  not  only  covers  the  cost  of  her  own  food,  fuel, 
etc.,  but  is  the  chief  source  of  income  with  which  her  mother 
meets  the  household  expenses  of  a  family  of  three.  This  $8,  there- 
fore, although  classed  as  payment  for  board  and  lodging,  is  in 
reality  Miss  G.'s  contribution  toward  the  running  of  the  home,  of 
which  she  is  the  main  support. 

While  the  amounts  classified  as  expenditure  for  food  by  the 
different  individuals  whose  budgets  are  presented  in  this  chapter, 
have,  therefore,  for  the  purpose  of  comparison,  but  a  limited  value, 
when  considered  by  themselves, — these  amounts,  nevertheless,  when 


170  BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND   INDIVIDUALS 

considered  in  connection  with  the  information  given  in  the  detailed 
presentation  of  the  budgets  of  these  individuals,  serve  to  give  a 
general  idea  of  the  character  of  the  food  consumed  by  each  of 
these  individuals.  The  combined  amounts  spent  for  board  and 
lodging,  moreover,  by  those  individuals  who  boarded,  serve  to 
give  an  idea  of  what  it  actually  costs  a  mill  worker  to  obtain 
board  and  lodging  in  Kensington,  as  well  as  what  proportion 
of  a  mill  worker's  income  is  likely  to  be  spent  for  these  items, — 
the  prices  paid  by  the  individuals  of  this  chapter  being  typical  in 
the  district.  (For  menus  typical  of  those  served  in  the  better  class 
homes  of  Kensington  mill  workers,  the  reader  is  referred  to  pp. 
32,  47,  48,  53,  54,  74,  75,  102,  and  112.) 

For  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  comparative  cost  of  food 
for  the  different  individuals  whose  budgets  are  presented  in  this 
chapter,  the  men  and  the  women  have  been  reduced  to  a  common 
basis  by  means  of  the  table  of  values  adopted  by  the  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture  for  its  dietary  studies.^  In  this  table 
of  values,  a  man  in  full  vigor  at  moderate  muscular  work,  is  taken  as 
the  unit,  and  a  woman  under  the  same  circumstances,  is  taken  as 
eight-tenths  of  a  unit.  Work  in  the  textile  mills  is  considered  to 
be  moderate  muscular  work. 

Table  1  shows  the  amount  spent  per  week  per  man  unit  for  food 
by  each  of  the  eleven  individuals  whose  budgets  are  presented 
in  this  chapter;  also  the  total  amount  spent  for  food  by  each 
individual,  and  the  per  cent,  which  this  was  of  the  total  expendi- 
tures. The  largest  amount  spent  per  week  per  man  unit,  was 
$6.59;  the  smallest,  $2.14;  the  average,  $3.94;  the  median,  $3.82. 
The  highest  per  cent,  of  total  expenditures  spent  for  food  by  any 
of  the  individuals  whose  budgets  cover  fifty  weeks  or  more,  was 
53.09;  the  lowest,  31.57.  The  average  per  cent,  spent  for  food 
by  those  individuals  whose  budgets  cover  fifty  weeks  or  more,  was 
41.76;  the  median,  41.66. 

CLOTHING. 

An  idea  of  the  kind  of  clothing  worn  by  the  women  textile-mill 
workers  of  Kensington,  may  be  had  by  referring  to  the  clothing 
accounts  which  appear  in  the  detailed  presentation  of  the  budgets 
of  the  individuals  of  this  chapter,  and  to  the  clothing  accounts 
which  appear  in  the  detailed  presentation  of  the  budgets  of  those 
families  of  Chapter  I  in  which  there  were  young  women  (Family 

1  Yearbook  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  1907,  p.  365.  See  p.  14 
of  this  study. 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  171 

No.  4,  p.  46;  Family  No.  10,  pp.  79,  82;  and  Family  No.  14,  p. 
100).  The  clothing  account  of  Miss  J.  (Individual  No.  8,  pp. 
220,  221)  gives  a  good  idea  of  what  articles  a  well-dressed  Kensing- 
ton woman  mill  worker  of  twenty-four  years  selects;  the  budget 
of  Miss  I.  (Individual  No.  1,  pp.  184,  185)  shows  the  articles  of 
clothing  purchased  by  a  well-dressed  representative  Kensington 
woman  mill  worker  of  thirty-two  years.  The  clothing  purchased 
by  Miss  D.  and  Miss  V.  (Individuals  No.  3  and  No.  4,  pp.  198, 
204)  is  typical  of  that  worn  by  a  large  class  of  Kensington 
women  mill  workers  of  forty  years  or  thereabouts,  who  dress  neatly 
but  plainly,  spending  as  little  as  possible  upon  clothing,  in  order 
to  save  money  for  investment  or  for  some  other  purpose.  The  cloth- 
ing account  of  a  representative  young  man  of  Kensington  (Indi- 
vidual No.  7,  p.  214)  is  also  given  in  the  detailed  presentation  of 
the  budgets  of  the  individuals  of  this  chapter. 

In  connection  with  the  clothing  expenditure  of  the  women  of  this 
study,  it  should  be  stated  that  it  is  customary  for  a  woman  textile- 
mill  worker  of  Kensington  to  keep  an  old  cotton  dress  and  a  pair  of 
old  shoes  at  the  mill,  to  wear  during  working  hours.  This  custom 
results  in  the  saving  of  a  considerable  expense  in  the  item  of  every- 
day clothing,  as  compared,  for  example,  with  that  item  in  the 
budget  of  a  saleswoman  in  a  department  store.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  standard  of  dress  of  a  Kensington  woman  textile-mill  worker 
for  ordinary  street  wear,  and  for  Sundays  and  holidays,  is  high. 

In  comparing  the  amounts  spent  for  clothing  by  the  different 
individuals  whose  budgets  are  presented  in  this  chapter,  it  should 
be  borne  in  mind  that  some  of  the  women  make  their  own  clothes, 
or  have  them  made  at  home  by  some  other  member  of  the  family, 
and  hence  pay  for  materials  only,  while  others  pay  a  dressmaker  for 
the  making,  or  buy  their  clothes  ready-made.  The  clothing  accounts 
given  under  the  detailed  presentation  of  the  budgets  of  the  indi- 
viduals of  this  chapter,  show  in  which  cases  the  expenditure,  during 
the  period  of  the  account,  was  for  materials  only,  and  in  which  cases 
it  included  payment  for  making. 

Clothing  expenditure,  in  so  far  as  it  is  to  be  regarded  as  an 
index  to  the  standard  of  dress  of  the  individual,  is  often  mis- 
leading, even  when  the  account  has  been  kept  for  an  entire  year, 
since  many  articles  serve  for  more  than  one  season.  For  a  typical 
clothing  account  extending  over  a  period  of  five  years,  the  reader 
is  referred  to  that  of  Miss  I.  (Individual  No.  1),  on  pages  184 
and  185. 
12 


172 


BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 


Table  1  gives  the  age  of  each  of  the  elevejti  individuals  whose 
budgets  are  presented  in  this  chapter,  and  shows  the  amount  spent 
by  each  for  clothing  for  the  year  1913-1914,  or  for  such  part  of 
th'at  year  as  is  covered  by  the  individual's  budget,  and  the  per  cent, 
which  this  amount  was  of  the  total  expenditures.  The  largest 
amount  spent  for  clothing  by  any  of  the  individuals  whose  budgets 
cover  fifty  weeks  or  more,  was  $67.86;  the  smallest  amount,  $28.68. 
The  highest  per  cent,  of  total  expenditures  spent  for  clothing  by 
any  of  the  individuals  whose  budgets  cover  fifty  weeks  or  more, 
was  14.21;  the  lowest,  8.26.  The  average  per  cent,  spent  for 
clothing  by  those  individuals  whose  budgets  cover  fiftj^  weeks  or 
more,  was  10.88;  the  median,  10.19. 


TABLE   1. 


Expenditures  fob  Lodging,  Food,  and  Clothing,  of  11 

Individuals,  for  One 

Year, 

1913-1914. 

Lodging. 

Food.i 

Clothing. 

Indi- 
vidual 

i 
3 

Per  Cent. 

-p 

3 

Per  Cent. 

. 

Per  Cent, 
of  Total 

Num- 

of Total 

o  «  a; 

of  Total 

Man 

Amou: 

per  We 

perM 

Unit 

1 

Ex- 
pendi- 
tures. 

ber. 

o 
6 
< 

Expendi- 
tures. 

1^1 

< 

Expendi- 
tures. 

Units. 

Age. 

1 

<! 

1 

$  52.00 

10.97 

$1.00 

$213.08 

44.94 

0.8 

$5.12 

32 

$39.17 

8.26 

22 

21.45 

16.79 

1.07 

39.11 

30.61 

0.8 

2.44 

38 

23.11 

18.09 

3 

52.00 

15.07 

1.00 

143.70 

41.66 

0.8 

3.52 

40 

35.16 

10.19 

4 

65.25 

21.03 

1.25 

125.80 

40.55 

0.8 

3.28 

42 

35.15 

11.33 

53 

40.10 

14.22 

.77 

89.01 

31.57 

0.8 

2.14 

40 

28.68 

10.17 

6< 

65.00 

13.61 

1.51 

166.55 

34.87 

0.8 

4.53 

27 

67.86 

14.21 

7 

51.00 

12.20 

1.00 

190.92 

45.66 

1.0 

3.82 

22 

55.20 

13.20 

88 

6.25 

22.76 

1.25 

13.88 

50.55 

0.8 

3.47 

24 

1.046 

3.79 

9 

104.00 

20.15 

2.00 

274.00 

53.09 

0.8 

6.59 

32 

45.25 

8.77 

107 

6.00 

20.48 

1.50 

14.15 

48.29 

0.8 

4.42 

25 

1.15 

3.92 

IV 

8.00 

10.16 

2.00 

16.00 

20.32 

1.0 

4.00 

25 

13.00 

16.51 

1  Individuals  No.  2  and  No.  5  prepared  their 
own  meals.  Expenditure  for  food  in  all  other 
cases,  means  expenditure  for  table  board. 

2  Account  kept  for  20  weeks,  January  1- 
May  20,  1913. 

'  Account  kept  for  one  year,  April  3,  1914- 
April  1,  1915. 


*  Account  kept  for  50  weeks. 
6  Account  kept  for  5  weeks. 

6  Individual  No.  8  also  kept  a  detailed 
clothing  account  for  one  year  and  15  weeks; 
see  pp.  220,  221. 

7  Account  kept  for  4  weeks. 


MEDICAL  ATTENTION. 

The  expenditure  under  the  heading  Medical  Attention,  which 
here  includes  medicine,  as  well  as  services  of  physician,  dentist,  or 
oculist,  necessarily  varies  greatly,  not  only  in  the  case  of  different 
individuals  in  any  one  year,  but  also  in  the  case  of  any  one  indi- 
vidual in  different  years.  In  the  budget  of  Miss  I.  (Individual 
No.  1),  for  example,  which  in  the  detailed  presentation  of  the  bud- 
gets of  the  individuals  of  this  chapter  is  given  for  a  period  of  five 
years,  the  expenditure  under  the  heading  Medical  Attention  was 
$2  for  1909,  zero  for  1910  and  1911,  $73.50  for  1912,  $63  for  1913, 


OF  KENSINGTON,  PHILADELPHIA.  173 

and  $23.50  for  1914.  Table  2  shows  the  amount  spent  under 
this  heading  by  each  of  the  eleven  individuals  whose  budgets  are 
presented  in  this  chapter,  and  the  per  cent,  which  this  amount 
was  of  the  total  expenditures.  The  highest  per  cent,  of  total 
expenditures  spent  for  medical  attention  by  any  of  the  individuals 
whose  budgets  cover  fifty  weeks  or  more,  was  13.29;  the  lowest, 
zero.  The  average  per  cent,  spent  for  medical  attention  by  those 
individuals  whose  budgets  cover  fifty  weeks  or  more,  was  2.95;  the 
median,  0.97. 

READING   MATTER. 

This  heading  covers  newspapers,  magazines,  books  (other  than 
text-books,  which  are  entered  under  Education),  stationery, 
postage,  and  telephone  calls.  Table  2  shows  the  amount  spent 
under  this  heading — where  this  amount  has  been  specifically  re- 
corded— by  each  of  the  eleven  individuals  whose  budgets  are  pre- 
sented in  this  chapter,  and  the  per  cent,  which  this  amount  was  of 
the  total  expenditures.  The  highest  per  cent,  of  total  expenditures 
spent  for  reading  matter  by  any  of  the  individuals  whose  budgets 
cover  fifty  weeks  or  more,  was  4.09;  the  lowest,  zero.  The  average 
per  cent,  spent  for  reading  matter  by  those  individuals  whose 
budgets  cover  fifty  weeks  or  more,  was  1.79;  the  median,  1.74. 

CHURCH  AND    CHARITY. 

Each  of  the  nine  women  among  the  eleven  individuals  whose 
budgets  are  presented  in  this  chapter,  made  contributions  to  the 
church;  neither  of  the  two  young  men  made  contributions.  Table 
2  shows  the  amount  contributed  to  church  and  charity  by  each 
of  the  eleven  individuals,  and  the  per  cent,  which  this  amount 
was  of  the  total  expenditures.  The  highest  per  cent,  of  total 
expenditures  spent  for  church  and  charity  by  any  of  the  individuals 
whose  budgets  cover  fifty  weeks  or  more,  was  11.19;  the  lowest, 
zero.  The  average  per  cent,  spent  for  church  and  charity  by  those 
individuals  whose  budgets  cover  fifty  weeks  or  more,  was  5.19; 
the  median,  3.18. 

RECREATION. 

The  amounts  recorded  under  this  heading,  in  the  case  of  the 
women,  were  chiefly  for  moving  picture  entertainments,  church 
socials,  and  trips  to  the  parks;  in  some  instances  the  amounts 
included  the  cost  of  vacations  spent  at  the  seashore  or  in  the 
country.     In  the  case  of  the  two  young  men,  the  expenditures 


174 


BUDGETS    OF    FAMILIES    AND    INDIVIDUALS 


under  this  heading  were  chiefly  for  the  theater,  moving  picture 
entertainments,  and  baseball  and  basket-ball  games.  Table  2 
gives  the  age  of  each  of  the  eleven  individuals  whose  budgets  are 
presented  in  this  chapter,  and  shows  the  amount  spent  by  each 
for  recreation,  and  the  per  cent,  which  this  amount  was  of  the 
total  expenditures.  The  highest  per  cent,  of  total  expenditures 
spent  for  recreation  by  any  of  the  individuals  whose  budgets 
cover  fifty  weeks  or  more,  was  8.54;  the  lowest,  1.94.  The  average 
per  cent,  spent  for  recreation  by  those  individuals  whose  budgets 
cover  fifty  weeks  or  more,  was  6.25;  the  median,  5.85. 

CAR  FARE. 

This  heading  covers  all  car  fare,  both  business  and  social,  with 
the  exception  of  that  spent  for  outings,  such  as  trips  to  the  parks, 
which  is  classified  under  the  heading  Recreation.  In  the  detailed 
presentation  of  the  budgets  of  the  individuals  of  this  chapter,  car 
fare  is  divided,  wherever  the  individuals  have  furnished  the  data, 
into  "car  fare  to  work,"  and  "car  fare,  social,"  the  latter  including 
car  fare  spent  for  visiting,  for  shopping,  or  for  any  purpose  other 
than  that  of  going  to  and  from  work,  with  the  exception,  just  men- 
tioned, of  that  car  fare  which  is  classified  under  the  heading  Recrea- 
tion. Table  2  shows  the  amount  spent  for  car  fare  by  each  of  the 
eleven  individuals  whose  budgets  are  presented  in  this  chapter,  and 


TABLE   2. 

EXPEKDITURES  FOR  MeDICAL  ATTENTION,  READING  MATTER,  ChuRCH  AND  ChARITT,  RECREATION, 

AND  Car  Fare,  of  11  I^jdividuals,  for  One  Year,  1913-1914. 


< 

\      Medical 
Attention. 

Reading      ^ 
Matter. 

7 

Church  and 
Charity. 

H 

Recreation. 

Car  Fare. 

Indi- 
vidual 
Num- 
ber. 

Per 

Per 

Per 

Per 

Per 

1 

Cent,  of 

^ 

Cent,  of 

3 

Cent,  of 

1 

Cent,  of 

-*^ 

Cent,  of 

Total 

Total 

Total 

Total 

§ 

Total 

s 

Ex- 

a 

Ex- 

<; 

Ex- 

Age. 

S 

Ex- 

1 

Ex- 

pendi- 

pendi- 

pendi- 

pendi- 

pendi- 

tures. 

tures. 

tures. 

tures. 

tures. 

1 

$63.00 

13.29 

$10.95 

2.31 

32 

$39.10 

8.25 

$43.94 

9.27 

2> 

.70 

.55 

$  6.28 

4.92 

1.15 

.90 

38 

.20 

.16 

21.39 

16.74 

3 

6.40 

1.86 

5.99 

1.74 

27.16 

7.87 

40 

19.35 

5.61 

6.25 

1.81 

4 

2.50 

.81 

10.34 

3.33 

34.73 

11.19 

42 

17.82 

5.74 

2.68 

.86 

5« 

10.57 

3.75 

5.07 

1.80 

30.36 

10.77 

40 

16.50 

5.85 

30.13 

10.69 

6» 

19.53 

4.09 

15.17 

3.18 

27 

37.40 

7.83 

18.91 

3.96 

7 

4.17 

1.00 

22 

35.70 

8.54 

34.56 

8.27 

8* 

1.60 

5.83 

.35 

1.^7 

1.68 

6.12 

24 

.91 

3.31 

9 

5.00 

.97 

3.00 

.58 

5.20 

1.01 

32 

10.00 

1.94 

36.00 

6.97 

10» 

5.00 

17.06 

.70 

2.39 

25 

2.10 

7.17 

11» 

.67 

.85 

25 

1.50 

1.90 

2.61 

3.31 

*  Account  kept  for  20  weeks,  January  1- 
May  20,  1913. 

2  Account  kept  for  one  year,  April  3,  1914- 
April  1,  1915. 


'  Account  kept  for  50  weeks. 

*  Account  kept  for  5  weeks. 

*  Account  kept  for  4  weeks. 


OF  KENSINGTON,  PHILADELPHIA.  175 

the  per  cent,  which  this  amount  was  of  the  total  expenditures. 
The  highest  per  cent,  of  total  expenditures  spent  for  car  fare  by 
any  of  the  individuals  whose  budgets  cover  fifty  weeks  or  more,  was 
10.69;  the  lowest,  0.86.  The  average  per  cent,  spent  for  car  fare 
by  those  individuals  whose  budgets  cover  fifty  weeks  or  more,  was 
5.98;  the  median,  6.97. 

ALL  EXPENDITURES. 

Table  3  summarizes  the  expenditures  of  each  of  the  eleven 
individuals  whose  budgets  are  presented  in  this  chapter,  giving  the 
amount  spent  for  each  item,  and  the  per  cent,  which  this  amount 
was  of  the  total  expenditures. 

The  items  insurance,  lodge  and  union  dues,  gifts,  laundry,  and 
toilet  supplies,  which,  in  addition  to  those  summarized  in  Tables  1 
and  2,  are  included  in  Table  3,  are  discussed  in  the  following; 
paragraphs. 

INSURANCE. 

Three  of  the  nine  women  whose  budgets  are  presented  in  this 
chapter  (Individuals  No.  5,  No.  8,  and  No.  9),  carried  industrial 
insurance  during  the  year  covered  by  the  summary  tables  (1913- 
1914);  each  of  these  paid  a  premium  of  ten  cents  per  week.  A 
fourth  woman  (Individual  No.  2)  carried  industrial  insurance  at 
a  premium  of  twenty  cents  per  week  during  the  eight  weeks  of 
her  account  that  fell  in  1915,  but  she  carried  no  insurance  during 
the  period  covered  by  the  summary  tables.  None  of  the  other 
women  carried  any  insurance.  One  of  the  two  young  men  of  this 
chapter  (Individual  No.  7)  carried  industrial  insurance;  his  prem- 
ium of  ten  cents  per  week  was  paid  by  his  father.  The  other  young 
man  carried  no  insurance. 

LODGE  AND   UNION   DUES. 

Only  one  of  the  nine  women  whose  budgets  are  presented  in  this 
chapter  (Individual  No.  8),  was  a  lodge  member;  her  lodge  dues 
were  twenty-five  cents  per  week.  Both  of  the  young  men  (Indi- 
viduals No.  7  and  No.  11)  were  lodge  members;  their  dues  were 
fifty  cents  per  month  and  fifty  cents  per  week,  respectively.  Four 
of  the  nine  women  (Individuals  No.  1,  No.  2,  No.  9,  and  No.  10) 
and  one  of  the  two  men  (Individual  No.  11),  were  union  members; 
Individuals  No.  1,  No.  2,  and  No.  10,  each  paid  ten  cents  per  week 
in  union  dues;    Individual  No.  9  paid  fifty  cents  per  month;    the 


176  BUDGETS    OF   FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 

young  man  paid  twenty-five  cents  per  week.  The  union  to  which 
Individuals  No.  1,  No.  2,  and  No.  10,  belonged,  paid  sick  benefits; 
the  union  to  which  Individual  No.  9  belonged,  paid  death  benefits; 
tRe  union  to  which  the  young  man  belonged,  paid  both  sick  and 
death  benefits. 

GIFTS. 

The  custom  of  making  gifts  to  friends  and  relatives  on  such 
occasions  as  Christmas,  birthdays,  and  weddings,  is  well  established 
among  the  textile-mill  workers  of  Kensington.  Every  one  of  the 
eleven  individuals  of  this  chapter  whose  budgets  cover^  fifty  weeks 
or  more,  made  some  expenditure  under  this  heading. 

LAUNDRY. 

The  expenditure  for  this  item  is  small,  in  the  case  of  a  Kensington 
textile-mill  worker  who  has  board  and  lodging  with  the  same 
landlady,  it  being  customary  in  Kensington  for  the  landlady  to  do 
the  washing  and  the  ironing  of  all  the  plain  articles  of  clothing  of 
the  individual — whether  man  or  woman — who  lodges  and  boards 
with  her,  without  making  an  extra  charge.  Individuals  who  board 
at  home,  also,  as  a  rule,  have  the  main  part  of  their  laundry  work 
done,  without  extra  charge,  by  the  member  of  the  family  who  keeps 
house.  A  woman  textile-mill  worker  of  Kensington  who  boards, 
either  with  strangers  or  with  her  own  family,  often  keeps  down  her 
laundry  expenditure  still  further  by  washing  and  ironing  her  own 
fancy  articles.  Two  of  the  women  of  this  chapter  who  boarded 
(Individuals  No.  1  and  No.  4),  made  no  expenditure  whatever  for 
laundry  during  the  year  covered  by  the  summary  tables.  The 
two  women  of  the  chapter  who  paid  their  landladies  for  lodging 
only,  and  cooked  their  own  meals  (Individuals  No.  2  and  No.  5),  did 
a  large  part  of  their  own  laundry  work.  The  largest  expenditure 
for  laundry  made  by  any  of  the  eleven  individuals  during  the  period 
covered  by  the  summray  tables,  was  that  of  Miss  A.  (Individual 
No.  6),  which  amounted  to  $9.47;  this  entire  expense  was  incurred 
after  Miss  A.  had  left  Philadelphia,  when  she  was  obliged  to  pay  for 
all  of  her  laundry  work  except  what  she  did  herself. 

TOILET   SUPPLIES. 

The  practice  of  spending  money  for  toilet  supplies  other  than 
such  necessary  articles  as  combs,  hair  brushes,  tooth  brushes,  soap, 
and  tooth  paste  or  powder,  is  not  followed  by  the  individuals  whose 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


177 


budgets  are  presented  in  this  chapter.  Kensington  textile-mill 
workers  who  board  at  home,  in  many  cases  incur  little  expense  for 
toilet  supplies, — such  things  as  soap  and  tooth  paste,  or  powder, 

TABLE  3. 

Summary  op  Expenditures  of  Each  of  the  11  Individuals,  for  One  Year, 

1913-1914. 


Item  of 
Expenditure. 


Individual  No.  1. 

Woman,  Age 

32  Years. 


Amount, 
One 
Year. 


Per 

Cent,  of 
Total 
Ex- 
pendi- 
tures. 


Individual  No.  2. 

Woman,  Age 

38  Years. 


Amount, 

20 
Weeks. 


Per 

Cent,  of 
Total 
Ex- 
pendi- 
tures. 


Individual  No.  3. 

Woman,  Age 

40  Years. 


Amount, 
One 
Year. 


Per 

Cent,  of 
Total 
Ex- 
pendi- 
tures. 


Individual  No.  4. 

Woman,  Age 

42  Years. 


Amount, 
One 
"iear. 


Per 

Cent,  of 

Total 

Ex- 
pendi- 
tures. 


/  Lodging 

(  Food 

A/Clothing 

nMedical  attention. . 

.    /Insurance 

[ji/~  Lodge  and  union . . . 
/  /—Reading  matter. . . . 
3  '-Church  and  charity 

, "  Recreation 

j  Car  fare 

I   Gifts 

1    Laundry 

\   Toilet  supplies 

\  Other  items 

Tot'al 


$  52.00 

213.08 

39.17 

63.00 

5.20 


10.97 

44.94 

8.26 

13.29 

1.10 


$  21.45 

39.11 

23.11 

.70 

2.00 
6.28 
1.15 
.20 
21.39 
4.92 
5.00 

2.44 


16.79 

30.61 

18.09 

.55 

1.57 

4.92 

.90 

.16 

16.74 

3.85 

3.91 

1.91 


$  52.00 

143.70 

35.16 

6.40 


5.99 
27.16 
19.35 

6.25 

43.34 

.39 

3.10 

2.12 


15.07 

41.66 

10.19 

1.86 


1.74 

7.87 

5.61 

1.81 

12.56 

.11 

.90 

.61 


11474.15 


100.00 


$127.75 


100.00 


$344.96 


100.00 


$  65.25 

125.80 

35.15 

2.50 


$310.23 


21.03 
40.55 
11.33 

.81 


3.33 

11.19 

5.74 

.86 

4.78 

.23 
.14 


100.00 


1  Included  under  recreation. 

2  Includes  expenditures  for  reading  matter, 
toilet  supplies,  and  sundries. 


*  Toilet  supplies  were  recorded  under  general 
supplies,  which  in  this  summary  table  are 
included  under  other  items. 


Table  3. — continued. 


Item  of 
Expenditure, 


Individual  No.  5. 

Woman,  Age 

40  Years. 


Amount, 

One 

>Year 

(1914- 

1915). 


Per 

Cent,  of 
Total 
Ex- 
pendi- 
tures. 


Individual  No.  6. 

Woman,  Age 

27  Years. 


Amount, 

50 
Weeks. 


Per 

Cent,  of 

Total 

Ex- 

pendi- 

tm-es. 


Individual  No.  7. 
Man,  Age 
22  Years. 


Amount, 
One 
Year. 


Per 

Cent,  of 
Total 
Ex- 
pendi- 
tures. 


Individual  No.  8. 

Woman,  Age 

24  Years. 


Amount, 

5 
Weeks. 


Per 

Cent,  of 

Total 

Ex- 
pendi- 
tures. 


Lodging 

Food 

Clothing 

Medical^attention . . , 

Insurance 

Lodge  and  union 

Reading  matter 

Church  and^charity . 

Recreation 

Car  fare 

Gifts 

Laundry 

Toilet  supplies 

Other  items 


13.71 


4.86 


$  65.00 

166.55 

67.86 


19.53 
15.17 
37.40 
18.91 
42.24 
9.47 
5.25 
30.31 


13.61 
34.87 
14.21 


12.20 
45.66 
13.20 


1.32 
1.00 

8.54 
8.27 
.80 
.94 
2.01 
6.07 


$  6.25 

13.88 

1.04* 

1.60, 

.50 

1.25 

.35 

1.68 

.91 


Total I  $281.91 


100.00 


$477.6 


100.00 


$418.12 


100.00 


$27.46 


22.76 
50.55 
3.79 
6.83 
1.82 
4.55 
1.27 
6.12 

3.31 


100.00 


*  Expenditure  for  clothing  for  one  year, 
$60.94;  see  p.  220. 

'  Insurance  premium  was  paid  by  Mr.  L.'s 
father. 


•  Toilet  supplies  were  recorded  under  general 
supplies,  which  in  this  summary  table  are 
included  under  other  items. 


178 


BUDGETS    OF   FAMILIES   AND   INDIVIDUALS 


Table  3. — continued. 
Summary  of  Expenditures  of  Each  of  the  11  Individuals,  for  One  Year, 

1913-1914. 


« 

Individual  No.  9. 

Woman,  Age 

32  Years. 

Individual  No.  10. 

Woman,  Age 

25  Years. 

Individual  No.  11. 
Man,  Age 
25  Years. 

Item  of  Expenditure. 

Amovmt, 
One  Year. 

Per  Cent, 
of  Total 
Expendi- 
tures. 

Amount, 
4  Weeks. 

Per  Cent. 

of  Total 

Expendi- 

tiu-es. 

Amount, 
4  Weeks. 

Per  Cent, 
of  Total 
Expendi- 
tures. 

Lodtdnir 

$104.00 

274.00 

45.25 

5.00 

5.20 

6.00 

3.00 

5.20 

10.00 

36.00 

6.00 

2.00 

6.00 

8.50 

20.15 

53.09 

8.77 

.97 
1.01 
1.16 

.58 
1.01 
1.94 
6.97 
1.16 

.39 
1.16 
1.65 

$  6.00 

14.15 

1.15 

5.00 

.20 

.70 

2.10 

20.48 

48.29 

3.92 

17.06 

.68 

2.39 

7.17 

$  8.00 
16.00 
13.00 

3*1)0 
.67 

1.50 
2.61 

33.97 

10  16 

Clothing , 

Medical  attention 

20.32 
16.51 

Lodge  and  union. 

3  81 

.85 

Church  and  charity 

Recreation 

1.90 

3.31 

Gifts 

Toilet  supplies 

Other  items 

43.14 

Total 

$516.15 

100.00 

$29.30 

100.00 

$78.75 

100.00 

being  supplied  by  the  mother  for  all  the  members  of  the  family, 
out  of  the  household  fund.  Only  five  of  the  eleven  individuals  of 
this  chapter  (Individuals  No.  3,  No.  4,  No.  6,  No.  7,  and  No.  9), 
recorded  specifically  any  expenditure  for  toilet  supplies.  In  the 
case  of  the  two  women  who  did  their  own  housekeeping  (Individuals 
No.  2  and  No.  5),  toilet  supplies  were  included  under  general  sup- 
plies. The  four  remaining  individuals  either  classified  their  ex- 
penditures for  toilet  supplies  under  the  heading  Sundries,  or  else 
were  at  no  expense  whatever  for  such  articles  during  the  period 
covered  by  the  summary  tables. 

BUDGETS  IN  DETAIL,   OF  INDIVIDUALS. 
INDIVIDUAL   NO.   1. 

Type  and  Occupation. — This  is  the  budget  of  Miss  I.,  an  un- 
married woman  of  thirty-two  years,  whose  account  has  been  kept 
for  a  period  of  six  years  (January  8,  1909-December  31,  1914). 
Although  she  has  lived  at  home  during  all  of  this  period  except  the 
last  six  months,  she  has  kept  her  earnings  separate  from  the  family 
fund,  paying  board  to  her  mother  ($5  per  week),  instead  of  giving 
over  her  entire  wages. 

Miss  I.  is  the  oldest  of  eight  children.  The  family  came  to 
this  country  from  England  when  she  was  six  years  old.  Besides 
this  daughter,  the  members  of  the  family  living  at  home  during  the 
period  of  the  account,  were  the  father,  the  mother,  two  sons,  and 
another  daughter.     The  father  is  a  carpenter;  one  son  (age  20)  is 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  179 

learning  to  be  a  tailor;  the  other  son  (age  17)  is  in  the  printing 
business;  the  younger  daughter  (age  19)  works  in  a  lace  mill;  and 
the  daughter  whose  budget  is  here  presented,  worked  in  lace  mills 
in  Philadelphia  from  the  time  she  was  thirteen  years  old  until  six 
months  before  the  close  of  this  account,  when  she  gave  up  mill 
work  altogether. 

Miss  I.  is  a  woman  of  refinement  and  of  pleasing  personality. 
She  enjoys  diversions  of  an  educational  nature,  and  out-of-door 
recreations.  She  frequently  attends  lectures  with  her  friend  Miss 
N.  (Individual  No.  2) ;  they  also  take  trips  to  the  parks,  and  often 
spend  Sundays  in  the  woods;  for  their  summer  vacations  they 
sometimes  camp  in  the  country.  Miss  I.  was  a  leader  among  the 
women  with  whom  she  worked,  and  at  the  time  she  gave  up  mill 
work,  in  the  summer  of  1914,  was  an  officer  in  a  club  of  the  women 
employed  in  the  mill  where  she  was  working. 

During  the  six  years  of  this  account,  except  for  the  last  six 
months.  Miss  I.  was  employed  as  an  overlocker  in  one  of  the  large 
lace  mills  of  Kensington.  Overlockers  are  among  the  best  paid 
of  lace  workers,  and  Miss  I.  was  considered  one  of  the  most  efficient 
workers  in  the  factory;  only  once,  however,  in  the  years  that  she 
worked  in  the  lace  industry,  did  her  yearly  wages  reach  the  $500 
mark.  *'I  have  tried  so  hard  to  average  $10  a  week  for  a  year," 
she  said  to  the  investigator,  ''but  have  been  able  to  do  it  only 
once, — in  1910.  Then  I  made  a  little  over  $500."  Her  wages 
that  year  amounted  to  $504.57;  as  the  income  table  shows,  part  of 
this  sum  was  payment  for  overtime  work. 

In  the  summer  of  1914,  Miss  I.  decided  to  give  up  mill  work. 
''Work  is  terribly  dull,  barely  making  expenses,"  she  wrote,  in 
explanation  of  her  decision.  "Factory  work,"  she  continued, 
"may  be  satisfactory  to  a  girl  while  she  is  young  and  looking 
forward  to  getting  married,  or  to  the  possibility  of  making  some 
change  in  the  near  future.  But  when  she  gets  a  little  older,  she 
begins  to  think  may  be  she  might  not  marry  after  all,  or  gets  near 
the  place  where  it  is  not  so  easy  to  learn  something  else  and  make 
a  change.  Then  she  becomes  discontented  with  the  selfish  life  she 
is  forced  into  in  such  work,  alniost  necessarily  selfish  because  she 
has  time  for  nothing  else  but  earning  the  little  money  which  keeps 
soul  and  body  together.  So  my  almost  timid  venture  into  a  new 
world." 

Through  the  Young  Women's  Christian  Association,  Miss  I. 
secured  a  position  as  housekeeper  in  a  summer  vacation  house  for 


180 


BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 


working  girls.  She  remained  there  from  June  20  through  September 
5,  1914.  After  the  closing  of  the  vacation  house  she  was  at  home 
for  three  weeks,  and  at  the  end  of  that  time  (September  27)  she 
took  a  position  as  housekeeper  in  one  of  the  suburbs  of  Philadelphia. 
At  the  close  of  this  account  (December  31,  1914)  she  is  still  in  that 
position. 

INCOME. 

Six  Years  (52  Weeks,  or  364  Days,  Each),  January  8,  1909-December  31,  1914, 
Actually  Recorded  Income. 

Amovints  are  recorded  for  weekly  pay  intervals.     In  date  column  ia  indicated  the  first  day  of 

each  fourth  week. 


January  8,  1909- 
January  6,  1910,  Wages. 


January  7,  1910- 
January  5,  1911,  Wages. 


January  6,  1911- 
January  4,  1912,  Wages. 


Date. 


Amount. 


Date. 


Amount. 


Date. 


Amount. 


Jan.     8,  1909  . . 

Feb.     5 

Mar.    5 

April    2 

April  30 

May  28 

June  25 

July  23 

Aug.  20 

Sept.  17 

Oct.   15 

Nov.  12 

Dec.  10 


7.53 

10.32 

11.17 

4.92 

10.53 

10.31 

8.98 

12.23 

8.08 

7.36 

11.29 

9.85 

11.21 

9.82 

9.71 

8.72 

11.25 

10.62 

9.76 
12.19 
10.31 
6.30 
9.66 
11.00 
11.03 
11.41 
2.042 
5.00 
11.84 
10.65 
11.64 
11.19 
1L28 

9.12 

10.96 

12.26 

12.00 

10.07 

10.48 

10.51 

10.44 

11.15 

10.29 

4.57 

11.28 

9.54 

10.14 

7.23 

4.81 

7.74 


Jan.      7,  1910 

Feb.     4 

Mar.    4 

AprU    1 

April  29 

May  27 

June  24 

July  22 

Aug.  19 

Sept.  16 

Oct.    14 

Nov.  11 

Dec.     9 


5.98 
8.00 
9.00 
8.28 
8.47 
10.52 
9.23 
9.83 
8.06 
8.17 


3.16 

10.16 

9.71 

9.76 

9.37 

11.00 

11.25 

10.46 

7.73 

9.68 

7.38 

10.20 

11.03 

11.17 

12.07 

11.10 

13.12S 

13.28 

12.61 

12.94 

13.87 

13.08 

13.06 

11.10 

5.95 

8.20 

12.44 

12.44 

12.68 

12.66 

9.23 

1.80 

11.40 

12.24 

11.50 

9.31 

11.90 

10.17 

10.56 

8.26 


Jan.      6, 1911 

Feb.     3 

Mar,    3 

Mar.  31 

April  28 

May  26 

June  23 

July  21 

Aug.  18 

Sept.  15 

Oct.    13 

Nov.  10 

Dec.     8 


7.21 

9.59 

9.30 

11.37 

7.70 

5.05 

10.22 

11.14 

8.48 

11.06 

11.05 

10.12 

12.47 

11.24 

11.32 

10.67 

9.19 

11.63 

11.30 

6.12 

7.66 

5.20 

9.66 

8.87 

10.57 

9.53 

7.25 

9.51 

5.75 

11.25 

10.40 

7.56 

9.09 

9.50 

10.44 

8.30 

4.58 

8.53 

4.05« 

10.65 

10.37 

9.50 

6.48 

9.39 

8.88 

8.40 

9.51 

8.05 

10.72 

12.31 

10.23 


$481.79 


$504.57 


$468.42 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


181 


Six  Years  (52  Weeks,  or  364  Days,  Each),  January  8,  1909-December  31, 
Actually  Recorded  Income. 


1914, 


Amounts  are  recorded  for  weekly  pay  intervals.     In  date  column  is  indicated  the  first  day  of 

each  fourth  week. 


January  5,  1912- 
January  2,  1913,  Wages. 


Date. 


Amount. 


January  3,  1913- 
January  1,  1914,  Wages. 


January  2,  1914- 
December  31,  1914,  Wages. 


Date. 


Amount. 


Date. 


Amount. 


Jan.     5,  1912 


Feb.  2 . 
Mar.  1. 
Mar.  29 . 
April  26 . 
May  24 . 
June  21 . 
July  19. 
Aug.  16. 
Sept.  13 . 
Oct.  11. 
Nov.  8. 
Dec.    6 . 


$9.15 

8.69 

10.06 

10.75 

11.10 

11.19 

10.19 

12.22 

10.55 

11.66 

10.12 

12.38 

12.40 

11.44 

13.067 

11.59 

13.41 

14.05 

12.52 

2.07« 

8.35 

7.29 

5.26 

7.68 
7.87 
7.65 
4.22 
7.52 
8.72 
9.15 
8.43 
8.87 
9.93 
8.90 
8.53 
8.30 
6.29 
8.44 
9.70 
9.74 
7.23 
3.42 
9.00 
6.42 
9.50 
8.58 
7.83 
8.08 
8.94 
9.43 
10.32 


$468.19 


Jan.      3, 1913 

Jan.    31 

Feb.  28 

Mar.  28 

April  25 

May  23 

June  20 

July   18 

Aug.  15 

Sept.  12 

Oct.    10 

Nov.    7 

Dec.     5 


$7.25 

8.41 

12.38 

12.27 

9.83 

lhl4 

8.84 

9.39 

8.32 

9.64 

11.13 

4.67 

10.35 

8.93 

8.64 

10.32 

12.39 

12.35 

12.41 

12.26 

.926 

5.30 

8.82 

10.13 

9.71 

9.81 
7.45 
9.02 
12.27 
11.66 
11.17 
11.68 
8.77 

4.64 
5.23 
5.70 
6.73 
5.03 
8.27 
6.40 
5.21 
3.57 
10.10 
9.76 
8.04 
.84 
6.77 
8.42 
9.68 


Jan.      2,  1914. 


Jan. 


Feb.  27. 
Mar.  27. 
April  24. 
May  22. 
June  19. 
July  17. 
Aug.  14. 
Sept.  11. 
Oct.  9. 
Nov.  6. 
Dec.     4. 


$428.98 


$4.70 
8.08 

10.08 
8.58 
9.09 
9.86 
5.69 

9.26 
8.80 
7.93 
10.14 
11.24 
9.63 
7.32 
7.97 
7.40 
7.40 
11.69 
2.83 
4.66 
6.93 
7.10 
7.90 
8.00 


34.00 


39.00 


42.50 


39.00 


$401.28 


1  Time  lost  on  account  of  stock  taking; 
took  2  extra  days  off,  to  finish  out  a  week's 
stay  at  the  seashore. 

2  Time  lost  on  account  of  illness. 

3  One  week  off  for  vacation. 

*  Lost  2  weeks  on  account  of  sympathy 
strike  with  carmen. 

5  Large  wages  during  the  summer  were  due 
to  overtime  work. 

6  Time  lost  on  account  of  stock  taking. 
(Mill  is  closed  for  stock  taking  every  May  and 
October;  sometimes  a  week  is  lost,  sometimes 
only  2  days.) 

'  "Our  union  limits  us  to  $12.50  a  week. 


When  I  made  more  than  that  amount,  I  had 
work  marked  on  my  partner's  sUp." 

8  No  work  on  account  of  slack  period. 

9  Held  position  as  housekeeper  in  a  summer 
vacation  house  for  working  girls,  June  20- 
Sept.  5,  1914,  at  a  salary  of  $20  per  month, 
with  board  and  lodging,  reckoned  at  $3.50 
per  week. 

10  Unemployed,  Sept.  6-26,  1914. 

"  Held  position  as  housekeeper,  Sept.  27- 
Dec.  31,  1914,  at  a  salary  of  $25  per  month, 
with  board  and  lodging,  reckoned  at  $3.60 
per  week. 


182 


BUDGETS   OP   FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 
INCOME  FROM  ALL   SOURCES. 


Year. 

% 

January 
8,  1909- 
January 
6,  1910. 

January 
7,  1910- 
January 
6,  1911. 

January 
6,  1911- 
January 
4,  1912. 

January 
5,  1912- 
January 
2,  1913. 

January 
3,  1913- 
January 
1,  1914. 

January 
2,  1914- 
Decem- 
ber31. 
1914. 

Wages 

$481.79 

$504.57 
3.35 

2.83 

1.55 
3.92 

$468.42 
5.00 

.15 

$468  19 

iAOa  Q» 

$401.28 

Earnings  from  sewing .  . 

5  43      ^^^  7i' 

Payment  for  services  rendered  to 
ijninn  , 

3.00 

1  25 

Fees  from  Christmas  banks  kept 
for  family 

Receipts  from  goods  sold' 

Receipts  from  train  tickets  sold .  .  . 

Sick  benefits  from  union 

Earnings  from  ironing 

Earnings  from  washing . 

.55 

1  44 

t 

Total  annual  income,  six  years, 
actually  recorded 

$481.79 

$516.22 

$473.57      $476.62  ^  $447.69 

$404.52 

1  See  p.  185,  note  1. 

The  Account. — The  tables  for  Miss  I.'s  budget  give  her  income  by 
weeks  for  six  years  (January  8,  1909-December  31,  1914),  together 
with  a  summary  of  her  expenditures  for  each  of  the  six  years,  arid  a 
detailed  account  of  her  clothing  expenditure  for  the  last  five  of 
these  years. 

Clothing;  Medical  Attention;  Church. — Though  she  does  not 
spend  a  large  amount  for  clothing,  Miss  I.  is  always  dressed  well, 
and  in  good  taste.  She  understands  sewing,  and  makes  most  of 
her  own  clothes.     She  also  trims  many  of  her  hats. 

During  the  last  three  years  of  the  account,  particularly  in  1912 
and  1913,  the  expenditure  for  physician's  services  was  large. 
Miss  I.'s  physician  attributes  her  ill  health  during  these  years  to 
the  strain  caused  by  her  many  years  of  continuous  machine  work. 

Miss  I.  is  a  member  of  the  Baptist  church.  Church  contributions 
are  a  regular  item  in  her  budget. 

WAGES. 
One  Year,  1909-1910. 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 
One  Year,  1910-1911. 


183 


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184 


BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 


EXPENDITURES. 

Six  Years  (52  Weeks,  or  364  Days,  Each),  January  8,  1909-December  31, 
Actually  Recorded  Expenditures. 


1914, 


Summary. 


Year. 

January 
8,  1909- 
January 
6,  1910. 

January 
7,  1910- 
January 
5,  1911. 

January 
6,  1911- 
January 
4,  1912. 

January 
5,  1912- 
January 
2,  1913. 

January 
3,  1913- 
January 
1,  1914.1 

January 
2,  1914- 
Decem- 
ber  31, 
1914. 

Room  rent  and  boards 

$260.00 

2.74 

57.03 

2.00 

5.20 

10.20 

57.508 
29.13 
13.05 

$265.00 

3.92 

64.43 

5.20 

10.20 

47.80» 
40.66 
12.92 

$260.00 

3.75 

44.64 

5.20 

10.40 

47.70 
41.94 
11.40 

$260.00 

3.99 

56.45 

73.50 

5.20 

10.00 

42.7610 
39.75 
13.78 
20.50 

$260.00 

5.08 

39.17 

63.00 

#.20 

10.95 

39.10 

43.94 

7.71 

$244,183 

Candy. . 

5.27 

57.17 

Physician 

23.50* 

3.705 

Reading  matter* .  .    .  . 

Church 

6.00 

Charity.  .... 

Recreation^ 

35.86 

Car  fare 

30.13 

Gifts,  Christmas 

19.24 

Gifts,  birthday,  etc 

14.06 

Laundry 

Toilet  suppliese 

Total  annual  expenditures,  six 
years,  actually  recorded 

Total  annual  income,  six  years, 
actually  recorded 

$436.85 
481.79 

$450.13 
516.22 

$425.03 
473.57 

$525.93 
476.62 

$474.15 
447.69 

$439.11 
404.52 

Balance 

$  44.94 

$  66.09 

$  48.54 

Deficit 

$  49.31 

$  26.46 

$  24.59 

1  In  the  summary  tables  of  the  budgets  of 
individuals  (pp.  167-178),  the  figures  given  for 
Individual  No.  1  are  those  of  this  year. 

2  While  living  at  home,  Miss  I.  paid  $5  per 
week  for  board  and  lodging.  In  the  summary 
table  on  page  172,  $1  of  this  amount  has  been 
considered  payment  for  lodging,  and  $4,  pay- 
ment for  table  board. 

3  Includes  $1  per  week  sent  to  parents  for 
rent  of  room  at  home,  during  the  20  weeks  in 
which   Miss  I.   was  living  elsewhere.     Board 


and  lodging  are  reckoned  at  $3.50  per  woek. 
during  the  weeks  in  which  Miss  I.  was  paid  a 
salary  with  board  and  lodging. 

*  Includes  dentist's  bill  of  $4. 

s  Stopped  paying  in  September. 

« Included  under  recreation. 

">  Includes  reading  matter,  toilet  supplies, 
and  sundries. 

8  Includes  $26.90  for  vacation. 

» Includes  $6.14  for  vacation. 

1"  Includes  $1.50  for  vacation. 


CLOTHING  FOR   ONE  YEAR,   JANUARY   7,    1910- JANUARY   S,    1911. 


Coat $    5.75 

Dress  goods  and  coat  goodsi,  and  making 

of  dress 15.25 

Waist  goods' 1.21 

Dress  goods 1.24 

Pattern,    thread,    and   sewing   silk,   for 

dress 38 

Notions 43 

Skirt  goods  and  making 6.50 

Skirt,  white,  ready-made 1.98 

Hats  (2)2 11.25 

Ribbon  lor  hat 54 

Gloves  (3  prs.) 1.88 

Belts  (2) 30 


Collars  (3) 75 

Undervests 30 

Cambric  for  underwear 60 

Flannelette  for  underwear 63 

Longcloth  for  underwear 1.32 

Lace  for  underwear 4.17 

Shoes  (2  prs.) 4.00 

Shoe  repairs  and  laces 75 

Soles  for  inside  of  shoes 10 

Stockings 1.75 

Gaiters  (2  prs.) 1.40 

Rubbers  (3  prs.) 1.95 


$64.43 


CLOTHING  FOR   ONE  YEAR,   JANUARY  6,   1911-JANUARY   4,    1912. 


Dress  goods  and  making' $20.09 

Goods  for  waists  (4) 1.80 

Laces  and  silks  for  trimmings 1.08 

Patterns  (5) 70 

Notions 1.02 

Hats  (3) 8.09 

Gloves  and  mittens 1.15 

Belts  (2) 35 


Undervests  (6) 65 

Cambric  for  underwear 1.97 

Shoes  (2  prs.) 3.95 

Shoe  repairs,  laces,  and  inner  soles 1.90 

Stocking?  (1  doz.) 1.35 

Gingham  for  aprons  (2) 54 

$44.64 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


185 


CLOTHING  FOR   ONE  YEAR,   JANUARY   5,    1912- JANUARY  2,   1913. 


Coat $14.98 

Skirt  goods  and  making 8.10 

Skirt  goods  ("made  it  myself") 3.00 

Dress  goods  ("made  it  myself") 97 

Laces  for  trimming 2.05 

Notions 44 

Patterns  (2) 25 

Ferris  waists  (3) 3.25 

Hat  (summer) 6.00 

Reblocking  winter  hat 50 

Wool  and  silk  for  crocheting  a  hat 1.11 

Gloves  (3  prs.) 1.50 


Belts  (2) 40 

Undervests  (4) 50 

Petticoat 3.00 

Cambric  for  underwear 2.50 

Shoes  (1  pr.) 2.00 

Shoe  repairs 1.60 

Stockings  (9  prs.) 1.95 

Gaiters 1.00 

Rubbers  (2  prs.) 1.35 


$56.45 


CLOTHING   FOR   ONE  YEAR,   JANUARY  3,   1913-JANUARY   1,   1914. 


Linen  dress  goods  ("made  it  myself") .  .$  2.00 

Poplin  dress  goods  and  skirt 3.00 

Waist  goods  (3) 2.03 

Lace  for  trimmings 1.56 

Notions 2.09 

Straw  hat  shape  ("trimmed  it  myself") .  l.OQ 

Straw  hat  shape  ("  trimmed  it  myself  ")  * .  1 .25 

Winter  hat 4.75 

Hat  retrimmed  (work  and  trimmings)  .  .  1.73 

Gloves  (3  prs.) 1.85 

Belt 13 

Collars  (3) 1.00 

Undervests  (4) 50 

Ferris  waists  (2) 2.00 


Underskirt 2.00 

Sateen  for  underskirt 50 

Shoes  (2  prs.) 5.50 

Shoe  repairs 2.15 

Stockings  (1  doz.) 2.00 


Rubbers  (1  pr.) 
Gingham  for  aprons . 

Pattern 

Handkerchiefs 

Hat  pins 

Miscellaneous 


.65 
.64 
.15 
.20 
.10 
.39 


$39.17 


CLOTHING   FOR   ONE  YEAR,   JANUARY   2,   1914-DECEMBER  31,   1914. 


...  $  3.54 

Making  and  trimming 

9.33 

.70 

Lace,  ribbon,  and  velvet 

.46 

Lawn  for  a  dress 

Gingham  for  a  dress 

Percale  for  a  dress 

.  .  .        .75 

96 

.  .  .        .75 
.  .  .     3.13 

Lace  and  pattern 

.43 

Dress  goods  (received  as  present) 

86 

Pattern  and  sewing  silk 

Goods  for  a  skirt 

Lawn  for  a  waist 

25 

72 

.38 

Dress  patterns  (2) . . 

.30 

Camp  Fire  Girl's  dress 

45 

.30 

70 

Hat  trimmings 

, . . .     2.75 

*"Sold  coat  goods  and  some  waist  goods 
for  $3.92."     Bee  income  table  for  1910,  p.  182. 

2  "One  hat,  which  cost  $10.00,  was  worn 
as  bought,  for  two  winters,  for  best;  the  third 
winter  it  was  reblocked  for  $.50,  and  worn 
for   best;    the    fourth   winter   the   shape   was 


Gloves  (1  pr.) 1.00 

Collars 1.00 

Tie  and  cords 45 

Undervests  (4) 48 

Underwear 1.00 

Crgpe  for  underwear 83 

Ribbon  and  beading  for  underwear 24 

Gingham  for  apron 56 

Shoes  (2  prs.) 6.00 

Shoe  repairs 1 .20 

Rubber  heels  on  shoes  (3  prs.) 1.50 

Shoe  laces 20 

Stockings  (11  prs.) 2.75 

Rubbers , 60 

Barrette 25 

Miscellaneous 12.35 


$57.17 


worn  for  work;  the  plume  is  still  almost  as 
good  as  new  (April,  1914)." 

'"Dress  was  worn  for  four  seasons  (two 
vears),  and  still  is  in  good  condition  (April, 
1914)." 

*  Mourning  hat,  bought  because  of  brother's 
death. 


INDIVIDUAL   NO.   2. 

Type  and  Occupation. — This  is  the  budget  of  Miss  N.,  an  un- 
married American  woman  of  thirty-eight  years,  who  leads  an  inde- 
pendent life.  Her  childhood  was  spent  in  Texas;  since  she  has 
been  old  enough  to  support  herself,  she  has  lived  in  several  places, 
and  has  been  employed  in  a  number  of  occupations ;  for  the  greater 
part  of  the  past  ten  years,  she  has  been  employed  as  a  lace  worker 
in  Kensington. 

By  temperament,  Miss  N.  is  a  student.     She  enjoys  good  books 


186  BUDGETS    OF    FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 

and  good  lectures,  and  is  interested  in  various  movements  for 
the  uplift  of  working  women.  She  is  a  Camp  Fire  Guardian,  and 
has  held  offices  in  the  union  to  which  she  belonged  and  in  a  club  of 
the  women  employed  in  the  lace  mill  where  she  worked. 

Miss  N.'s  budget,  as  given  in  this  study,  covers  ten  years  and 
nine  weeks  (January  1,  1905-March  2,  1915).  During  1905,  1906, 
1907,  and  the  early  part  of  1908,  she  was  employed  in  one  of  the 
large  lace  mills  of  Kensington.  Work  was  slack  in  the  mill  in  1908, 
and  in  May,  Miss  N.  was  laid  off.  She  spent  June  in  the  coun- 
try, at  the  home  of  a  friend,  earning  her  board  by  assisting  with 
the  housework.  In  July  she  took  a  position  in  a  garment  factory 
in  Kensington,  where  her  work  consisted  in  "overlocking  dressing 
sacks  all  the  way  around,  for  five  cents  a  dozen."  In  August  she 
went  into  a  garment  factory  downtown,  where  she  did  the  same 
kind  of  work  for  a  time  wage  of  $10  per  week.  She  remained  in 
this  position  until  March,  1909;"  then,  at  the  request  of  her  former 
employer,  she  returned  to  the  lace  mill,  and  worked  there  as  an 
overlocker  until  May  15,  1911,  when  she  left  Philadelphia  for 
Arizona,  to  engage  in  a  poultry-raising  project.  The  climate  in 
Arizona  did  not  agree  with  Miss  N.,  and  in  July  she  returned  to 
Philadelphia.  She  was  not  well  enough  to  take  up  work  again 
until  September;  she  then  returned  to  the  lace  mill,  as  an  over- 
locker, and  remained  there  until  August,  1914,  when  she  decided  to 
give  up  mill  work  altogether.  From  August  13  until  the  beginning 
of  1915  Miss  N.  had  no  regular  employment,  and  drew  upon  her 
savings  for  support,  to  a  large  extent,  although  she  worked  in  the 
lace  mill  again  for  two  weeks  in  October,  and  during  November 
and  December  she  did  some  clerical  work,  and  took  subscriptions 
for  a  publishing  house. 

The  following  is  Miss  N.'s  explanation  of  her  decision  to  give 
up  mill  work  (written  toward  the  close  of  1914):  ''Since  about  the 
middle  of  August  I  have  had  very  little  work,  and  felt  that  while 
there  was  such  a  little  at  the  mill,  and  I  had  any  money  on  hand, 
and  no  one  depending  on  me,  I  would  stand  by  and  see  what  the 
world  was  doing.  .  .  .  Now  I  think  I  have  work,  at  least  for  a  time, 
and  a  chance  to  advance.  I  realized  that  I  must  learn  something 
new,  and  that  it  must  be  something  that  means  more  than  a  mere 
existence,  and  must  count  in  the  world  for  my  share  in  the  re- 
sponsibility of  life.  I  have  been  to  several  places,  but  not  to  mills, 
except  for  two  weeks.  I  want  something  different,  and  they  are 
all  alike,  to  a  large  extent." 


OF  KENSINGTON,  PHILADELPHIA.  187 

For  the  first  three  and  a  half  weeks  of  1915,  Miss  N.  held  a  posi- 
tion with  a  woman's  organization  in  Philadelphia.  After  that, 
she  did  some  work  for  a  Bible  House  in  Philadelphia.  As  this 
account  closes,  she  is  taking  up  field-secretarial  work  with  a  woman's 
organization  in  another  city.  In  this  position  she  is  to  receive  a 
salary  of  $50  for  the  first  month,  with  the  promise  of  an  increase, 
provided  her  services  are  satisfactory. 

The  Account. — The  tables  for  this  budget  give  Miss  N.'s  income 
for  ten  years  and  nine  weeks:  1905,  yearly  total;  1906-1912, 
income  by  months;  1913,  1914,  income  by  weeks;  January  and 
February,  1915,  income  by  weeks.  The  total  yearly  expenditures 
are  given  for  the  years  1905-1912,  with  a  detailed  account  of 
expenditures  for  twenty-four  weeks  in  1912,  twenty  weeks  in  1913, 
sixteen  weeks  in  1914,  and  eight  weeks  in  1915. 

Lodging  and  Food. — During  the  years  1907-1914,  Miss  N. 
rented  a  room  in  a  friend's  house,  for  $1  per  week.  She  did  her 
own  cooking  in  her  room,  by  means  of  an  alcohol  lamp  and  an  im- 
provised fireless  cooker,  the  latter  consisting  of  a  kettle  wrapped  in 
several  layers  of  newspapers.  Besides  doing  her  cooking.  Miss  N. 
tried  various  projects  for  keeping  down  food  expenditure.  In 
October,  1907,  her  brother  sent  her  four  pullets  and  a  rooster,  and 
she  raised  forty  young  chickens,  which  furnished  her  with  eggs 
until  the  spring  of  1909,  thus  "helping  out  the  lean  income  of 
1908."  In  1910,  she  worked  a  garden  patch  and  raised  green 
vegetables  for  herself.  In  1911,  she  made  a  large  quantity  of  grape 
juice;  she  sold  enough  of  this  to  pay  expenses,  and  the  remainder 
furnished  her  with  an  item  of  food  for  the  two  following  years.  In 
the  fall  of  1912,  she  bought  a  peck  of  wheat  and  ground  it  in  a 
coffee  mill;  this  furnished  her  with  cereal  food  for  many  months 
at  a  trifling  cost.  It  should  be  remembered,  in  studying  Miss  N.'s 
expenditure  account,  that  what  she  saves  in  the  monetary  cost 
of  food,  she  pays  for  in  labor;  ''I  earn  my  money  twice,"  she  said 
to  the  investigator,  in  discussing  her  budget. 

Standard  of  Living. — Miss  N.  dresses  very  economically,  and 
spends  little  for  recreation  or  pleasure  of  any  sort.  Her  endeavor 
is  to  add  each  year  to  her  savings  account,  rather  than  to  spend 
more  on  her  living.  Toward  the  close  of  the  period  of  her  account 
she  writes  as  follows  with  regard  to  her  standard  of  living:  "I  have 
never  gone  begging  for  lack  of  funds,  but  I  have  sometimes  neglected 
my  meals  from  discouragement.  I  have  been  careful  to  save,  or 
would  be  in  a  fine  plight  now.  The  saving  has  been  mostly  on 
13 


188 


BUDGETS    OF   FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 


clothes,  though  I  have  saved  on  room  rent  by  providing  the  furni- 
ture and  care  of  it,  and  doing  my  own  washing  as  far  as  I  could, — 
the  small  pieces.  Not  going  out  much  helped  in  this.  I  did  not 
make  many  visiting  friends,  for  I  could  not  return  their  invitations, 
and  being  fond  of  reading  has  caused  libraries  to  be  a  favorite  haunt. 
I  have  saved  too  on  the  food  line,  by  eating  the  simple  nourishing 
foods  in  their  season,  though  I  have  sometimes  added  a  few  extras 
as  a  treat,  to  add  spice  to  the  joy  of  preparation,  for  I  like  best  to 
shop  ancj  make  my  own  selections,  and  then  cook  them  as  I  like, 
or  not  at  all,  and  I  eat  very  little  meat." 

In  the  ten  years  that  Miss  N.  worked  in  the  lace  tnill,  though 
she  advanced  to  as  high  a  position  as  was  open  to  women  in  that 
industry,  she  was  not  able  to  earn  an  average  of  $10  per  week,  for  a 


INCOME  AND  EXPENDITURES. 

Eight  Years  (52  Weeks,  or  364  Days,  Each),  1905-1912,  Actually  Recorded  Income  and 

Expenditures. 
Income. 
Wages: 


Year. 

1905. 

1906. 

1907. 

1908. 

1909. 

1910. 

1911. 

1912. 

Jan. 

Wages 
for  1905 
not  re- 
corded 
by^ 
months. 

$30.69 
32.07 
40.72 
36.30 
38.61 
43.94 
38.37 
29.20 
28.68 
34.18 
44.30 
25.96 

$27.35 
36.01 
28.20 
20.29 
16.85 
22.17 
18.90 
46.15 
33.17 
36.77 
40.32 
32.55 

$27.52 
19.67 
11.79 

7.87 

2 

16.133 
38.62 
41.25 
50.00 
40.00 
40.00 

$46.67 
40.00 
22.83 
39.55 
30.88 
38.17 
45.70 
44.10 
30.96 
51.90 
33.18 
39.72 

$26.87 
29.58 
13.607 
35.03 
38.31 
37.59 
55.83 
49.07 
50.02 
45.87 
29.02 
44.74 

$36.08 
34.03 
50.15 
40.10 
21.44 

9 
10 

40.01 
33.78 
31.01 
48.76 

$37.69 

Feb 

42.06 

Mar 

52.60 

Apr 

47.55 

May 

June 

July 

42.52 
27.04 
26.51 

Auk 

44.49 

Sent. 

31.43 

Oct 

28.70 

Nov 

40.69 

Dec 

34.92 

Total  Wages  . 

$361.09 

$423.02 

$358.73 

$292.85 

$463.66 

$455.53 

$335.36 

$456.20 

Income   from 
other  sources 

$30,004 

$12,008 

$46.73" 

Total  income. 

$361.09 

$423.02 

$358.73 

$322,855 

$463.66 

$467.53 

$382.09 

$456.20 

Total  expendi- 
tures   

$316,541 

$269.54 

$274.35 

$329,236 

$303.43 

$337.53 

$477.5112 

$338.94 

Balance 

$44.55 

$153.48 

$84.38 

$160.23 

$130.00 

$117.26 

Deficit 

$6,385 

1     $95.42 

1  Church,  $19.67;  musical  education  of  a 
child,  $19.36;    other  expenditures,  $277.51. 

2  Laid  off  on  account  of  slack  period  at 
lace  mill. 

« Wages  for  July,  1908-February,  1909, 
were  for  work  in  garment  factories. 

*  Proceeds  from  sale  of  chickens. 

*  "As  far  as  saving  is  concerned,  1908  was  a 
lost  year.  The  chickens  helped  to  make  ends 
meet;  used  eggs  for  food.  Sold  the  chickens 
and  the  run  for  $30, — $5  of  which  I  invested 
in  rabbits  and  a  small  nm." 

8  Includes  feed  for   chickens  and  rabbits, 
and  the  $5  invested  in  rabbits, 
f  Time  lost  on  account  of  strike. 
*Thi8  amovmt  was  received  from  tmion; 


part  of  it  was  "strike  pay,"  and  part  was 
payment  for  services  rendered  to  imion. 
« In  Arizona. 

10  Unemployed. 

11  Receipts  from  poultry-raising  project  in 
Arizona.  Miss  N.'s  partners  furmshed  her 
with  board  and  lodging,  and  also  supplied 
chickens  and  chicken  feed.  Upon  leaving 
Arizona  Miss  N.  received  one-third  of  the 
chickens  as  her  share.  These  she  sold  for 
$28.73.  The  $46.73  represents  the  proceeds 
from  the  sale  of  chickens,  plus  board  and 
lodging  in  Arizona,  which  were  reckoned  as 
the  equivalent  of  an  income  of  $3  per  week. 

12  Includes  ticket  to  and  from  Arizona. 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


189 


INCOME. 

Two  Years  (52  Weeks,  ob  364   Days,  Each)  and   Nine  Weeks,  January  1,  1913- 

March  2,  1915,  Actually  Recorded  Income. 

Amounts  are  recorded  for  weekly  pay  intervals.     In  date  column  is  indicated  the  first  day  of 

each  fourth  week. 


January  1,  1913- 
December  30,  1913,     Wages. 


Date. 


Amount. 


December  31,  1913- 
December  29,  1914,     Wages. 


December  30,  1914- 
March  2,  1915,    Wages. 


Date. 


Amount. 


Date. 


Amount. 


Jan.      1,  1913 

Jan.   29 

Feb.  26 

Mar.  26 

April  23 

May  21 

June  18 

July  16 

Aug.  13 

Sept.  10 

Oct.     8 

Nov.    5 

Dec.     3 


6.90 

8.18 

11.93 

12.14 

9.76 

11.06 

8.77 

9.25 

8.29 

9.58 

10.51 

10.15 

10.41 

8.82 

8.44 

10.07 

12.13 

12.41 

12.33 

12.55 

.91 

5.00 

8.80 

7.72 

8.75 

.56 

9.75 

7.07 

7.59 


4.90 

8.56 
5.38 
4.53 
5.17 
5.38 
6.80 
4.46 
7.22 
6.40 
4.36 
5.77 
10.07 
8.92 
7.65 
.84 
6.37 
8.38 
9.08 
6.53 


Dec.  31,  1913. 
Jan.  28,1914, 
Feb.  25...;.. 

Mar.  25 

April  22 

May  20 

June  17 

July  15 

Aug.  12 

Sept.    9 

Oct.     7 

Nov.    4 

Dec.     2 


4.49* 
7.01 


3.90« 

4.65 

1.05 

18.22? 


Dec.  30,  1914. 


Jan.   27,  1915. 


$  9.00» 
9.00 
9.00 
4.50 

12.60") 


Feb.  24. 


Total  wages  . . 
Income  from 
other    sources. 


$44.10 
.27" 


Total  income 


$44.37 


Total  wages . . . . 
Income  from 
other  sources . 


$386.60 


$270.69 
16.608 


Total  income . 


$386.60 


$287.29 


>  Vacation,  2  weeks.       ^  m. 
»  Left  mill  Aug.  19,  1914.     Unemployed  for 
8  weeks. 

*  Returned  to  mill  for  2  weeks. 
6  Unemployed. 

•  Clerical  work,  3  weeks. 

">  Commission  paid  by  publishing  house  for 
subscriptions. 


'Profit  on. jellies.  $9.90;  gift  from  father, 
$2;  payment  for  services  rendered  to  union, 
$4.70. 

"Work    for    woman's    organization,     3J^ 

10  Work  for  Bible  House. 

"  Old  car  fare  e  xchange  tickets  cashed  in. 


190 


BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 


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192 


BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 


year.  The  following  is  her  statement  with  regard  to  her  savings 
account,  early  in  1915:  ''Winding  up  with  January,  I  have  in  bank 
now  $145,  and  on  hand,  $15.  Besides  this  I  have  $50  out  at  six 
pfer  cent,  interest,  which  will  be  due  next  summer." 

WAGES. 
One  Year,  1913. 


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INDIVIDUAL   NO.   3. 

Type  and  Occupation. — This  is  the  budget  of  Miss  D.,  an  un- 
married woman  of  forty  years.  Born  in  the  north  of  Ireland,  she 
has  lived  in  this  country  since  her  childhood.  Miss  D.  boards  with 
strangers,  and  leads  an  entirely  independent  life.  She  is  an  active 
.member  of  the  United  Presbyterian  church,  and  her  social  interests 
are  confined  almost  exclusively  to  church  activities.  Miss  D.  has 
been  employed  as  an  ingrain  carpet  weaver  in  the  Kensington  mills 
for  twenty-seven  years,  and  has  acquired  the  reputation  among 
manufacturers  of  being  one  of  the  most  efficient  weavers  in  the 
carpet  industry  in  Kensington. 

The  Account. — The  tables  for  this  budget  give  Miss  D.'s  bi-weekly 
wages  for  four  years  (March  24,  1911-March  18,  1915), — the  entire 
time  that  she  has  been  with  the  firm  that  now  employs  her.  Her 
expenditures  are  recorded  in  detail  for  one  year  (October  31,  1913- 
October  29,  1914);  in  addition,  a  list  of  all  of  her  large  items  of 
expenditure  is  given  for  the  five  and  one-half  years  preceding  the 
year  of  the  detailed  account. 

Income. — Ingrain  carpet  weaving  is  paid  for  on  a  definite  piece- 
work scale,  ranging  from  three  and  three-quarters  cents  to  five 
cents  per  yard,  according  to  the  grade  of  the  carpet  woven.  Samples 
are  paid  for  at  the  rate  of  six  cents  per  yard.  For  the  four  years 
for  which  Miss  D.'s  income  is  recorded,  her  average  weekly  earnings 
were  $8.11,  $9.05,  $8.39,  and  $6.78,  respectively.     Miss  D.  states 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  193 

that,  owing  to  slack  seasons,  her  yearly  earnings  have  been  con- 
siderably lower  in  recent  years  than  they  were  when  she  started 
in  as  a  weaver.  ''In  the  late  eighties,"  she  says,  "  there  was  seldom 
a  slack  season."  The  first  year  after  she  became  a  weaver,  she 
earned  over  $500,  but  she  has  never  earned  so  much  since  that  year. 
In  addition  to  slack  seasons,  a  factor  which  operates  at  present,  to  a 
slight  extent,  in  lowering  the  wages  of  women  weavers,  is  the  new 
state  law  (in  effect,  November,  1913)  reducing  the  number  of  their 
hours  of  work  from  sixty  to  fifty-four  and  three-quarters,  per  week. 
For  the  last  of  the  four  years  of  this  account,  Miss  D.'s  total  earnings 
amounted  only  to  $352.76. 

Clothing. — Miss  D.  spends  an  unusually  small  amount  for  cloth- 
ing, though  she  is  always  dressed  neatly.  Her  total  clothing 
expenditure  for  six  years  (April  1,  1908-March  31,  1914)  was  only 
$150.50.  She  buys  her  clothes  ready-made  or  else  has  them  made 
by  a  dressmaker;  she  never  makes  them  herself.  With  regard  to  her 
clothing  expenditure  she  says  (fall  of  1914):  "I  do  not  buy  many 
clothes,  dress  plainly,  and  am  not  particular  about  being  in  the 
height  of  fashion.  My  underclothing  is  of  the  plainest  kind,  and 
not  expensive,  excepting  my  woolen  underwear  which  I  wear  in 
winter,  which  costs  $4  per  set.  I  have  bought  two  sets  since  1908. 
I  had  a  lot  of  clothing  on  my  return  from  Ireland  (1908),  which 
was  not  much  worn  there,  and  consequently  I  did  not  buy  much 
for  a  year  after  returning  here." 

Church;  Gifts. — Church  contributions  and  gifts  (principally  to 
relatives)  make  up  a  large  proportion  of  Miss  D.'s  expenditures. 
Every  year  she  sends  money  to  a  sister  in  Ireland,  and  she  frequently 
helps  other  relatives.  She  brought  up  a  sister's  son,  paying  for  his 
board  from  his  seventh  to  his  seventeenth  year.  "I  wanted  to 
make  a  scholar  of  him, — a  minister,"  she  said  to  the  investigator, 
''but  he  did  not  have  a  taste  for  study."  Miss  D.  finally  appren- 
ticed him  to  a  jeweler,  for  $1.50  a  week,  and  he  is  now  a  successful 
manufacturer  and  repairer  of  jewelry.  Miss  D.  spent  nearly  $1,000 
in  bringing  up  this  nephew, — this  amount  including  his  expenses 
on  a  trip  to  Ireland  which  he  took  with  her  in  his  ninth  year. 

Savings  and  Investments. — With  regard  to  saving.  Miss  D.  says: 
"All  the  money  I  have  ever  handled  has  been  of  my  own  earning, 
with  the  exception  of  a  small  legacy  of  $100  left  to  me  by  an  uncle 
more  than  twenty  years  ago.  Since  I  first  started  to  earn  money 
for  myself,  I  have  been  more  or  less  connected  with  some  building 
society.  I  have  taken  shares  at  various  times,  and  withdrew  them 
when  I  needed  money." 


194  BUDGETS    OF   FAMILIES   AND   INDIVIDUALS 

During  the  period  covered  by  the  account  for  this  study,  Miss  D. 
has  been  paying  off  the  mortgage  on  a  house  which  she  bought 
through  a  building  and  loan  association.  The  following  is  her 
statement  with  regard  to  this  investment  (January  1,  1915):  ''On 
November  16,  1903,  I  took  out  five  shares  in  a  building  and  loan 
association.  Dues  on  these  shares  amounted  to  $5  per  month, 
or  $1  per  share  per  month.  This  amount  I  paid  on  these  shares 
for  one  year  and  eleven  months,  which  made  $155  I  had  thus  far 
paid  as  dues.  In  October,  1905,  I  borrowed  $1,000  on  these  five 
shares,  the  building  association  loaning  me  $200  per  share.  This 
$1,000,  together  with  $450  of  my  own  saving,  I  invests  in  a  small 
house,  the  total  price  of  which  was  $1,450.  Beginning  with  October, 
1905, 1  have  been  paying  back  this  loan  to  the  building  association 
in  installments  of  $10  per  month.  I  receive  from  this  investment 
$13  per  month,  or  $156  per  year.  This  amount  I  have  received  for 
nine  years,  or  a  total  of  $1,404.'* 

The  $13  per  month  which  Miss  D.  receives  as  rent  from  this 
house,  has  so  far  just  about  paid  for  taxes,  water  rent,  and  building 
association  dues.  Repairs  have  had  to  be  paid  for  out  of  Miss 
D.'s  wages.  The  following  are  the  items  of  expense  which  she  had 
in  connection  with  this  investment  during  the  nine  years,  October 
1,  1905-September  30,  1914: 

INVESTMENT  ACCOUNT,  NINE  YEARS,  OCTOBER    1,   1905- 
SEPTEMBER  30,   1914. 

Expenses. 

Taxes,  $19.50  per  year  for  nine  years %    175.50 

Water  rent,  $9  per  year  for  nine  years 81.00 

Conveyancing  at  time  of  making  purchase 36.15 

Fire  insurance  premium 5.00 

Painting  house  three  times 79.00 

Paperhanging 71.00 

Putting  on  new  roof 26.00 

Putting  in  new  range  and  boiler 65.00 

Plumbing 80.40 

Building  back  shed 70.00 

Putting  on  new  front  door 14.00 

Carpenter's  work 11.85 

Total  expenses $    714.90 

Paid  on  loan  to  building  association  during  nine  years 1,080.00 

Total  outlay  in  connection  with  investment  during  nine  years .  $1,794.90 

Total  rent  received  from  investment  during  nine  years 1,404.00 

Balance  of  expenses  paid  out  of  savings  during  nine  years  .  . .  .$   390.90 


OP   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


195 


INCOME. 

Four  Years  (52  Weeks,  or  364  Days,  Each),  March  24,  1911-March  18,  1915,  Actually  Re- 
corded Income. 

Amovnts  are  recorded  for  bi-weekly  pay  intervals.     In  date  column  is  indicated  the  first  day  of 

each  fourth  week. 


March  24,  1911- 
March  21,  1912,  Wages. 

March  22,  1912- 
March  20,  1913,  Wages. 

March  21,  1913- 
March  19,  1914,  Wages. 

March  20,  1914- 
March  18,  1915,  Wages. 

Date. 

a 
< 

Date. 

1 

< 

Date. 

a 

Date. 

1 

< 

Mar.  24,  1911. 

S  11.59 

Mar.  22,  1912. 

$  18.85 

Mar.  21,  1913. 

$  17.55 

Mar.  20,  1914. 

$  10.50 

19.15 

28.16 

5.54 

16.82 

AprU  21 

AprU  19 

20.11 

April  18 

11.39 

April  17 

11.20 

6.30 

21.16 

19.46 

13.59 

May  19 

6.25 

May  17 

23.33 

May  16 

18.09 

May  15 

18.04 

17.50 

13.38 

23.24 

13.82 

June  16 

23.22 

June  14 

23.98 

June  13 

18.98 

June  12 

17.89 

23.33 

24.02 

22.81 

21.22 

July   14 

13.73 

July   12 

17.47 

Jub    11 

17.42 

July   10 

16.73 

24.29 

23.53 

25.47 

23.04 

Aug.  11 

23.27 

Aug.     9 

18.72 

Aug.     8 

19.98 

Aug.     7 

18.17 

20.70 

21.85 

23.68 

23.26 

Sept.    8 

23.21 

Sept.    6 

17.85 

Sept.    5 

16.84 

Sept.    4 

18.90 

% 

12.45 

18.82 

21.65 

Oct.     6 

10.78 

Oct.     4 

22.11 

Oct.     3 

15.22 

Oct.     2 

5.7 

11.99 

2.50 

8.89 

9.12 

Nov.    3 

14.05 

Nov.    1 

5.22 

Oct.    31 

6.40 

Oct.- 30 

2.93 

21.73 

4.21 

9.19 

9.42 

Dec.     1 

17.84 

Nov.  29 

6.95 

Nov.  28 

17.55 

Nov.  27 

5.76 

19.05 

19.26 

23.00 

15.28 

Dec.  29 

18.95 

Dec.  27 

18.35 

Dec.  26 

16.83 

Dec.  25 

14.07 

18.30 

17.66 

15.79 

11.21 

Jan.   26,  1912. 

18.72 

Jan.   24,1913. 

23.05 

Jan.    23,  1914. 

19.02 

Jan.   22,1915. 

11.21 

16.58 

23.33 

20.55 

18.67 

Feb.  23 

11.07 

Feb.  21 

19.22 

Feb.  20 

13.39 

Feb.  19 

12.50 

17.71 

17.72 

8.34 

13.65 

$421.76 

$470.81 

$436.27 

$352.76 

The  final  payment  on  the  mortgage  against  the  house  was  made 
just  before  the  close  of  the  period  of  this  account.  The  following 
is  Miss  D.'s  statement  at  the  close  of  the  period  (March  18,  1915), 
with  regard  to  her  investment:  "The  payments  on  my  house  ended 


196 


BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND   INDIVIDUALS 


with  the  payment  I  made  to  the  building  association  on  the  mort- 
gage, March  15,  1915.  My  house  is  now  clear.  The  series  of 
stock  in  the  building  association  on  which  my  loan  was  drawn, 
matured  two  months  sooner  than  I  expected,  so  the  March  pay- 
ment ended  my  indebtedness  to  the  association.  The  series  I 
refer  to  matured  in  eleven  years  and  five  months.  Altogether  I 
repaid  to  the  association  for  the  loan  of  $1,000  on  my  house,  $1,255, 
which  was  $255  interest.'' 

WAGES. 

One  Year,  1911-1912. 


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One  Year,  1912-1913. 


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OF  KENSINGTON,  PHILADELPHIA. 


197 


Miss  D.  has  no  other  investment  or  savings  account  at  present. 
She  says  (March  18,  1915):  ''I  had  a  bank  account  of  over  $400 
in  December,  1908,  on  my  return  from  Ireland,  but  I  have  drawn 
on  this  from  time  to  time,  and  have  not  been  able  to  renew  it.  At 
present  I  have  nothing  in  the  bank,  but  have  about  $60  in  cash  on 
hand." 

One  Year,  1913-1914. 


One  Year.  1914-1915. 


198  BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND   INDIVIDUALS 

EXPENDITURES:  LARGE  ITEMS. 

Six  Years,  April  1,  1908-March  31,  1914,  Actually  Recorded 
Expenditures. 

Trip  to  Ireland,  May,  1908 $300.00 

Physician's  bills,  April  1,  1910-March  31,  1913 125.00 

Special  donation  to  church  building  fund,  April,  1910 20.00 

Dentist's  bill,  April,  1913 25.00 

Ocuhst's  bill,  for  operation  on  eye,  April,  1913 10.00 

Eyeglasses,  April,  1913 12.00 

Sent  to  sister  in  Ireland  at  different  times  since  1908 160.00 

Clothing,  April  1,  1908-March  31,  1914: 

Suit $10.00         * 

Suit 15.00 

Suit 15.00 

Suit 20.00 

Hat 6.00 

Hat 6.00 

Hat 4.50 

Hat 3.50 

Hat  made  over 3.00 

Shoes,  5  prs.  @  $3.50 17.50 

Woolen  underwear,  2  sets 8.00 

Underskirts,  2  @  $3.00 6.00 

Clothing  not  itemized 36.00              150.50 


$802.50 

CLOTHING  FOR   ONE  YEAR,   OCTOBER  31,    1913-OCTOBER  29,    1914. 

Hat,  homemade $  1.25  Muslin 15 

Hat  (summer) 5.00  Flannel  for  nightgowns 1.50 

Hat  (fall) 5.00  Nightgown 50 

Hat  band 10  CoUars  (5) 1.25 

Flowers  for  hat 25  Notions 51 

Shirt  waists  (4) 5.25  Material  for  aprons 54 

Coat  lining 1.50  Shoes  (1  ijr.) 4.00 

Dress  lining 27  Shoe  repairs 1.15 

Ruching 10  Shoe  laces 04 

Underwear 1.50  Stockings  (7  prs.) 1.75 

Corsets  (1  pr.) 1.00  Rubbers 65 

Corset  steel 15  Belt  pin 25 

Corset  cover 50  

Underskirt 1.00  $35.16 

RECREATION  FOR   ONE  YEAR,   OCTOBER  31,   1913-OCTOBER  29,   1914. 

Church  socials $     .85  Entertaining  fiiends 1.60 

Receptions  to  pastor  (2) 1.50  Moving  pictures 10 

Church  suppers 1.95  Vacation  at  Wildwood  and  Cape  IMaj-  . .    10.90 

Church  fair 1.00  

Church  entertainments 75  $19.35 

Sunday _school  picnic 70 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


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200  BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND   INDIVIDUALS 


INDIVIDUAL   NO.  4. 

Type  and  Occupation. — This  is  the  budget  of  Miss  V.,  an  un- 
married woman  of  forty-two  years,  who  came  to  this  country  from 
the  north  of  Ireland  when  she  was  a  young  girl.  Miss  V.  boards 
with  a  sister.  Like  Miss  D.  (Individual  No.  3),  she  is  an  active 
member  of  the  United  Presbjrterian  church,  and  her  social  interests 
are  largely  confined  to  church  activities.  Miss  V.  has  been  an 
ingrain  carpet  weaver  in  the  Kensington  mills  for  twenty-nine  years. 

The  Account. — The  tables  for  this  budget  give  Miss  V.'s  bi-weekly 
wages  for  four  years  (July  14,  1911- July  8,  1915), — th^  entire  time 
that  she  has  been  with  the  firm  that  now  employs  her.  Her 
expenditures  are  recorded  in  detail  for  one  year  (October  3,  1913- 
October  1,  1914). 

Income. — For  the  four  years  for  which  her  income  is  recorded, 
Miss  V.'s  average  weekly  earnings  were  $7.42,  $6.08,  $6.27,  and 
$3.62,  respectively.  She  lost  six  weeks  during  the  second  year, 
and  fourteen  weeks  during  the  fourth  year,  on  account  of  illness. 
For  each  of  the  two  years,  however,  in  which  she  lost  no  time  on 
account  of  illness,  her  yearly  wages  were  below  $400.  As  stated  on 
page  193,  slack  seasons  have  been  the  chief  cause  of  the  low  yearly 
earnings  of  ingrain  carpet  weavers  in  recent  years.  The  state  law 
(in  effect,  November,  1913)  reducing  the  number  of  the  hours  of 
work  of  women  workers  from  sixty  to  fifty-four  and  three-quarters, 
per  week,  has  also  had  some  effect  in  lowering  the  wages  of  women 
weavers. 

Clothing. — Miss  V.'s  clothing  expenditure  for  the  year  of  her 
expenditure  account,  was  $35.15.  She  makes  most  of  her  own 
dresses,  coats,  and  underwear,  and  makes  over  her  hats. 

Church. — Church  contributions  are  the  most  striking  item  in  this 
budget.  They  amounted  to  $34.73  for  the  year  of  the  account, 
and  comprised  11.19  per  cent,  of  Miss  V.'s  total  expenditures. 

Savings  and  Investments. — Miss  V.  has  been  careful  to  save  and 
to  invest  her  money.  She  owns  eighty  shares  of  Union  Traction 
stock,  and  has  over  $1,000  out  at  interest.  Her  income  from 
investments  for  the  year  1913  was  as  follows: 

Union  Traction  stock,  80  shares $240.00 

In  bank,  $794  @  3.65  per  cent 28.98 

Loan  to  uncle,  $300  @  6  per  cent 18.00 

$286.98 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


201 


INCOME. 

Four  Years  (52  Weeks,  or  364  Days,  Each),  July  14,  1911-July  8,1915,  Actually  Recorded 

Income. 

Amounts  are  recorded  for  bi-weekly  pay  intervals.     In  date  column  is  indicated  the  first  day  of 

each  fourth  week. 


July  14,  1911- 
July  11,  1912,  Wages. 


Date. 


July  12,  1912- 
July  10,  1913,  Wages. 


Date. 


July  11,  1913- 
July  9,  1914,  Wages. 


Date. 


July  10,  1914- 
July  8,  1915,  Wages. 


Date. 


July  14,1911. 

Aug.  11 

Sept.    8 

Oct.     6 

Nov.    3 

Dec.     1 

Dec.  29 

Jan.   26,  1912 

Feb.;  23 

Mar.  22 

April  19 

May  17 

June  14 


$11.07 

17.89 

18.60 

23.31 

15.79 

15.32 

6.75 

7.94 

18.82 

11.23 

17.00 

4.931 

12.92 

19.28 
13.74 
11.46 
22.77 
14.42 
21.02 
13.82 
16.76 
18.32 
15.21 
18.40 
19.05 


July   12,  1912 

Aug.    9 

Sept.    6 

Oct.     4 

Nov.    1 

Nov.  29 

Dec.  27 

Jan.   24,  1913 

Feb.  21 

Mar.  21 

AprU18 

May  16 

Jime  13 


$13.19 


6.40 
18.88 
18.63 

9.58 

5.49 

4.10 
14.15 
17.91 
16.65 
16.87 
22.58 
20.37 
17.83 
17.23 

7.03 
14.51 
14.91 

5.65 
17.22 
20.43 
16.52 


July   11,1913. 

Aug.    8 

Sept.    5 

Oct.     3 

Oct.   31 

Nov.  28 

Dec.  26 

Jan.   23,  1914 

Feb.  20 

Mar.  20 

April  17 

May  15 

June  12 


$16.34 

20.97 

23.81 

8.274 

11.92 

18.34 

2.50 

5.71 

2.65 

16.82 

16.31 

15.06 

11.42 

18.99 

17.23 

18.18 

6.44 

5.13« 

11.90 

5.75 

12.85 

17.20 

5.90 

19.16 

18.05 


July   10,  1914 
Aug.    7 

Sept.    4 

• 

Oct.     2 

Oct.  30 

Nov.  27 

Dec.  25 

Jan.   22,1915 

Feb.  19 

Mar.  19 

April  16 

May  14 

Jime  11 


$8,797 

5.628 

18.70 

19.25 

15.27« 

5.53» 

5.62 

7.59 

3.19 

6.01 

5.01 

16.48 

6.13 

8.37 

14.35 

11.07 

16.20 

15.00 


$385.82 


$316.13 


$325.90 


$188.18 


1  On  account  of  death  of  brother,  stayed  at 
home  till  new  year. 

2  111  for  6  weeks. 

'  No  work  on  account  of  slack  season. 

♦Amount  earned  before  taking  vacation; 
spent  1  week  at  Ocean  Grove. 

5  Spent  2  weeks  in  the  country. 

•Slack  work;  went  to  the  country  for  1 
week. 


^Amoimt  earned  before  taking  vacation 
of  2  weeks  (July  1-14)  at  Asbury  Park. 

8  Amoimt  earned  after  returning  from  vaca- 
tion at  Asbury  Park. 

»  Stock  taking  and  slack  work. 

1"  111  for  remainder  of  period. 


WAGES. 
One  Year,  1911-1912. 


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OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


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204  BUDGETS    OF    FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 

CLOTmNG   FOR   ONE  YEAR,   OCTOBER  3,    1913-OCTOBER   1,    1914. 

Waist $     .89       Gloves 54 

Skirt  materal 1.75        Neckwear  and  belts 60 

Waist  material 1.32        Leggings 69 

Dress  material 7.00        Corsets .50 

Coat  material 2.50        Apron .20 

Trimmings  and  linings 2.30        Notions 1.03 

Hat  shapes  and  repairing 1.24        Umbrella 1.50 

Hat  trimmings 1.67        Umbrella  repaired 40 

Shoes  (2  prs.) 5.00        Parasol 69 

Shoe  repairs 2.35        Hand  bag  repaired 10 

Stockings 1.40  

Underwear 1 .24  $35.15 

Underwear  material 24 

INDIVIDUAL   NO.   5. 

Type  and  Occupation. — This  is  the  budget  of  Miss  B.,  the  older 
daughter  in  the  family  (Family  No.  7)  whose  budget  is  given  on 
pages  57-61.  The  family  was  broken  up  by  the  mother's  death 
in  January,  1914.  In  the  latter  part  of  the  following  March  the 
younger  daughter  married,  and  she  and  her  husband  bought  the 
home.  Miss  B.  then  rented  the  second  story  front  room  of  her 
sister,  with  the  privilege  of  cooking  her  meals  in  the  kitchen,  and 
since  that  time  she  has  lived  independently,  in  her  sister's  house, 
supporting  herself  from  her  earnings  as  a  necktie  finisher  in  a 
downtown  factory. 

The  Account. — The  tables  for  this  budget  give  Miss  B.'s  income 
and  expenditures  for  one  year  (April  3,  1914-April  1,  1915)  since 
she  began  to  live  independently.  (The  account  here  presented 
is  that  designated  on  page  58  as  Account  No.  3  of  Family  No.  7.) 

Cost  of  Furnishing  Room. — At  the  time  of  their  mother's  death 
the  daughters  received  $290  insurance.  They  spent  $190  of  this 
upon  the  funeral,  and  divided  the  remainder  equally  between 
themselves.  With  her  share  of  $50,  Miss  B.  bought  the  following 
articles  of  furniture,  in  order  to  fit  up  her  room  to  serve  as  a  sitting 
room,  as  well  as  a  bedroom: 

Davenport $22.50 

Rug 14.00 . 

Table 10.00 

Cretonne  for  pillows 1.25 

Framing  pictures,  etc 2.25 

$50.00 

Income. — Necktie  finishers  are  paid  a  piecework  wage  of  twenty- 
five  cents  or  thirty  cents  per  dozen  ties  finished,  according  to  the 
quality  of  the  tie.  During  the  year  of  the  account.  Miss  B.  lost 
much  time  on  account  of  slack  seasons  and  on  account  of  illness. 
Even   when  she  works  full  time,   her  earnings  are  small.     The 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


205 


following  is  her  own  explanation  of  some  of  the  difficulties  en- 
countered in  her  work  during  the  period  of  the  account:  ''My 
work  is  very  trying  this  season.  The  styles  of  the  ties  are  such 
that  it  is  almost  impossible  to  get  them  right,  and  they  must  be 
just  so.  About  three  weeks  ago  I  had  three  dozen  ties,  a  style  we 
do  not  make,  but  the  girls  who  do  make  them  had  more  than  they 
could  do;  so  we  had  to  help  out.  They  were  returned  three  times 
before  I  could  get  them  to  suit.  It  took  me  just  fourteen  hours  to 
do  them,  and  then  I  earned  seventy-five  cents.  I  didn't  mind  not 
making  so  much,  but  the  awful  strain.  These  are  some  of  the 
things  we  come  up  against."  Miss  B.'s  earnings  for  the  entire  year 
were  only  $343.20. 

Food;  Clothing. — By  doing  her  own  cooking.  Miss  B.  keeps  down 
the  cost  of  her  food  to  a  low  figure.  Her  food  expenditure  for  the 
year  averaged  only  $1.71  per  week.  Miss  B.  also  does  her  own 
dressmaking.     She  spent  but  $28.68  during  the  year  for  clothing. 


INCOME. 

One  Year  (52  Weeks  or  364  Days),  April  3,  1914-April  1,  1915,  Actually 
Recorded  Income. 

Amounts  are  recorded  for  weekly  pay  intervals.     In  date  column  is  indicated  the  first  day  of 

each  fourth  week. 


Wages. 

Wages. 

Wages. 

Date. 

Amount. 

Date. 

Amount. 

Date. 

Amount. 

April    3,  1914 

$  8.52 
6.80 
4.65 
4.60 
8.55 
7.10 
6.23 
6.23 
7.44 
4.00 

1 

4.43 
4.35 

2 

6.05 

7.12 

12.003 

12.003 

Aug.     7,1914.... 
Aug.  21 

$11,603 
10.663 
9.263 
3.46* 
3.70 
4.85 
8.81 

11.183 
10.013 

10.76 
10.53 
11.75 
11.95 
11.32 
11.43 
10.60 
8.05 
3.885 

Dec.  11,  1914.... 

Jan.     8,  1915 

Feb.     5 

5 

$2  82 

May     1 

Sept.  18 

.905 
1.805 
2.836 

May  29 

Oct.    16 

8.17 
9.23 

Mar     5 

10.103 

7.80 

June  26 

Nov   13 

5.98* 

5 

3.155 
8.60 

7.95 

T     1          O. 

July  24 

$343.20 

1  No  work  on  account  of  slack  season. 

2  Vacation. 

3  Includes  night  work. 


*  Slack  season. 

5  111. 


Church  and  Charity;  Car  Fare;  Recreation. — Miss  B.  is  a  member 
of  the  Church  of  God  denomination.  Contributions  to  church 
and  to  charity  comprised  10.77  per  cent,  of  her  total  expenditures 
during  the  year.  Car  fare  comprised  10.69  per  cent,  of  her  total 
expenditures,  and  the  expenditures  under  this  heading  consisted 


206 


BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND   INDIVIDUALS 


largely  of  ''car  fare  to  church,"  and  ''car  fare  for  visiting  the  sick." 
In  response  to  a  request  for  an  explanation  of  the  amounts  entered 
as  "carfare  for  visiting  the  sick,"  Miss  B.  says:  "I  have  been  on 
tjie  Flower  Committee  of  the  Christian  Endeavor  Society  for  many 
years,  and  when  it  is  too  far  to  walk,  or  I  am  too  tired,  I  ride,  but 
I  have  never  asked  for  one  penny  toward  paying  car  fare.  I  love 
to  do  it,  and  so  long  as  I  can  afford  it,  I  will  do  it."  Even  the 
expenditures  entered  in  Miss  B.'s  budget  under  the  heading  Recre- 
ation, might  almost  as  well,  in  many  instances,  be  classed  as  charity, 
since  such  expenditures  were  frequently  for  little  trips  on  which 
Miss  B.  took  convalescents  for  outings  during  the  sunwner. 


WAGES. 
One  Year,  1914-1915. 


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CLOTHING  FOR   ONE  YEAR, 

Frame  for  hat %     .45 

Flowers  for  hat 10 

Ribbon  for  hats 1.09 

Velvet  for  hat  (1  yd.) 1.25 

Trimming  for  hat 20 

Lining  for  hat 20 

Hat  shape 95 

Trimming  for  hat .91 

Waist 50 

Waist  material 58 

Lace  and  buttons 57 

Lace  for  waist 32 

Ruching 50 

SUk 1.60 

Lace  for  dresses 1.24 

Velvet  and  lining 18 

Shields  for  dresses 50 

Ratine 1.25 

Collars  and  cuffs 50 

Lace  for  collars 75 

RECREATION    FOR   ONE  YEAR,  APRIL 
3,   1914-APRIL   1,   1915. 

Trips  to  Willow  Grove  and  the  park $  2.90 

Trips  to  near-by  places 4.35 

Lawn  f6te 50 

Vacation  at  Asbury  Park 8.75 

$16.50 


APRIL  3,    1914-APRIL   1,   1915. 

Coat  lining 21 

Notions 95 

Pattern 15 

Dye 10 

Belting 93 

Neckties 50 

Gloves  (3  pra.) 1.27 

Veiling 19 

Shoes  (3  prs.) 4.90 

Shoe  repairs 75 

Stockings .  .  .  : 91 

Corsets  (1  pr.) 1.00 

Corset  covers 75 

Crgpe  for  underwear 1.25 

Ribbon 23 

Handkerchiefs 50 

Aprons. 40 

Repairing  pin 05 

$28.68 

CHURCH  FOR   ONE  YEAR,  APRIL  3, 
1914-APRIL   1,    191S. 

Offerings,  etc $12.30 

Sunday  school 3.26 

Missions 3.55 

Donation  to  pastor 1.00 

Interest  fund 2.00 

$22.11 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


207 


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» 


208  BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 

CHARITY  FOR   ONE  YEAR,   APRIL  3,    1914-APRIL   1,   1915. 

For  the  sick ^ $     .85  Cake  for  church 25 

Money  to  the  poor 3.57  Eggs  for  Sunday  school  picnic 58 

Coal  for  a  poor  family 2.75  

Billy  Sunday  campaign 25  $  8.25 

• 

GIFTS  FOR   ONE  YEAR,  APRIL  3,    1914-APRIL   1,   1915. 

Easter  eggs  and  rabbits $     .89       Toy 10 

Birthday  presents 1.19        Silk  tie 25 

Candy  for  children 80       Chiistmas  presents 8.40 

Game  for  children 25  

Toy  boat .10  $11.98 

INDIVIDUAL   NO.   6. 

Type  and  Occupation. — This  is  the  budget  of  Miss  %..,  a  young 
woman  who  has  succeeded  in  breaking  away  from  mill  work. 
Miss  A.  is  twenty-seven  years  old.  She  was  born  and  reared  in 
Kensington,  and  worked  in  a  lace  mill  in  that  district  for  two  years. 

When  the  account  for  this  study  was  begun,  in  January,  1913, 
Miss  A.  was  a  stenographer  for  a  Philadelphia  electrical  firm, 
receiving  a  salary  of  $10  per  week.  Jn  the  spring  of  1913  she  was 
offered  the  position  of  stenographer  and  assistant  to  the  general 
secretary,  with  the  Young  Women's  Christian  Association  in  another 
city,  at  a  salary  of  $45  per  month,  with  table  board,  reckoned 
at  $3.50  per  week.  Miss  A.  spent  her  vacation  (May  31- June  6) 
at  this  Young  Women's  Christian  Association,  arid  decided  to 
accept  the  position.  She  returned  to  Philadelphia,  worked  for 
two  weeks  more  with  the  electrical  firm,  then  spent  a  week  at  home, 
making  preparations  for  her  departure,  and  on  June  28  left  the 
city  to  enter  upon  her  new  work.  From  June  30  through  July  13 
she  was  at  Silver  Bay,  attending  the  Young  Women's  Christian 
Association  conference,  her  expenses  being  paid  by  the  board  of 
directors  of  the  association.  On  July  14  she  took  up  her  secretarial 
duties,  receiving  $30  as  her  salary  for  the  remainder  of  July.  Miss  A. 
is  still  in  this  position  at  the  close  of  the  period  of  the  account. 
Following  is  her  own  story  of  her  experiences  in  the  various  posi- 
tions which  she  has  held  up  to  the  present  time  (January,  1914): 

"I  started  to  work  when  I  was  very  nearly  fifteen  years  old. 
I  had  graduated  from  the  grammar  school  in  June  of  that  year, 
and  did  not  start  to  work  until  about  November.  I  did  not  abso- 
lutely have  to  go  at  that  time,  although  I  knew  I  would,  some  time 
later  on.  At  that  time  I  worked  in  the  decorating  department 
of  a  glass  house,  running  errands,  decorating  fancy  articles  with 
ribbon,  etc., — any  kind  of  light  work  which  might  come  up,  that  I 
could  do.     Later  they  tried  to  teach  me  painting  on  china,  but 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  209 

somehow  or  other,  I  couldn't  seem  to  do  it.  I  stayed  here  about 
eight  months;  then  I  found  work  nearer  home  in  a  lace  curtain 
mill,  at  bonnaz  operating,  at  which  work  I  could  also  earn  a  great 
deal  more  than  in  the  glass  house.  I  think  I  was  rather  more  than 
fortunate  in  both  these  places,  in  so  far  as  surroundings  and  work 
were  concerned, — in  both  places  the  surroundings  being  clean  and 
cheerful,  and  the  work  light.  Of  course,  as  in  every  single  place 
where  there  are  a  great  number  of  girls  employed  together,  there 
are  bound  to  be  both  clean-minded  and  unclean-minded  girls, 
and  while  one  does  not  have  to  associate  with  the  objectionable 
girls,  one  cannot  help  but  be  'touched'  by  them  and  their  morals, 
be  it  ever  so  lightly,  or  sometimes  to  a  greater  degree.  In  the 
glass  house  I  earned  about  $3.50  per  week;  the  work  in  the  lace 
curtain  mill  was  piecework,  and  for  the  first  year  or  so  the  work 
was  very  regular  and  steady,  and  I  could  earn  from  $7  to  $8  per 
week.  At  this  time  (and  until  I  was  twenty-one)  I  gave  up  all 
my  earnings  to  my  mother,  receiving  a  weekly  allowance  of  about 
fifty  cents  pin  money.  Out  of  this  I  bought  some  of  my  clothing, 
besides  the  little  things  a  girl  always  needs. 

'^I  worked  in  the  lace  curtain  mill  about  two  years,  and  then 
my  mother  sent  me  to  a  business  college  in  the  evening  (while  I 
was  still  at  the  mill).  This  was  not  really  a  college,  but  just  a  few 
scholars  in  a  private  house,  taught  by  a  man  who  had  formerly 
conducted  a  large  college  somewhere  downtown,  but  on  account  of 
failing  health  had  to  give  it  up,  and  so  opened  up  this  small  school 
in  his  own  home.  I  attended  here  for  six  months,  and  then  decided 
(although  I  was  not  quite  through  my  course)  that  I  would  be 
able  to  secure  a  position  myself,  without  the  aid  of  the  proprietor 
of  the  school,  who  had  promised  to  secure  a  position  for  me  if  I 
would  continue  with  him  for  three  months  longer.  This  I  was 
not  willing  to  do,  so  I  left  the  school  and  tried,  by  answering 
advertisements,  to  secure  an  office  position.  After  a  time  I  did 
get  a  position  with  a  chemical  firm  in  a  suburb  of  Philadelphia. 
While  the  man  for  whom  I  worked  was  perfectly  all  right,  and  a 
gentleman,  the  place  had  no  conveniences  for  a  girl,  it  being  just  a 
temporary  office,  the  firm  intending  to  move  further  into  the  city 
shortly,  into  permanent  quarters;  and  so,  after  just  about  a  week 
there,  I  left,  feeling  quite  confident  that  as  long  as  I  had  secured  this 
position,  I  would  be  able  to  secure  another  in  a  little  while. 

''I  found  out  then  what  a  mistake  I  had  made  by  not  staying 
there  longer,  until  I  had  at  least  secured  enough  experience  to  be 


210  BUDGETS    OF   FAMILIES   AND   INDIVIDUALS 

able  to  more  readily  take  another  position,  because,  though  I  tried 
for  a  very  long  while,  I  could  get  absolutely  nothing  to  do,  and  I 
finally  gave  up  trying.  I  then  entered  the  Bell  Telephone  school 
!or  the  training  of  their  operators,  and  after  four  weeks  in  the  school, 
was  placed  in  an  exchange.  I  did  not  get  along  very  well  at  this 
work,  being  of  too  nervous  a  disposition.  After  I  had  been  working 
at  this  for  a  time,  I  was  sent  to  a  smaller  exchange  to  take 
the  place  of  a  girl  who  was  ill,  and  after  working  here  for 
some  weeks,  I  was  asked  if  I  would  not  take  a  position  as  night 
operator  in  this  same  exchange.  I  was  to  have  charge  of  the  place, 
having  just  one  other  girl  working  with  me.  I  accepted  this  posi- 
tion, earning  at  this  time  about  $5  or  $6  per  week.  One  night  each 
week  I  had  to  go  out  in  the  suburbs  to  a  very  small  exchange  to 
relieve  the  night  operator  there,  at  this  place  being  all  alone  all 
night.  I  can't  remember  just  how  long  I  remained  in  this  posi- 
tion,— perhaps  a  year  or  so;  then  one  night  in  the  exchange  where 
I  had  charge,  after  the  girl  who  had  always  been  working 
with  me  had  been  discharged  for  some  indiscretion,  and  a  new, 
young  girl  was  on  duty  with  me,  we  were  badly  frightened  by  a 
large  stone  being  thrown  through  one  of  the  windows, — no  doubt 
done  by  a  friend  of  the  discharged  girl  merely  to  frighten  me, 
not  to  harm  me  otherwise;  of  that  I  am  sure;  but  I  was  so  badly 
frightened  that  I  refused  to  go  back  on  duty  at  night  again,  and  so 
found  myself  once  more  without  work. 

*'My  mother  then  decided  the  best  thing  to  do  would  be  to  take 
up  my  stenography  again,  and  accordingly  I  went  back  to  the  little 
school, — this  time  attending  the  day  sessions;  and  after  either 
two  or  three  months,  I  forget  which,  I  was  given  a  position  with  an 
electrical  firm  downtown,  starting  at  a  salary  of  $5.  The  proprietor 
of  the  school  said  I  need  not  take  the  position  if  I  did  not  wish,  on 
account  of  the  small  salary,  but  I  was  anxious  to  be  working  again, 
and  so  accepted  it.  I  shall  never  regret  having  taken  it,  because  I 
stayed  there  for  six  years,  getting  $10  a  week  when  I  left,  which  was 
to  come  up  here.  I  found  the  proprietor  and  his  son,  who  owned  this 
electrical  business,  gentlemen  through  and  through,  and  the  kindest 
people  to  work  for,  although  the  office  itself,  my  daily  environment, 
was  not  all  that  could  be  desired, — in  fact,  it  left  much  to  be  desired; 
but  as  I  say,  I  shall  never  regret  having  worked  there. 

"As  to  the  difference  between  the  above  and  the  work  I  am 
doing  now,  of  course  there  is  no  comparison.  Then  I  was  working 
for  a  man  who  was  in  business  for  profit;  now,  though  I  am  doing 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  211 

practically  the  same  kind  of  work,  I  am  working  for  a  'firm'  who 
is  in  business  to  help  others,  and  that  makes  all  the  difference  in 
the  world.  My  surroundings  are  much  better  now  too,  and  through 
my  position  I  am  meeting  a  nicer  class  of  people  than  I  had  oppor- 
tunity to  do  before.  I  am  very  much  happier  here  than  I  have 
been  ever  before." 

The  Account. — The  tables  for  this  budget  give  Miss  A.'s  income 
and  expenditures  for  fifty  weeks  (January  18,  1913-January  2, 
1914). 

INCOME. 

Fifty  Weeks,  January  18,  1913-January  2, 1914,  Actually  Recorded  Income. 

Wages. 
Electrical  firm,  January  18- June  20,  1913,  22  weeks  @  $10  .  .  .  .$220.00 

Y.  W.  C.  A.,  July  14-31,  1913 $  30.00 

August  l-December  31,  1913, 

5  months  @  $45 225.00 

Board  furnished,  25  weeks  @  $3.50.  . .     87.50  342.50 


$562.50 

CLOXmNG  FOR  FIFTY  WEEKS,   JANUARY   18,    1913-JANUARY  2,   1914. 

Dress  goods $  1-23       Muslin 12 

Goods  for  a  skirt 2.50       Gloves  (3  prs.) 3.79 

Silk  for  a  waist 1.33       Apron 80 

Waist 1.00       Veil 63 

Coat 5.00       Handkerchiefs 75 

Messaline  lor  coat 20       Neckwear  and  belts 2.77 

Trimming 26       Notions 1.32 

Buttons  and  braid 1.74       Glove  cleaner 19 

Flannel  for  a  bath  robe    1.25        Canton  flannel .16 

Dressmaking 3.45       Stockings 38 

Lace 1.73       Coathangers 10 

Patterns  (4) 65       Pressing  clothes 08 

Ribbon 2.24       Hallowe'en  suit 20 

Hats  (3) 5.54        Umbrella 2.98 

Hat  made  over  and  wire 3.03       Leather  bag 3.50 

Floweis  for  hats 88       Leather  bag  repaired 25 

Lining  for  hat 14        Ban:ette 10 

Ribbon  for  hats 2.09        Cufif  links 50 

Shoes  (2  prs.) 7.00       Jewelry  repaired 45 

Shoe  repairs 2.75  

Shoe  laces 80  $67.86 

Underwear 3.98 

RECREATION  FOR  FIFTY  WEEKS,  JANUARY   18,   1913-JANUARY   2,   1914. 

Concerts $  1.95       Trip  up  the  Hudson 1.00 

Trips  to  near-by  places 2.44  Trips  to  various  places  in  New  England.     2.80 

Theatre 1.70       Camp  Fire  Girls'  fair 45 

Orchestra  concerts 2.00        Car  fares  for  outing  trips 2.60 

Class  reunion 50       Visit  to  Philadelphia  and  retiurn 10.68 

Tennis  club  dance 15  

Trip  to  New  England 8.98  $37.40 

Trip  to  New  York  City 2.15 


212 


BUDGETS    OF   FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 


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OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  213 


INDIVIDUAL   NO.   7. 


Type  and  Occupation. — This  is  the  budget  of  Mr.  L.,  an  unmarried 
man  of  twenty-two  years,  who  was  born  in  Kensington,  of  Ameri- 
can parents.  His  grandfather,  father,  and  brothers,  have  all  been 
weavers  or  foremen  in  the  Kensington  mills.  Mr.  L.,  however, 
determined  not  to  cast  in  his  lot  with  the  textile-mill  workers,  and 
at  the  present  time  has  almost  completed  his  apprenticeship  in  the 
printing  trade. 

When  the  account  for  this  study  was  begun,  in  June,  1913,  Mr.  L. 
was  working  in  a  non-union  printing  shop.  He  gave  up  his  position 
the  following  November,  in  order  to  enter  a  union  shop.  Un- 
fortunately, work  at  the  latter  establishment  became  slack  the 
week  after  Mr.  L.  had  entered  it,  and  he  was  laid  off  before  he 
had  fulfilled  the  requirements  for  membership  in  the  union.  He 
was  out  of  work  until  the  middle  of  December,  when  he  found  a 
place  temporarily  rushed  with  orders.  He  was  employed  in  this 
establishment  for  one  week,  working  considerably  overtime. 
Then  he  was  laid  off  again,  and  after  two  weeks  was  obliged  to 
accept  a  position  in  a  non-union  shop.  By  this  time,  after  so 
many  discouragements,  Mr.  L.  had  made  up  his  mind  that  if  it 
were  necessary  for  him  to  accept  work  in  a  non-union  shop,  he 
would  prefer  to  return  to  the  establishment  where  he  had  first 
been  employed.  A  vacancy  occurring  in  that  shop  in  the  middle 
of  February,  1914,  Mr.  L.  returned,  and  is  still  there  at  the  close 
of  the  period  of  this  account  (June,  1914). 

The  Account. — The  tables  for  this  budget  give  Mr.  L.'s  income 
and  expenditures  for  one  year  (June  6,  1913- June  4,  1914). 

Standard  of  Living. — Mr.  L.  enjoys  a  good  standard  of  living. 
He  boards  and  lodges  at  the  home  of  a  married  brother  on  the 
outskirts  of  the  mill  district,  paying  $4  per  week.  He  has  a 
neat  and  comfortable  room  and  good  food.  The  account  also 
shows  a  fair  expenditure  for  clothing,  laundry,  and  toilet  supplies. 
Mr.  L.  is  particular  with  regard  to  his  personal  appearance. 

A  total  of  $34.70  is  entered,  for  the  year,  under  Recreation. 
This  was  for  such  amusements  as  basket-ball,  baseball,  the  theater, 
and  moving  pictures.  The  items  amounting  to  $12.55,  which  are 
entered  under  the  heading  Sundries,  might  also  be  classed  as  amuse- 
ments. These  consist  principally  of  payments  into  baseball  "pots.'^ 
Each  w^eek  during  the  baseball  season  Mr.  L.  and  a  number  of 
his  companions  make  up  a  "pot"  by  placing  in  a  fund,  twenty-five, 


214 


BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND   INDIVIDUALS 


fifty,  or  seventy-five  cents,  apiece.  Then  each  contributor  draws 
from  a  hat  a  slip  of  paper  containing  the  name  of  one  of  the  pro- 
fessional baseball  teams.  At  the  end  of  the  week  the  entire  fund 
goes  to  the  one  holding  the  slip  bearing  the  name  of  the  club  that 
has  scored  the  most  runs  during  that  week.  Mr.  L.  spends 
nothing  for  alcoholic  drinks,  as  he  is  a  total  abstainer.  His  expen- 
diture for  tobacco  is  entered  separately  in  the  account;  it  amoun- 
ted to  $12.55  for  the  year. 

INCOME. 

One  Year  (52  Weeks  or  364  Days),  June  6,  1913-JtrNE  4,  1914,  i^ctuallt 

Recorded  Income. 

Amounts  are  recorded  for  weekly  pay  intervals.     In  date  column  is  indicated  the  first  day  of 

each  fourth  week. 


Wages. 

Wages. 

Wages. 

Date. 

Amount. 

Date. 

Amount. 

Date. 

Amount. 

June    6, 1913 

$10.00 
10.00 
10.00 
10.00 
7.16 
10.00 
10.00 

9.05 
10.00 
10.00 

8.13 
10.00 
10.00 
10.00 
10.00 
10.00 

8.13 

Oct.   17,  1913 

Oct.   24 

$10.00 
10.00 
10.00 
10.00 
10.00 
12.55 

20.001 

7.00 
8.00 
9.00 
9.00 
7.41 
8.30 
10.00 

Feb.  27,  1914 

Mar.  13 

$  10.00 
10.00 

Nov.  21 

Dec.  19 

10.00 

July     4 

April  10 

10.00 
10.00 

10.00 
9.30 

Aug.     1 

May    8 

10.00 
10.00 

10.00 

Aug.  29 

Jan.    16,  1914 

10.00 
9.05 
9.05 

10.00 

Sept.  26 

Total  wages 

Income  from 
other  sources. . . 

$441.13 
12.752 

Total  income 

$453.88 

1  Worked  overtime.  2  winning  baseball  "pots,"  $11;  winning  baseball  bets,  $1.75. 


CLOTfflNG  FOR  ONE  YEAR,   JUNE   6,    1913-JUNE   4,   1914. 


Suit $18.00 

Overcoat 12.50 

Hat 1.25 

Shoes  (2  prs.) 6.00 

Shoe  repairs 1.15 

Shirts  (4) 5.00 

Underwear 2.25 

Socks 1.00 


Collars  and  neckties 5.75 

Garters 25 

Handkerchiefs 25 

Overalls 50 

Pressing,  cleaning,  etc 1.30 


$55.20 


RECREATION  FOR   ONE  YEAR,   JUNE  6,   1913-JUNE  4,    1914. 


Baseball  games $  7.00 

Vaudeville  shows 4.30 

Vacation  at  Betterton,  Md 9.65 

Trips  to  amusement  parks 1.60 

Trip  to  Atlantic  City 2.70 


Theatre 4.25 

Moving  pictures 45 

Basket-ball  games 5.75 


$36.70 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


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216  BUDGETS    OF    FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 

INDIVIDUAL   NO.  8. 

Type  and  Occupation. — This  is  the  budget  of  Miss  J.,  an  un- 
married woman  of  twenty-four  years,  who  is  employed  as  a  winder 
in  a  carpet  factory  in  Kensington.  Miss  J.  has  a  pleasing  per- 
sonality, and  is  refined  in  her  tastes.  She  lives  at  home  with  her 
parents,  both  of  whom  are  native  Americans.  Since  Miss  J. 
usually  turns  all  of  her  wages  into  the  family  fund,  it  is  impossible 
to  separate  her  budget  entirely  from  that  of  her  family.  For  this 
reason  the  family's  budget  for  a  short  time  is  here  given  along 
with  the  daughter's  account.  ^ 

The  Accounts. — The  tables  for  Miss  J.'s  budget  and  that  of  her 
family  include:  (1)  The  family's  account  for  five  weeks  (June  23- 
July  27,  1913);  (2)  Miss  J.'s  income  by  weeks  for  one  year  and 
fifteen  weeks  (January  3,  1913-April  16,  1914),  and  her  clothing 
expenditure  for  the  same  period  (during  all  of  this  period  except 
five  weeks,  Miss  J.  gave  over  her  wages  into  the  family  fund,  and 
her  expenses  for  clothing,  as  well  as  for  whatever  else  she  had — 
except  the  things  bought  with  her  "  pocket  money  " — were  met  out 
of  the  family  fund);  (3)  Miss  J.'s  account  for  the  five  weeks  (July 
25-August  28,  1913)  in  which  she  kept  her  wages  separate  from  the 
family  fund,  and  paid  board  (during  this  period  all  of  her  expenses 
were  met  out  of  her  own  earnings). 

I.    FAMILY  BUDGET. 
Membership  and  Occupation. 

Member.  Age,  Years.  Occupation. 

Father 51  Night  watchman  in  carpet  store  of  one 

of  the  Kensington  mills. 

Mother 50  Housekeeper.        Occasionally     earns 

money  by  sewing. 

Daughter 24  Winder  in  carpet  factory. 

(There  are  also  several  married  children,  who  have  their  own  homes.) 

Income. — The  father  works  from  5.30  p.m.  until  6  a.m.  every 
day  of  the  week,  including  Sunday,  and  is  paid  a  regular  weekly 
wage  of  $15.  He  gives  over  his  earnings  to  his  wife,  and  receives 
back  seventy-five  cents  or  $1  per  week  for  ''spending  money." 
The  daughter  is  paid  on  a  piecework  scale,  and  earns,  in  good 
seasons,  $7  or  $8  or  more,  per  week.  She  gives  over  her  wages  to 
her  mother,  and  receives  back  seventy-five  cents  per  week  for 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  217 

*' spending  money"  when  her  wages  are  good,  or  fifty  cents  per 
week  when  her  wages  are  low. 

House. — The  family  occupies  a  brick  house  of  six  rooms,  a  bath, 
and  an  outside  toilet.  The  rent  is  $13.50  per  month.  The  home  is 
clean  and  cheerful.  The  furniture  is  of  good  quality,  and  includes 
an  upright  piano  which  belongs  to  the  daughter. 

Food. — The  food  expenditure  for  the  five  weeks  of  the  family 
account  was  $34.21,  making  an  average  of  $8.25  per  week  when 
the  six  days'  vacation  is  excluded.  The  weekly  food  allowance  for 
this  family,  according  to  the  Fall  River  ^^fair  standard,"  would  b^ 
as  follows :  ^ 

Father $1.82 

Mother 1.46 

Daughter 1.46 

Total $4.74 

This  family  was  therefore  far  above  the  Fall  River  standard 
with  regard  to  its  food  expenditure. 

Periodical  Obligations. — The  periodical  obligations  of  the  fam- 
ily, other  than  rent,  at  the  time  the  account  was  kept,  were  as 
follows : 

Insurance  for  all $  1.86  every  two  weeks. 

Lodge,  father 15.00  per  year. 

Lodge,  father 17  per  week. 

Lodge,  father 16  per  week. 

Lodge,  daughter 25  every  two  weeks. 

Newspaper 09  per  week. 

sine 60  per  year. 


Recreation. — The  five-week  period  included  the  summer  vacation 
of  six  days,  which  all  three  members  of  the  family  spent  at  a  New 
Jersey  resort.  The  daughter  also  went  on  three  excursions  during 
this  period,  and  the  mother  had  an  outing  in  the  park. 

Standard  of  Living. — The  combined  earnings  of  the  father  and 
the  daughter  for  the  year  1913,  were  $1,158.69.  The  family  main- 
tains a  comfortable  standard,  living  up  to  the  limit  of  its  income. 
It  has  no  savings  account. 

^61st  Congress,  2d  Session,  Senate  Document  No.  645,  Vol.  XVI,  op.  cit., 
pp.  24,  238. 


218 


BUDGETS    OF    FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 


I.     FAMILY  BUDGET. 

INCOME. 

Five  Weeks,  June  23-JuLy  27,  1913,  Actually  Recorded  Income. 
Income  from  all  Sources. 

Father,  wages,  5  weeks  @  $15 $75.00 

Mother,  earnmgs  from  sewing 5.00 

Daughter,  wages 12.98 

Total  income,  five  weeks,  actually  recorded $92.98 


EXPENDITURES. 
Five  Weeks,  June  23-JrLT  27,  1913,  Actually  Recorded  Expenditures. 


Item. 

Amount. 

House: 
Rent 

$13.50 
1.75 

12.00 
4.49 
3.77 
4.33 
1.60 
2.92 

3.02 

.38 

1.70 

Fuel  and  light 

$15  25 

Food: 
Meats 

Dairy  products 

Eggs 

Staples 

Vegetables . 

Fruits 

Cereals.  .  . 

Baked  goods 

Beverages.  . . 

34.21 

Household  Expenses: 

Furniture 

Furnishings 

Item. 


Amoimt. 


Household  Expenses: 

General  supplies $1.02 

Laundry 

Clothing 

Medical  attention 

Insurance 

Dues:  Lodge 

Reading  matter 

Church 

Charity 

Recreation 

Pocket  Money: 

Father 

Daughter 

Car  fare 

Gifts 


1.00 


Total  expenditures,  5  weeks,  actually  recorded , 

Total  income,  5  weeks,  actually  recorded 

Balance 


$1.02 
3.46 
1.85 
3.72 
3.03 
.68 
.14 

25.411 


1.002 

2.60 

.30 


$92.67 
I  92.98 
!    $     .31 


1  Includes  six  days'  vacation  for  father, 
mother,  and  daughter,  at  a  New  Jersey  resort, 
$20.68;  this  sum  coveied  railroad  fare,  car  fare, 
and  $10.48  "spending  money"  for  father  and 
daughter;  there  was  no  expenditure  for  board 
during  the  vacation,  the  family  being  enter- 
tained at  the  home  of  a  relative.  Besides  the 
expense  of  this  vacation,  the  total  entered  under 


recreation  includes  three  excursions  for  the 
daughter,  $3.98,  and  an  outing  for  the  mother 
in  the  park,  $.75. 

2 The  father's  "spending  money"  was  $7; 
this  is  recorded  \inder  recreation,  since  it  was 
used  for  vacation.  The  daughter  received 
$3.48  additional  "spending  money"  for  vaca- 
tion; this  also  is  recorded  under  recreation. 


II,  III.     MISS  J.'S  BUDGET. 

Standard  of  Living. — During  the  year  and  fifteen  weeks  for  which 
Miss  J.'s  income  is  recorded,  she  lost  considerable  time  on  account 
of  slackness  in  the  industry.  She  was  also  laid  off  for  three 
weeks  in  the  summer,  for  stocktaking.  Her  wages  for  the  year 
1913  amounted  to  $378.69,  making  an  average  of  $7.28  per  week. 

Miss  J.  enjoys  a  high  standard  of  living  for  a  woman  in  her 
circumstances.  The  five-week  account  of  her  family  shows  that 
she  has  a  comfortable  home,  plenty  of  good  food,  and  other  neces- 
saries. Her  clothing  account  for  one  year  and  fifteen  weeks  gives 
a  good  idea  of  what  a  well-dressed  Kensington  young  woman  selects 
in  the  way  of  wearing  apparel.     It  will  be  noticed,  however,  that 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


219 


all  of  Miss  J.'s  dresses  and  hats,  and  even  her  suits  and  coat, 
were  made  at  home,  and  that  the  totals  of  $60.94  for  the  year 
1913,  and  $15.67  for  the  fifteen  weeks  of  1914,  covered  the  cost 
of  materials  only.  Miss  J.'s  mother  is  a  capable  seamstress,  and 
Miss  J.  herself  took  a  dressmaking  course — which  cost  $36 — during 
the  year  1913. 

After  her  five-week  experiment  in  keeping  her  earnings  separate 
from  the  family  fund,  and  paying  board.  Miss  J.  voluntarily  returned 
to  the  old  system  of  giving  over  all  of  her  wages  to  her  mother, 
her  reason  being  that  she  thought  the  latter  system  was  of  more 
help  to  her  mother.  On  account  of  the  short  length  of  time  during 
which  Miss  J.  followed  the  system  of  keeping  her  earnings  separate 
from  the  family  fund,  and  paying  board,  it  is  not  possible  to  say 
whether  her  personal  standard  of  living  would  be  higher  or  lower 
than  it  is,  if  she  were  to  follow  that  system  permanently. 


II.  MISS  J.'S  BUDGET.i 

INCOME. 

Onb  Year  (52  Weeks  or  364  Days)  and  Fifteen  Weeks,  January  3,  1913-April  16,  1914, 

Actually  Recorded  Income, 
Amounts  are  recorded  for  weekly  pay  inten^als.     In  date  column  is  indicated  the  first  day  of 

each  fovirth  week. 


One  Year,  January  3,  1913-January  1,  1914,  Wages. 

Fifteen  Weeks,  Janviary  2- 
April  16,  1914,  Wages. 

Dat«. 

Amount. 

Date. 

Amount, 

Date. 

Amoimt. 

Jan.     3,1913 

$  5.88 
9.12 
8.28 
8.36 
8.79 
8.11 
10.07 
8.65 
8.43 
8.48 
8.91 
7.49 
8.37 
5.18 
7.44 
8.83 
8.85 
8.52 
8.99 
6.91 
6.32 
3.53 
7.05 
6.87 
6.60 

,       .2 

July   11,  1913 

July   18 

$     6.47 
6.90 
7.50 
6.85 
8.74 
7.98 
7.64 
7.00 
5.70 
6.72 
6.87 
7.17 
8.01 
9.37 
11.23 
9.27 
9.23 
8.73 
7.79 
6.47 
7.90 
6.38 
7.24 
7.50 

Jan.     2,1914..... 
Jan.   30 

$    4.95 
3.71 

Jan    31 

6.21 
7.00 
6.51 

Feb.  27 

7.80 

Feb.  28 

Sept.  12 

9.21 
8.24 
9.19 

Mar.  27 

9.46 

Mar  28 

Oct.    10 

7.69 
8.41 
8.80 

7.21 

Nov.    7 

5.54 

April  25 

$108.93 

May  23 

Dec      5 

June  20 

$378.69 

1  During  this  period  Miss  J.  turned  over 
ail  of  her  earnings  into  the  family  fund. 

15 


'  Stock  taking,  3  weeks. 


220 


BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES    AND    INDIVIDUALS 


WAGES. 

One  Year,  1913. 


CH/^RT  36 


CLOTHING  EXPENDITURE. 

One  Ybae  (52  Weeks  or  364  Days),  January  3,  1913-January  1,  1914, 
Actually  Recorded  Expenditure. 


Item. 

Amount. 

Item. 

Amount. 

Suit: 
Pattern 

$0.15 
3.45 
.62 
.20 
.80 
.95 
.25 
.30 

.15 

1.20 

1.25 

.15 

.05 

.15 
1.33 
.38 
.25 
.10 
.10 

5.25 
.75 
.16 

.80 

.10 
.97 

$1.75 

$6.72 
2.80 

2.31 

6.96 

1.07 
$1.75 

Winter  hat; 
Plush  (1  yd.) 

$1.25 
.30 
.10 

.25 
.98 

.73 
.10 

Blue  serge  (5  yds.) 

Lining  (2H  yds.) 

Silk  trimming  (J^  yd.) .  . 

Buttons  an  doz.) 

Coat  trimmmg  (J^  yd.)  . 
Guimpe 

Feather  curled 

$1.65 

Summer  hat: 

^J* 

Blue  ribbon  (2  yds.) .... 
Persian  ribbon  (2^^ 
yds.) 

CrinoUne  (3  yds.) 

Lawn  dress: 
Pattern 

Hat  frame,  wire 

Shoes  (3  prs.) 

2.06 
7.00 

White  lawn  (6  yds.) 

Lace  (16  yds  ) 

2.75 

Rubber  heels. . 

.40 

Buttons  (1  doB.) 

Thread 

.40 

Stockings  (9  pis.) 

Undervests  ^3) 

2.27 

Silk  dress: 

.37 

Pattern 

Nightgowns  (2) 

2.00 

Silk  dress  goods  (7  yds.) 

Lace  (1^  yds.) 

Embroidery  (J^  yd.) 

Sewing  sUk  (2  spools) .  . . 

Thread  (2  spools) 

Coat: 

Petticoat 

1.00 

Silk  petticoat 

3.00 

Drawers                       

.53 

Corsets  (3  prs.) 

3.00 

Apron  (3K  yds.) 

Feather 

.47 
.49 

Chinchilla  (3  yds.) 

Lining  (1  yd ) 

Silk  tie 

.50 

Gloves                             .    . 

.59 

Buttons  (4) 

Gloves  cleaned 

.10 

Pressing  and  button- 
holes   

Collar       

.25 

Beads 

.50 

Skirt: 

Raincoat 

10.00 

Pattern 

Total  cost  of  clothing 

Dressmaking  course 

60.94 
36.00 
96.94 

Cloth  (21^  yds.) 

Dress: 

Dress  goods  (7  yds.)  . . . 

OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


221 


CLOTHING  EXPENDITURE. 

Fifteen  Weeks,  January  2-April  16,  1914,  Actually  Recorded  Expenditure. 


Item. 

Amoimt. 

Item. 

Amount. 

Dress  made  over: 

Pattern 

$0.15 

1.25 

.35 

.89 

.15 
2.50 
1.13 
.25 
.57 
.30 
.50 
.10 

$2.64 
5.50 

Summer  hat: 

Hat 

$1.98 
.49 
.59 

.90 
.49 
.12 
.25 

Shadow  lace 

Ribbon. 

$3  06 

White  lawn  dress  made  over: 

Lace  trimming 

Messaline  sash 

Girdle  foundation 

Ruching. .    .  . 

Suit: 
Pattern 

Suit  material 

Lining .    . 

1.76 

Shoe  repairs 

.65 

Trimming 

Stockings 

.25 

Girdle  foundations  (2). .  . . 

.22 

.40 

Sewing  silk .              

Gloves 

.69 

Barrette 

.50 

$15.67 

III.    MISS  J.'S  BUDGET.i 

INCOME. 

Five  Weeks,  July  25-August  28,  1913,  Actually  Recorded  Income. 

Wages,  $37.97. 

EXPENDITURES. 

Five  Weeks,  July  25-August  28,  1913,  Actually  Recorded  Expenditures. 

Item.  Amoimt. 

Room  rent  and  board^ $20.00 

Cakes 13 

Clothing 1.04 

Medical  attention 1.60 

Insurance 50 

Dues:  Lodge 1.25 

Reading  matter 35 

Church 1.68 

Charity — 

Recreation — 

Car  fare 91 

Gifts — 

Laundry — 

Toilet  supplies — 

Total  expenditures,  5  weeks,  actually  recorded $27.46 

Total  income,  5  weeks,  actually  recorded 37.97 

Balance $10.51 

1  During  this  period  Miss  J.  kept  her  earnings  separate  from  the  family  fund, 
and  paid  board. 

2  Payment  to  mother  for  board  and  lodging,  $4  per  week,  of  which  $1.25  is 
reckoned  as  room  rent,  and  $2.75,  as  table  board. 


222  BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 

INDIVIDUAL   NO.   9. 

Type  and  Occupation. — This  is  the  budget  of  Miss  G.,  an  un- 
married woman  of  thirty-two  years,  who  lives  at  home  with  her 
parents.  Miss  G.  is  employed  as  forewoman  in  a  large  carpet  yarn 
mill  in  Kensington.  Her  wages  were  raised  from  $12  to  $13  per 
week,  just  before  her  account  for  this  study  was  begun.  Miss  G. 
is  active  in  church  and  club  organizations  (she  is  a  member  of  the 
Baptist  church),  and  is  a  leader  socially  among  her  friends.  She  is 
ambitious  in  the  way  of  trying  to  educate  herself,  and  often  takes 
courses  at  evening  school;  during  the  year  of  her  account  she  was 
taking  an  evening  school  course. 

Miss  G.  keeps  her  wages  separate  from  the  family  fund,  and  pays 
board  to  her  mother  ($8  per  week,  when  she  has  full  time  work). 
Although  the  daughter's  budget,  therefore,  in  this  case,  is  not  bound 
up  with  the  budget  of  her  family,  the  family  budget  nevertheless 
serves  to  throw  light  upon  the  daughter's  standard  of  living,  and 
for  that  reason  it  is  given  here  for  a  short  period,  along  with  the 
daughter's  budget. 

The  Accounts. — The  tables  for  Miss  G.'s  budget  and  that  of  her 
family  include:  (1)  The  family's  account  for  four  weeks  (April  25- 
May  22,  1913);  (2)  Miss  G.'s  actually  recorded  account  for 
eighteen  weeks  (April  25-August  28,  1913),  and  her  partly  estimated 
account  for  one  year  (March  1,  1913-February  27,  1914). 

I.    FAMILY  BUDGET. 
Membership  and  Occupation. 

Member.  Age,  Years.  Occupation. 

Father 75  Has    no    employment;     was    an   iron 

worker  by  trade. 

Mother 73  Housekeeper. 

Daughter 32  Forewoman  in  carpet  yarn  mill. 

Man  boarder  and  lodger.     Pays  $5  per  week. 

(There  are  also  three  married  sons  and  one  married  daughter,  who 
have  their  own  homes.) 

Type  of  Family. — Mr.  and  Mrs.  G.  are  Welsh.  In  his  native 
land  Mr.  G.  was  employed  in  rolling  mills.  Since  he  came  to 
America,  twenty-nine  years  ago,  he  has  not  been  able  to  work  at  his 
trade,  but  has  done  day  laboring  or  any  work  that  he  could  get. 
He  has  had  no  employment  of  any  kind  for  the  past  eight  years. 
Mrs.  G.  is  active  and  vigorous  in  spite  of  her  years.  She  still  does 
all  of  the  housekeeping  and  the  cooking  for  the  family. 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  223 

Income. — The  burden  of  responsibility  for  the  support  of  this 
family,  has  for  the  past  eight  years  fallen  chiefly  upon  Miss  G. 
The  married  daughter  generally  sends  home  $1  per  month,  and  one 
son  sends  $1  per  month;  the  other  two  sons  seldom  give  any 
assistance.  The  mother  has  a  sister  in  Wales  ''who  sends  gifts  of 
money  at  Easter  and  at  other  times;  these  go  for  coal  and  such 
things,  at  the  start  of  the  season." 

House. — The  family  occupies  a  new  house  of  four  rooms,  a  shed, 
and  a  bath  with  toilet.  The  rent  is  $13  per  month.  The  house  is 
neatly  and  comfortably  furnished,  and  is  well  kept. 

Food. — The  total  cost  of  the  family's  food  for  the  four  weeks 
during  which  the  record  was  kept,  was  $24.16,  making  an  average 
of  $6.04  per  week.  The  Fall  River  ''fair  standard"  weekly  food 
allowance  for  this  family  would  be  as  follows :  ^ 

Father $1.82 

Mother 1.46 

Daughter 1.46 

Man  boarder 1.82 

Total $6.56 

This  family  was  therefore  considerably  below  the  Fall  River 
standard  with  regard  to  its  food  expenditure.  In  referring  to  the 
small  amount  spent  by  her  for  food,  Mrs.  G.  said  to  the  investigator: 
"You  must  not  think  that  every  family  could  live  on  what  we  do; 
my  daughter-in-law  cannot  understand  how  I  manage,  but  I  tell 
her  I  do  it  because  I  have  to.  We  have  no  luxuries,  but  I  get  as 
good  things  as  I  can,  and  I  save  a  considerable  amount  by  going 
downtown  and  buying  things  in  large  quantities."  This  method 
of  buying  is  not  common  among  Kensington  housewives.  Mrs.  G. 
bakes  her  own  bread;  she  does  not  have  cake,  "except  old-fashioned 
cake  once  in  a  while."  She  buys  "may  be  twenty  cents'  worth  of 
baked  stuff  on  a  Saturday";  that  is  all  the  baked  goods  that  she 
buys  during  the  week. 

Clothing. — As  for  clothing,  the  father  has  had  only  two  "good 
suits"  in  twelve  years;  one  cost  $12,  the  other,  $10.  His  every- 
day clothes,  including  trousers,  shirts,  and  underwear,  "average  $5 
for  three  years."  His  everyday  cotton  trousers  cost  seventy-five 
cents  or  $1  per  pair,  and  one  pair  lasts  more  than  two  years.  The 
mother  has  bought  only  two  skirts  within  eight  years.     Some  of 

^61st  Congress,  2d  Session,  Senate  Document  No.  645,  Vol.  XVI,  op.  dt., 
pp.  24,  238. 


224  BUDGETS    OF    FAMILIES    AND    INDIVIDUALS 

the  clothing  that  she  is  wearing  at  present,  belonged  to  a  daughter 
who  is  dead.     Mrs.  G.  says  that  her  clothes  "do  not  average  more 
than  $10  per  year.*'      She  buys  "a.  bonnet  and  a  coat  now  and 
'then,"  and  her  children  give  her  ''something  at  Christmas." 

Standard  of  Living. — The  family  lives  very  economically,  and 
manages  to  make  ends  meet.  The  housing  accommodations  are 
sujfficient,  when,  as  is  ordinarily  the  case,  there  is  no  outsider  with 
the  family.  (The  lodger  who  was  with  the  family  during  the  four 
weeks  of  the  account,  was  there  only  temporarily.)  In  spite,  how- 
ever, of  Mrs.  G.'s  efforts  to  provide  for  her  table  to  the  best  of  her 
ability,  it  does  not  seem  probable  that  on  so  small  an  outlay 
she  can  give  her  family  a  sufficient  quantity  of  food  to  meet  the 
requirements  of  any  fair  standard.  As  for  the  family's  economy 
in  clothing,  this  is  not  apparent  to  the  outsider.  The  mother 
looks  neat  in  her  simple  house  dresses  or  in  her  black  street  dress 
and  bonnet,  and  when  the  father  goes  out  in  his  "good  suit,"  one 
would  not  guess  that  it  had  done  service  for  six  years.  "I  don't 
know  how  we  get  along  on  so  little,"  Miss  G.  said  to  the  investi- 
gator, "but  we  don't  owe  anybody  a  penny." 

I.    FAMILY  BUDGET. 

INCOME. 

Four  Weeks,  April  25-May  22,  1913,  Actually  Recorded  Income. 
Income  from  all  Sources. 

Daughter,  board $30.00 

Married  son,  gift 1.00 

Man  boarder  and  lodger,  4  weeks  @  $5 20.00 

Total  income,  four  weeks,  actually  recorded $51.00 

EXPENDITURES. 

Four  Weeks,  April  25- May  22,  1913,  Actually  Recorded  Expenditures. 

Item.  Amount. 

Hotise: 

Rent $13.00 

Repairs 15 

Coal 89 

Gas 1.00        $15.04 

Food: 

Meats 5.80 

Dairy  products 1.00 

Groceries 16.31 

Vegetables 15 

Fruits 52 

Baked  goods 38  24.16 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  225 

Item.  Amount. 

Household  Expenses: 

Furniture — 

Furnishings 50 

General  supplies — 

Laundry 39  .89 

Clothing 75 

Medical  attention — 

Insurance 2.60 

Dues — 

Reading  matter — 

Church — 

Charity — 

Recreation — 

Pocket  money:  Father 50 

Car  fare 65 

Gifts — 

Total  expenditures,  4  weeks,  actually  recorded $44.59 

Total  income,  4  weeks,  actually  recorded 51.00 

Balance S  6.41 


II.    MISS  G.'S  BUDGET. 

Standard  of  Living. — During  the  eighteen-week  period  of  Miss 
G.'s  actually  recorded  account,  in  the  spring  and  summer  of  1913, 
she  lost  six  entire  weeks  and  parts  of  four  others  on  account  of 
strikes  and  holidays,  and  one  week  on  account  of  illness.  This 
loss  of  time  made  the  year  a  discouraging  one  from,  the  point  of 
view  of  income.  Even  in  the  best  of  years  Miss  G.  has  little  to 
spend  upon  herself  over  and  above  what  is  absolutely  necessary, 
since  the  support  of  the  family  of  three  falls  mainly  upon  her 
shoulders. 

Miss  G.'s  total  clothing  expenditure  for  the  year  of  the  account 
amounted  to  $45.25.  Miss  G.  has  taken  dressmaking  lessons  at 
evening  school  for  five  seasons,  and  she  makes  most  of  her  own  sum- 
mer dresses,  her  muslin  underwear,  and  most  of  her  hats.  During 
the  year  of  the  account  she  bought  no  new  suit  or  heavy  dress. 
Her  heavy  underwear  also  had  been  bought  prior  to  the  year  of 
the  account.  Miss  G.  buys  an  average  of  one  pair  of  shoes  per 
year,  and  she  wears  out  about  ten  pairs  of  stockings  per  year; 
some  of  her  stockings  are  given  her  as  Christmas  presents.  Her 
aunt  in  Wales  sends  her  most  of  her  gloves  and  neckwear. 


226 


BUDGETS    OF    FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 


For  recreation  Miss  G.  goes  sometimes  to  moving  picture  enter- 
tainments, and  she  occasionally  attends  the  Philadelphia  Orchestra 
concerts  when  these  are  given  in  Kensington.  She  rarely  takes  a 
Vacation,  since  she  cannot  afford  to  lose  the  time  from  her  work. 
During  the  summer  of  the  account  she  took  two  little  trips  in  the 
vacation  which  was  forced  upon  her  by  strikes. 


II.    MISS  G.'S  BUDGET. 

.  INCOME. 

Eighteen  Weeks,  April  25-Augu8t  28,  1913,  Actually  Recorded  Income. 

Amounts  are  recorded  for  weekly  pay  intervals.     In  date  column  is  indicat^^  the  first  day  of 

each  fourth  week. 


Wages. 

Wages. 

Wages. 

Date. 

Amount. 

Date. 

Amount. 

Date. 

Amount. 

April  25,  1913 

$13.00 
13.00 
9.46 

June    6,1913 

Jxme  20 



$13.00 
13.00 
13.00 

July   18,  1913 

Aug.  15 

$11.82 
7  08 

May  23 

13.00 
13.00 

10.64 

$130.00 

One  Year  (52  Weeks  or  364  Days),  March  1,  1913-February  27,  1914, 

Actually  Recorded  Income. 

Wages. 

18  weeks  (see  foregoing  table) $130.00 

34  weeks  @  $13 442.00 

$572.00 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


227 


EXPENDITURES. 

Eighteen  Weeks,  April  25-AtJGU8T  28,  1913,  Actu.\lly  Recorded  Expenditures. 
One  Year  (52  Weeks  or  364  Days),  March  1,  1913-February  27,  1914,  Partly  Estimated 

Expenditures. 


Item, 

Amount. 

Eightee 

n  Weeks, 

One  Year,  Partly 

Actually  Recorded. 

Estimated. 

Date  (date  indicates 
the  first  day  of  a  four- 

Apr. 
25, 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Total. 

Total. 

Total. 

Total. 

week  period). 

1913 

23 

20 

18 

15' 

Lodging  and  Food: 

Room  rent  and 

$ 

$ 

$ 

% 

$ 

board2 

30.00 

16.00 

16.00 

23.00 

16.00 

$101.00 

$373. 00» 

Ice  cream  and  candy 

.20 

.40 

.20 

.80 

$101.80  1 

5.00 

$378.00 

Clothing 

4.44 

1.23 

7.59 

.30 

13.56  I 

45.253 

Medical  attention 

.50 

.50 

5.00 

Insurance 

.30 

.40 

.20 

.20 

1.10 

5.203 

Dues:  Union 

6.003 

Education 

32.50* 

Reading  matter 

.32 

.25 

.57 

3.00 

Church . 

.90 

.40 

1.30 

5.20 

Charity 

Recreation 

2.00 

2.00 

4.00 

10.00 

Car  fares 

.95 

.50 
.31 

.90 

1.28 

1.15 

4.78 
.31 

36.00 

Gifts.. 

6.00 

Laundry 

2.00 

Toilet  supplies 

6.00 

Simdries 

.10 

.10 
$128.02 

6.00 

Total  expenditures,  18  weeks,  actually  recorded 

Total  income,  18  weeks,  actually  recorded 

130.00 

Balance 

$     1.98 

$516.15 

Total  income,  one  year,  actually  recorded . 

572.00 

Balan 

ce . . . . 

$  55.85 

Savings. 


Savings  fund  society  .  .  |    1.00  |  | 


.00 


^  Two  weeks  only. 

2  Payment  to  mother  for  board  and  lodging, 
$8  per  week,  of  which  $2  is  leckoned  as  room 
rent,  and  $6,  as  table  boaid.  For  the  weeks 
in  which  Miss  G.  could  not  pay  the  full  amount 
because  of  loss  of  time  in  her  work,  $2  of  what- 
ever amount  she  did  pay  is  reckoned  as  room 
rent,  and  the  remainder,  as  table  board. 


3  Actually  recorded. 

*  Text-books  for  evening  school  course. 

*  Miss  G.  generally  rides  to  and  from  her 
work,  spending  $.60  per  week  for  this  purpose 
when  she  has  fuUtime  work. 


CLOTHING  FOR  ONE  YEAR,   MARCH   1,    1913-FEBRUARY  27,    1914. 


Item. 

Amount. 

Item. 

Amount. 

Waist: 
Silk  for  shirt  waist 

$2.50 

.50 

1.25 

2.50 
2.00 
1.00 
5.00 

.90 
.35 



1.25 
2.00 

1 
$4.25 

10.50 
1.25 

3.25 

Summer  hat: 

Hat 

$2.00 

2.00 
3.00 

.60 
.45 

"I  had  my  own 
feathers" 

Making 

$2  00 

Dress: 

Dress  goods,  white 

Shoes: 

Lace 

High  shoes  for  winter  . . 
Stockings  (6  pairs.).      "I 
get  these  at  cost  price 
from  the  factory;    also 
had  three  silk  pairs  for 
Christmas" 

5  00 

SUp 

Making 

Dress: 

Ijniene  dress  goods 

Buttons  and  pattern .... 

1  20 

"Made  it  myself" 

Winter  hat . . . 

5  25 

Coat 

10  00 

White  voile  left  from 

Underwear: 

Cambric  (4  yds.) 

Longcloth  (3  yds.)  .... 
Corsets 

Lace 

Making 

1.05 
1  50 

$45.25 

228 


BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 


INDIVIDUAL  NO.   10. 

Type  and  Occupation. — This  is  the  budget  of  Miss  E.,  an  un- 
married woman  of  twenty-five  years,  who  is  employed  in  one  of 
the  large  lace  mills  of  Kensington.  Miss  E.  lives  independently, 
boarding  with  strangers. 

The  Account. — Miss  E.'s  earnings  and  expenditures  are  given 
for  four  weeks  (November  3-30,  1913). 


INCOME. 
Four  Weeks,  November  3-30,  1913,  Actually  Recorded  Income. 

Wages. 

Date.  Amount. 

Nov.  3,  1913 S  7.25 

Nov.   10. ...  • 2.48 

Nov.    17 5.34 

Nov.   24 53 


Total $15.60 

EXPENDITURES. 

Four  Weeks,  November  3-30,   1913,  Actually  Recorded  Expenditures. 


Item. 

Amount. 

Item. 

Amount. 

Room  rent  and  board^ 

$20.00 

.15 

1.15 

5.00 

.20 

$     .20 
.50 

Car  fare  

2.10 

Candy 

Gifts 

Clothing  (wool  for  knitting) . 

Laundry 

Physician 

Toilet  suppHes 

— 

Inpuran^e .                ... 

Total  expenditures,  4  weeks, 

actually  recorded 

Total  income,  4  weeks,  actu- 

Dues:  Union 

$29.30 

Reading  matter 

Church 

15.60 
$13.70 

Charity  (donation  to  fair) . . . 

Deficit 

Recreation 

INDIVIDUAL  NO.   11. 

Type  and  Occupation. — This  is  the  budget  of  Mr.  T.,  an  un- 
married man  of  twenty-five  years,  who  is  employed  as  a  "three 
shot"  Wilton  carpet  weaver  in  a  Kensington  mill.  Mr.  T.  is  a 
steady  worker,  and  is  ambitious  to  get  ahead.  During  the  period 
of  the  account  he  was  taking  a  course  in  a  correspondence  school. 

The  Account. — Mr.  T.'s  earnings  and  expenditures  are  given 
for  four  weeks  (April  18-May  15,  1913). 

*  Payment  to  landlady  for  board  and  lodging,  $5  per  week,  of  which  $1.50 
is  reckoned  as  room  rent,  and  $3.50,  as  table  board. 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


229 


Standard  of  Living. — Mr.  T.  makes  fairly  good  wages  and  enjoys 
a  comfortable  standard  of  living.  Among  his  friends  he  has  the 
reputation  of  being  very  well  dressed.  He  spends  some  money 
for  tobacco,  but  is  not  a  man  of  intemperate  habits.  Mr.  T. 
is  at  present  saving  systematically,  having  invested  in  five  shares 
in  a  building  and  loan  society  which  has  been  organized  by  the 
employes  of  the  mill  where  he  works. 

INCOME. 

Four  Weeks,  April  IS-May  15,  1913,  Actually  Recorded  Income. 

Wages. 

Date.  Amount. 

April  18,  1913 ; $24.00 

AprU  25 19.42 

May  2 20.23 

May  9 20.47 

Total $84.12 


EXPENDITURES. 
Four  Weeks,  April  18-May  15,  1913,  Actually  Recorded  Expenditures. 


Item. 

Amount. 

Item. 

Amount. 

Room  rent  and  board^ 

$24.00 
13.00 

2.00 

1.002 

30.00' 

.67 

$  1.50 

Car  fare 

2.61 

Clothing 

Gifts 

Medical  attention 

Laundry 

Insurance 

Toilet  supplies  

Dues:  Lodge     

Tobacco . 

1.10 

Dues:  Union 

Sundries 

2.87 

Education 

Total  expenditures,  4  weeks, 
actually  recorded 

Total  income,  4  weeks,  actu- 
ally recorded 

Telephone 

Church  .  .' 

$78.75 

Charity 

84.12 

Balance 

Recreation  (theater)  

$  5.37 

SAVINGS. 

Building  and  loan  association $5.00 

1  Payment  to  landlady  for  board  and  lodging,  $6  per  week,  of  which  $2  is 
reckoned  as  room  rent,  and  $4,  as  table  board. 
*  The  union  pays  both  sick  and  death  benefits. 
'  Tuition  for  correspondence  school  course. 


230  BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 


CHAPTER  IV. 

PREVAILING   STANDARDS    OF   LIVING   AMONG   WOMEN   TEXTILE- 
MILL  WORKERS  IN  THE   NORTHEAST  SECTION   OF 
PHILADELPHIA. 

A   SUGGESTED  BUDGET,   FAIR  STANDARD,  FOR  A 

WOMAN  TEXTILE-MILL  WORKER  WITH  NO  ONE 

DEPENDENT  UPON  HER  FOR  SUPPORT,  FOR 

ONE  YEAR,  1913  OR  1914. 

DETERMINATION  OF  A  FAIR  STANDARD. 

The  present  attempt  to  determine  what  is  a  fair  standard  of 
living  for  a  woman  textile-mill  worker  of  Kensington,  is  based 
largely  upon  a  study  of  the  budgets  of  women  workers  of  that 
district.  In  the  budget  here  suggested  as  fair,  only  those  things 
are  included,  for  the  most  part,  which  the  average  woman  textile- 
mill  worker  of  Kensington  is  striving  to  attain, '  and  which  she 
considers  essential  to  a  fair  standard  of  living.  In  the  case  of  but 
two  items  of  the  budget, — namely,  insurance  and  savings,  has  a 
departure  been  made  from  the  rule  of  basing  the  suggested  budget 
upon  the  actual  budgets  of  Kensington  women.  Under  the  heading 
which  covers  these  two  items  the  investigators  have  advocated 
what  they  regard,  for  a  woman  textile-mill  worker,  as  the  wisest 
method  of  making  provision  for  old  age. 

Previous  writers  on  working  women's  budgets  have  principally 
emphasized  the  items,  such  as  food,  shelter,  and  clothing,  which 
have  to  do  with  immediate  needs.  It  is  felt  by  the  present  in- 
vestigators, however,  that  the  question  of  making  provision  for 
some  source  of  income  during  old  age,  in  case  the  woman  worker 
remains  unmarried,  is  quite  as  important  as  that  of  making  pro- 
vision for  immediate  needs.  Because  of  the  importance  of  making 
provision  for  the  future,  and  because  of  the  fact  that  the  items  of 
the  budget  having  to  do  with  future  needs, — namely,  insurance  and 
savings,  have  hitherto  received  insufficient  attention,  these  items 
are  given  special  stress  in  the  budget  here  suggested. 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  231 

LODGING    (ROOM  RENT). 

A  single  furnished  room  that  is  comfortable,  light,  and  airy, 
can^  be  had  in  Kensington  for  $1.25  per  week.  An  allowance  of 
$65  per  year  is  therefore  suggested  as  a  fair  amount  for  room  rent 
in  the  budget  of  a  woman  textile-mill  worker  of  Kensington. 

FOOD    (TABLE  BOARD). 

A  woman  textile-mill  worker  should  have  food  equal  in  quality 
and  quantity  to  that  prescribed  by  the  Department  of  Health  of 
the  City  of  New  York  for  the  mother  of  the  family,  in  its  dietary 
plan  of  May  5,  1916.^  Table  board,  such  as  that  of  the  menus 
recommended  by  the  Department  of  Health,  can  be  had  in  Kensing- 
ton for  $4  per  week.  An  allowance  of  $208  per  year  is  therefore 
suggested  to  cover  the  cost  of  table  board  in  the  budget  of  a  woman 
textile-mill  worker  of  Kensington. 

CLOTHING. 

A  fair  standard  of  clothing  must  make  some  allowance  for  the 
expression  of  individual  taste,  and  must  also  provide  for  Sundays 
and  special  occasions.  The  clothing  accounts  of  Individuals 
No.  1,  No.  3,  No.  4,  No.  5,  No.  6,  No.  8,  and  No.  9,  in  Chapter  III 
of  this  study,  and  also  the  clothing  accounts  of  the  daughter  in 
Family  No.  4  (p.  46),  the  first  daughter  in  Family  No.  10  (pp. 
79,  82),  and  the  two  daughters  and  the  stepgranddaughter  in 
Family  No.  14  (p.  100),  in  Chapter  I,  furnish  illustration  of  the 
kind  of  clothing  that  is  bought  by  the  unmarried  women  textile- 
mill  workers  of  Kensington.  A  consideration  of  these  various 
accounts  indicates  that  $75  per  year  is  none  too  large  a  sum  to 
allow  for  the  clothing  of  a  young  woman  textile-mill  worker  of 
Kensington,  on  the  assumption  that  she  buys  her  clothes  ready- 
made,  or  pays  for  having  them  made.  The  authors  of  the  govern- 
ment report  allow  $63.80  for  a  fair  standard  of  clothing  for  a 
daughter  of  seventeen  years  or  over  in  a  Fall  River  cotton-mill 
worker's  family.  They  state,  however,  that  their  standard  "will 
not  be  considered  fair  by  the  English  and  Irish,  since  it  is  lower 
than  the  standard  that  generally  prevails  among  them."  ^     It  is 

^  Throughout  the  discussion  of  this  suggested  budget,  the  present  tense  has 
reference  to  the  years  1913  and  1914. 

2  See  pp.  134-137. 

3  61st  Congress,  2d  Session,  Senate  Document  No.  645,  Vol.  XVI,  op.  cU.^ 
pp.  238,  239. 


232  BUDGETS   OF    FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 

believed  by  the  present  investigators  that  the  average  woman 
textile-mill  worker  of  Kensington  would  consider  $75  per  year  a 
fair  allowance  for  clothing;  that  amount  is  therefore  suggested  to 
cdver  this  heading  in  a  fair  standard  budget. 

MEDICAL  ATTENTION. 

Some  provision  must  be  made,  in  a  fair  standard  budget,  for 
this  heading,  which  here  covers  dental  and  optical,  as  well  as 
medical  services,  and  the  filling  of  prescriptions.  A  yearly  allow- 
ance of  $15  is  felt  to  be  the  smallest  amount  that  could  be  expected, 
in  the  case  of  a  woman  who  is  ordinarily  in  good  health,  to  cover 
the  cost  of  these  items  in  an  average  year.  This  amount  is  of 
course  inadequate  to  provide  for  any  extended  illness  or  for  serious 
trouble  with  teeth  or  eyes.  The  expenses  incurred  in  the  event  of 
extended  illness,  are,  however,  in  a  measure  provided  for  in  this 
suggested  budget  by  an  allowance  for  lodge  membership,  which 
entitles  the  member  to  sick  benefits,  and  also  to  the  services  of  the 
lodge  physician.  An  allowance  of  $15  per  year,  therefore,  while 
it  will  by  no  means  cover  all  emergencies,  is  suggested  as  a  fair 
amount  for  medical  attention  in  the  budget  of  a  woman  textile- 
mill  worker  of  Kensington. 

INSURANCE  AND   SAVINGS. 

It  is  a  common  practice  for  the  women  textile-mill  workers  of 
Kensington  to  carry  industrial  insurance  for  the  purpose  of  covering 
burial  expenses.  This  practice,  however,  is  not  advocated  by  the 
present  investigators,  since  the  price  paid  for  industrial  insurance 
is  believed  to  be  altogether  beyond  the  economic  and  social  value 
that  it  has. 

A  budget  that  is  to  be  considered  fair,  however,  for  a  woman 
who  is  entirely  dependent  upon  her  own  earnings,  should  make 
provision  through  some  form  of  saving;  for  the  continuation,  in 
part,  at  least,  of  her  income  during  old  age,  and  for  the  leaving 
of  a  small  estate  to  cover  the  cost  of  burial,  and  other  expenses 
which  may  be  incurred  at  the  time  of  death.  This  saving  may 
well  be  made  by  placing  a  definite  sum  each  month  with  a  savings 
fund  institution,  or  by  buying  shares  in  a  building  and  loan  asso- 
ciation. A  still  better  way  for  a  woman  textile-mill  worker  to 
provide  for  her  old  age,  it  is  believed  by  the  present  investigators, 
is  through  the  purchase  of  a  long  term  endowment  insurance  policy, 
— this  policy  to  be  exchanged  at  maturity  for  an  annuity.     The 


OF  KENSINGTON,  PHILADELPHIA. 


233 


savings  fund  feature^  of  a  long  term  endowment  policy,  if  the 
policy  is  purchased  from  a  well-established  company,  furnishes  a 
safe  and  economical  method  of  saving,  while  the  very  nature  of  the 
endowment  policy  contract  is  such  that  the  saving  is  bound  to  be 
systematic,  and  the  exchange,  at  maturity,  of  the  endowment  policy 
for  an  annuity,  assures  a  definite  yearly  income  during  old  age. 

A  woman,  for  example,  at  the  age  of  twenty-five,  may  purchase 
a  $3,000  thirty-year  participating  endowment  policy  from  one 
of  the  well-established  companies  at  an  annual  premium  of  $85.14.2 


1  See  pp.  139-141. 

^  This  is  the  gross  annual  premium,  and  represents  the  amount  which  must 
be  paid  by  the  policy  holder  for  the  first  year.  For  each  subsequent  year  the 
annual  cost  of  the  insurance  will  in  all'  probability  be  materially  lessened  by  the 
dividends  which  are  customarily  paid  by  the  insurance  companies.  Following  is 
the  actual  record,  on  a  $1,000  basis,  of  the  dividends  paid  on  a  thirty-year  partici- 
pating endowment  pohcy  taken  out  at  age  twenty-five,  and  maturing  in  1918, 
in  the  company  referred  to  above: 

Age  25,  30- Year  Endowment,  Yearly  Premium  $28.38. 


End  of  Policy  Year. 

Dividend. 

End  of  Policy  Year. 

Dividend. 

2d 

$4.15 

17th 

$5.81 

3d 

3.27 

18th 

9.11* 

4th 

3.58 

19th 

6.34 

5th 

3.90 

20th 

6.62 

6th 

4.23 

21st 

6.91 

7th 

4.57 

22d 

7.21 

8th 

4.94 

23d 

8.09 

9th 

5.31 

24th 

8.39 

10th 

5.69 

25th 

8.68 

nth 

4.42 

26th 

8.96 

12th 

4.64 

27th 

9.24 

13th 

4.86 

28th 

10.14 

14th 

5.09 

29th 

10.40 

15th 

5.33 

30th 

25.54t 

16th 

5.57 

Total 

$200.99 

*  Including  extra  dividend  of  $3.04. 

t  Including  maturing  dividend  of  $14.91. 

Total  premiums $851.40 

Less  dividends 200.99 

Net  cost $650.31 

Average  net  cost  per  year $  21.68 

In  case  the  insurance  is  purchased  on  the  non-participating  stock  plan,  the 
initial  premium  will  be  considerably  smaller  than  the  $85.14  mentioned  above. 
(See  p.  139,  Note  1.) 


234  BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 

The  holder  of  such  a  policy  is  thus  assured  of  receiving,  upon  the 
maturity  of  the  contract  when  she  has  reached  the  age  of  fifty- 
five,  the  sum  of  $3,000,  which  sum,  if  used  at  once  to  purchase  an 
annuity  from  one  of  the  well-established  companies,  will  bring 
her  an  annual  income  of  $223.92,  or  7.46  per  cent.,  for  the  remainder 
of  her  life.  In  case  the  holder  of  the  endowment  policy  finds  herself 
confronted  with  the  urgent  necessity  for  funds  before  the  maturity 
of  the  contract,  she  may,  at  any  time  after  the  cash  surrender  and 
loan  privileges  are  in  force  (usually  after  the  premium  for  the  third 
year  has  been  paid),  either  utilize  the  value  of  her  policy,  or  borrow 
the  savings  fund  portion  of  the  policy  from  the  company  at  a 
reasonable  rate  of  interest,  the  policy  continuing  as  before  upon 
the  repayment  of  the  loan.  The  aim  should  always  be,  however, 
to  carry  the  insurance  to  successful  completion. 

If  a  young  woman  employed  in  the  textile  industry  were  certain 
of  remaining  unmarried,  it  would  perhaps  be  desirable  for  her  to 
purchase  a  deferred  annuity  rather  than  an  endowment  policy. 
In  the  event  of  the  woman's  marriage,  however,  the  deferred 
annuity  would,  in  all  probability,  become  burdensome,  since  the 
premium  payments  would  have  to  be  continued,  although  the 
annuity  income  would  be  deferred  until  the  distant  future,  and 
since  family  protection  would  now  become  essential,  while  the 
family  income  would  probably  not  be  sufficient  to  allow  for  insur- 
ance on  the  life  of  the  husband,  as  well  as  for  the  maintenance  of 
the  deferred  annuity  on  the  life  of  the  wife.  In  view  of  the  fact, 
therefore,  that  the  majority  of  women  textile-mill  workers  are 
likely  to  marry,  it  is  felt  by  the  investigators  that  the  long  term 
endowment  policy,  if  converted  at  maturity  into  an  annuity, 
offers  advantages  over  the  deferred  annuity  for  the  average  woman 
of  the  class  with  which  this  study  deals. 

Since  a  yearly  allowance  of  $86  will  enable  a  woman  of  twenty- 
five  years  to  purchase  a  $3,000  thirty-year  endowment  policy,^ 

1  It  is  not  the  intention  of  the  investigators  to  stipulate  that  the  endowment 
policy  should  necessarily  be  taken  out  at  age  twenty-five,  or  that  it  should  neces- 
sarily be  of  thirty  years'  duration.  The  selection,  in  the  present  illustration,  of 
a  thirty-year  endowment  policy  to  be  taken  out  at  age  twenty-five,  is  based 
upon  the  consideration  that  a  woman  textile-mill  worker  often  needs  some  supple- 
mentary income  by  the  time  she  reaches  age  fifty-five,  since  her  earning  power  is 
quite  likely  to  be  on  the  dechne  by  that  time,  or  even  earHer.  There  is,  on  the 
other  hand,  one  advantage  in  having  the  endowment  pohcy  mature  later  than 
at  age  fifty-five,  for  the  higher  the  age  at  which  an  annuity  is  purchased,  the  larger 
will  be  the  income  which  will  be  derived  from  it.     The  sum  of  $3,000,  for  example, 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  235 

which,  if  exchanged  at  maturity  for  an  annuity,  will  provide  her 
with  an  annual  income  of  something  around  S224  for  the  remainder 
of  her  life,  that  amount  is  suggested  to  cover  insurance  and  savings 
in  a  fair  standard  budget  for  a  woman  textile-mill  worker  of  Kensing- 
ton who  is  entirely  dependent  upon  her  own  earnings;  and  in  so 
far  as  a  general  plan  may  be  considered  applicable  to  a  large  number 
of  women,  it  is  advocated  that  this  amount  be  utilized  in  the  manner 
just  described.  It  is  also  deemed  highly  desirable  by  the  investi- 
gators that  the  income  from  the  annuity  be  made  payable  on  the 
monthly  plan. 

LODGE  AND  UNION  DUES. 

Since  it  is  customary  for  women  textile-mill  workers  of  Kensington 
to  belong  to  lodges,  provision  should  be  made,  in  a  fair  standard 
budget,  for  lodge  membership.  Inasmuch  as  one  of  the  primary 
functions  of  a  lodge  is  that  of  providing  income  in  the  form  of 
sick  benefits  for  its  members,  in  the  event  of  their  illness,  member- 
ship should  be  taken  only  in  lodges  that  are  known  to  have  their 
premium  charges  regulated  by  actuaries  of  recognized  standing. 
Provision  must  also  be  made,  in  the  budget  of  a  woman  textile-mill 
worker,  for  membership  in  a  labor  union.  A  woman's  membership 
dues  in  a  lodge  in  Kensington  generally  amount  to  twenty-five 
cents  per  week;  a  woman's  membership  dues  in  a  labor  union,  to 
ten  cents  per  week.  A  weekly  allowance  of  thirty-five  cents, 
therefore,  or  a  yearly  allowance  of  $18.20,  is  suggested  to  cover 
both  lodge  and  union  dues  in  the  budget  of  a  woman  textile-mill 
worker  of  Kensington. 

READING  MATTER. 

A  fair  standard  budget  for  a  woman  textile-mill  worker  should 
make  some  provision  for  this  heading,  which  here  includes  news- 
papers, books,  magazines,  postage,  stationery,  and  occasional  tele- 
phone calls.  A  yearly  allowance  of  $10  is  suggested  as  a  fair 
amount  to  cover  these  items  in  the  budget  of  a  woman  textile-mill 
worker  of  Kensington. 

if  used  to  purchase  an  annuity  at  age  sixty  from  the  company  whose  annuity 
returns  are  quoted  above,  will  bring  the  annuitant  an  annual  income  of  $256.71, 
or  8.55  per  cent.,  as  over  against  the  annual  income  of  $223.92,  or  7.46  per  cent., 
which  the  $3,000  annuity  purchased  at  age  fifty-five  from  the  same  company 
will  bring  the  annuitant. 

16 


236  BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND   INDIVIDUALS 

CHURCH  AND   CHARITY. 

Provision  must  be  made,  in  the  budget  of  a  woman  textile-mill 
jvorker  of  Kensington,  for  contributions  to  church,  or  to  charity, 
or  to  both.  Each  of  the  nine  women  whose  budgets  are  presented  in 
Chapter  III  of  this  study,  was  in  the  habit  of  contributing  to  the 
church.  An  allowance  of  twenty-five  cents  per  week,  or  $13  per 
year,  is  suggested  as  a  fair  amount  for  church  and  charity. 

RECREATION. 

An  allowance  should  be  made,  in  the  budget  of  a  wpman  textile- 
mill  worker,  for  amusements,  such  as  moving  picture  entertain- 
ments, lectures,  concerts,  or  the  theater,  and  for  outings,  such  as 
trips  to  the  parks  in  summer.  Provision  should  also  be  made  for  a 
vacation  in  the  country  or  at  the  seashore, — to  be  taken,  preferably, 
when  the  mill  is  closed  for  stock  taking  or  on  account  of  a  slack 
season,  if  it  is  closed  for  either  purpose.  The  cost  of  table  board 
in  the  place  where  the  vacation  is  spent  will  be  slightly  higher  than 
it  is  in  Kensington,  but  table  board  need  not  be  paid  for  in  both 
places  during  the  vacation,  although  room  rent  must  be  paid  in 
both  places  if  the  room  in  Kensington  is  to  be  held.  Table  board 
for  the  entire  year  at  the  rate  charged  in  Kensington  having  already 
been  allowed  for  in  this  budget,  an  additional  allowance  of  $40  per 
year  may  be  considered  a  fair  amount  to  cover  the  cost  of  a  short 
vacation,  and  to  provide  as  well,  during  the  remainder  of  the  year, 
for  amusements  and  outings  at  home.  An  allowance  of  $40  per 
year  is  therefore  suggested  for  recreation  in  the  budget  of  a  woman 
textile-mill  worker  of  Kensington. 

CAR  FARE. 

Since  a  woman  who  works  in  the  textile  industry  in  Kensington, 
can  obtain  suitable  board  and  lodging  near  her  place  of  employment, 
it  is  not  necessary  to  make  allowance,  in  her  budget,  for  regular 
car  fare  for  riding  to  and  from  work.  Provision  should  be  made, 
however,  for  occasional  car  fare  for  riding  to  and  from  her  work  in 
inclement  weather,  and  for  such  purposes  as  shopping,  visiting, 
and  going  to  church.  A  yearly  allowance  of  $5  is  suggested  as  a 
fair  amount  for  car  fare. 

GIFTS. 

A  standard  that  is  to  be  considered  fair  by  the  women  textile- 
mill  workers  of  Kensington,  must  make  some  provision  for  Christ- 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  237 

mas,  birthday,  and  wedding  gifts.     An  allowance  of  $10  per  year 
is  suggested  as  a  fair  amount  for  this  heading. 

LAUNDRY. 

It  is  customary  in  Kensington  for  the  landlady  to  do  the  washing 
and  the  ironing  of  all  the  plain  articles  of  clothing  of  the  individual — 
whether  man  or  woman — who  lodges  and  boards  with  her,  without 
making  an  extra  charge.  Individuals  who  board  at  home,  also, 
as  a  rule,  have  the  main  part  of  their  laundry  work  done,  without 
extra  charge,  by  the  member  of  the  family  who  keeps  house.  Since 
the  average  woman  textile-mill  worker  of  Kensington  has  both  board 
and  lodging  with  her  landlady,  or  else  lives  at  home,  no  provision 
needs  to  be  made  in  her  budget  for  ordinary  laundry  work.  An 
allowance  of  $5  per  year  is  suggested  to  cover  the  cost  of  the  occa- 
sional laundering  or  cleaning  of  special  articles.  For  the  laundry 
expenses  of  the  woman  who  is  obliged  to  pay  for  all  of  her  laundry 
work,  this  suggested  budget  does  not  make  provision,  since  such  a 
woman  is  the  exception  among  the  mill  workers  of  Kensington. 

TOILET   SUPPLIES. 

Provision  must  be  made,  in  the  budget  of  a  woman  textile-mill 
worker,  for  such  toilet  articles  as  combs,  hair  brushes,  tooth  brushes, 
soap,  and  tooth  paste  or  powder.  An  allowance  of  $5  per  year  is 
suggested  to  cover  the  cost  of  toilet  supplies. 

SUNDRIES. 

A  fair  standard  budget  should  include  a  small  contingent  fund 
to  meet  unforeseen  emergencies  and  incidental  expenses  that 
are  not  provided  for  by  any  of  the  foregoing  headings.  A  yearly 
allowance  of  $8  is  suggested  as  a  fair  amount  for  this  heading  in 
the  budget  of  a  woman  textile-mill  worker  of  Kensington. 


238 


BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 


RECAPITULATION. 

A  Suggested  Budget,  Fair  Standard,  for  a  Woman  with  No  One  Dependent 
Upon  Her  for  Support,  for  One  Year,  1913  or  1914.^ 


Item. 

Amount. 

Per  Cent. 

Item. 

Amount. 

Per  Cent. 

Lodging  (room  rent) . . 
Food  (table  board) . . . 
Clothing 

$  65.00 
208.00 
75.00 
15.00 
86.00 
18.20 
10.00 

11.54 

36.93 

13.32 

2.66 

15.27 

3.23 

1.78 

Church  and  charity. . 
Recreation      

$  13.00 

40.00 

5.00 

10.00 

5.00 

5.00 

•   8.00 

2.31 

7.10 

Car  fare 

.89 

Medical  attention .... 

Gifts 

1.78 

Insurance  and  savings 
Lodge  and  union  dues 
Reading  matter 

Laundry 

.89 

Toilet  supplies 

Sundries 

.89 
1.42 

Total 

$563.20 

100.00 

A  woman  textile-mill  worker  of  Kensington  must  therefore  earn 
$563.20  per  year, — that  is,  she  must  be  employed  300  days  in  a 
year  at  an  average  wage  of  $1.88  per  day, — in  order  to  maintain 
the  standard  of  living  that  is  here  suggested  as  fair. 


INCOMES  AND  THEIR  RELATION  TO  STANDARD 
OF  LIVING. 

None  of  the  nine  women  whose  budgets  are  presented  in  Chapter 
III  of  this  study,  earned  through  work  in  a  textile  mill  alone, 
enough  to  enable  her  to  maintain  the  standard  of  living  suggested 
as  fair  in  the  present  chapter.  Individuals  No.  1  and  No.  2  are 
examples  of  the  best  paid  women  pieceworkers  in  the  lace  mills  of 
Kensington;  these  two  women,  as  overlockers,  held  positions  that 
offered  opportunities  for  earning  the  largest  wages  which  it  is 
possible  for  women  employed  in  the  lace  industry  of  Kensington 
to  earn;  yet  the  yearly  earnings  of  neither  of  them,  during  the 
years  covered  by  their  accounts,  amounted  to  $563.20.  A  study 
of  their  weekly  wages,  however,  shows  that  each  of  these  women 
could  have  earned  $563.20,  had  she  been  employed  300  days,  or 
2,700  hours,  in  a  year.     It  was  practically  impossible,  with  the 

*  Owing  to  conditions  growing  out  of  the  War,  there  has  been  a  great  advance 
in  the  cost  of  living  between  the  period  for  which  this  budget  was  suggested, 
and  the  date  of  publication  of  this  study.  Some  idea  of  the  extent  to  which 
the  retail  food  prices  of  1917  and  1918  advanced  beyond  those  of  1913  and  1914, 
can  be  had  by  referring  to  Appendix  B. 

The  amounts  in  the  suggested  budget  for  1914,  revised  by  the  use  of  index 
numbers  to  conform  to  the  scale  of  prices  for  March,  1918,  and  March,  1919,  may 
be  found  in  Appendix  D. 


OF  KENSINGTON,  PHILADELPHIA.  239 

1913-1914  scale  of  piecework  wages,  and  with  the  hours  of  em- 
ployment such  as  they  were  in  1913-1914,  for  a  woman  employed 
in  the  lace  industry  of  Kensington  to  earn  an  income  sufficient  to 
enable  her  to  live  up  to  the  standard  suggested  as  fair  in  the  present 
chapter. 

Individuals  No.  3  and  No.  4  are  examples  of  the  best  paid  women 
pieceworkers  in  the  carpet  mills  of  Kensington.  Ingrain  carpet 
weavers  and  carpet  burlers  have  opportunities  for  earning  the 
largest  wages  which  it  is  possible  for  women  pieceworkers  in  the 
carpet  mills  to  earn;  these  two  women  (Individuals  No.  3  and 
No.  4, — particularly  Individual  No.  3)  are  highly  efficient  ingrain 
carpet  weavers;  yet  the  yearly  earnings  of  neither  of  them,  during 
the  years  covered  by  their  accounts,  amounted  to  $563.20.  Each 
of  these  women,  however,  could  have  earned  $563.20,  had  she  been 
employed  300  days,  or  2,700  hours,  in  a  year.  It  was  practically 
impossible,  with  the  1913-1914  scale  of  piecework  wages,  and 
with  the  hours  of  employment  such  as  they  were  in  1913-1914, 
for  a  woman  employed  as  an  ingrain  carpet  weaver  or  as  a  carpet 
burler,  to  earn  an  income  sufficient  to  enable  her  to  live  up  to  the 
standard  suggested  as  fair  in  the  present  chapter. 

Individual  No.  9  is  a  forewoman  in  a  carpet  yarn  mill.  In  such  a 
position  a  woman  can  easily  earn  $563.20  per  year  unless  times 
are  unusually  slack.  Forewomen  are  given  employment  so  long  as 
there  is  any  work  whatever  to  be  done  in  their  departments. 

No  other  woman  pieceworker  among  the  eleven  individuals  of 
Chapter  III,  and  no  woman  pieceworker  in  any  of  the  twenty-three 
families  of  Chapter  I,  earned,  during  the  period  of  her  account, 
an  income  sufficient  to  enable  her  to  live  up  to  the  standard  sug- 
gested as  fair  in  the  present  chapter.  It  is  possible  that  Indi- 
vidual No.  8,  a  winder  in  a  carpet  mill  (see  p.  219),  and  the  first 
daughter  in  Family  No.  18,  also  a  winder  in  a  carpet  mill  (see  p. 
118),  could  each  have  earned  $563.20,  had  they  been  employed 
300  days,  or  2,700  hours,  in  a  year.  The  first  daughter  in  Family 
No.  10,  a  knitter  and  'Hopper  learner"  in  a  hosiery  mill  (see  p. 
77),  might  have  earned  very  nearly  $563.20,  had  she  been  em- 
ployed 300  days,  or  2,700  hours,  in  a  year. 

In  addition  to  the  income  figures  furnished  by  the  eleven  indi- 
viduals whose  budgets  are  presented  in  Chapter  III,  data  with 
regard  to  the  wages  of  twenty-seven  representative  women  textile- 
mill  workers  were  obtained  by  the  investigators  from  the  pay  rolls 
of  three  Kensington  mills,  with  the  permission  of  the  mill  owners. 


240  BUDGETS    OF   FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 

Tables  giving  the  weekly  or  the  bi-weekly  earnings  of  these  twenty- 
seven  women  textile-mill  workers  for  the  year  1912-1913,  or  the 
year  1913,  appear  at  the  end  of  this  chapter.  An  examination  of 
ihese  tables  shows  that  with  the  1912-1913  scale  of  piecework 
wages,  a  carpet  burler,  an  ingrain  carpet  weaver,  a  tape  weaver, 
a  winder,  or  a  spooler,  if  employed  300  days,  or  2,700  hours,  per 
year,  could  earn  the  $563.20  necessary  to  enable  a  woman  to  live 
up  to  the  standard  suggested  as  fair  in  the  present  chapter.  Neither 
of  the  other  two  pieceworkers, — ^namely,  the  bit  winder  and  the 
twister,  among  the  twenty-seven  women,  the  data  with  regard  to 
whose  wages  were  obtained  from  the  pay  rolls  of  th^  three  mills, 
could  hope  to  earn  the  $563.20  required  by  the  suggested  standard. 

VARIATION  IN  WEEKLY  EARNINGS. 

The  income  tables  and  charts  which  appear  in  Chapter  III,  in 
the  detailed  presentation  of  the  budgets  of  the  nine  women  among 
the  eleven  individuals  whose  budgets  are  the  subject  of  that  chapter, 
show,  in  almost  every  case,  a  great  fluctuation  in  the  weekly  or 
the  bi-weekly  income;  this  fluctuation  was  caused,  for  the  most 
part,  by  irregularity  in  hours  at  work.  The  income  tables  and 
charts  in  the  following  section,  based  upon  data  obtained  from  the 
pay  rolls  of  three  Kensington  mills,  and  giving  the  weekly  or  the 
bi-weekly  earnings  for  the  year  1912-1913,  or  the  year  1913,  of 
twenty-seven  women  employed  in  these  mills,  show  a  similar 
fluctuation  in  wages,  caused  also,  for  the  most  part,  by  irregularity 
in  hours  at  work.  The  number  of  hours  at  work  each  week,  as 
well  as  the  wages  received,  is  given  in  the  case  of  three  of  the 
twenty-seven  women,  in  order  to  show  the  parallel  relationship 
between  wages  earned  and  time  spent  at  work.  (The  mills  had  no 
record  of  the  hours  at  work  of  the  other  twenty-four  women.) 

The  irregularity  in  hours  at  work  of  the  twenty-seven  women, 
the  data  with  regard  to  whose  wages  were  obtained  from  the  pay 
rolls  of  the  three  mills,  was  due  almost  entirely  to  irregularity  of 
employment  in  the  industry.  One  of  the  three  mills  is  closed  for 
two  weeks  each  summer,  in  order  to  take  account  of  stock,  clean 
boilers,  etc.  The  reason  for  loss  of  time  for  a  continuous  week  on 
the  part  of  any  of  the  twenty-seven  women,  is  in  each  case  noted  in 
the  table.  Loss  of  time  for  a  part  of  a  week  was  in  every  case  due 
to  irregularity  of  employment  in  the  industry.  Only  two  of  the 
twenty-seven  women  lost  any  time  on  account  of  illness. 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  241 

The  condition  of  irregularity  of  employment  with  its  consequent 
fluctuation  in  wages,  which  the  wage  tables  and  charts  in  the 
following  section  illustrate,  is  characteristic  of  women's  work  in 
the  textile  industry  of  Kensington.  These  twenty-seven  women 
were  selected  by  their  employers  as  being  representative.  The 
very  fact  of  their  being  selected  by  their  employers  for  the  pur- 
pose of  having  their  wage  data  used  in  the  present  study,  would 
indicate  that  they  were  working  under  as  favorable  conditions 
of  employment  as  were  existent,  at  the  time,  in  these  three 
mills. 

It  is  true  that  employment  in  the  textile  industry  was  somewhat 
more  irregular  than  usual,  in  1913,  on  account  of  the  proposed 
change  in  the  protective  tariff  schedules.  Irregularity  of  employ- 
ment is,  however,  a  typical  condition  of  textile  work  in  Philadelphia 
at  all  times;  and  the  resulting  tendency  of  wages  to  fluctuate, 
which  the  tables  and  charts  in  the  following  section  illustrate,  is 
characteristic,  in  a  greater  or  a  less  degree,  of  any  given  year. 
One  of  the  three  mill  owners  who  furnished  the  data  upon  which 
the  tables  and  charts  in  the  following  section  are  based,  chose  for 
the  purpose  a  year  beginning  in  May,  1912,  in  order  that  the  period 
for  which  the  data  with  regard  to  the  wages  of  his  employees  were 
given,  might  be,  to  some  extent,  a  normal  one,  while  at  the  same 
time  it  fell  partly  within  1913, — the  year  during  which  most  of  the 
accounts  for  the  budgets  of  this  study  were  begun.  Another  of 
the  three  mill  owners  chose  a  year  beginning  November  1,  1912. 
The  wage  figures  given  for  the  year  beginning  in  May,  1912,  how- 
ever, and  those  given  for  the  year  beginning  November  1,  1912, 
show  throughout,  a  fluctuation  similar  to  that  of  the  wage  figures 
given  for  the  calendar  year  1913.  (For  additional  examples  of 
the  fluctuation  in  women's  wages  in  years  prior  to  1913,  see  Indi- 
vidual No.  1,  pp.  180-183;  Individual  No.  3,  pp.  195,  196; 
Individual  No.  4,  pp.  201,  202.) 

Clearly,  irregularity  of  employment  with  its  consequent  fluctu- 
ation in  wages,  is  largely  responsible  for  the  low  yearly  earnings  of 
women  pieceworkers  in  the  textile  industry  of  Philadelphia,  and 
is  one  of  the  chief  factors  to  be  taken  into  consideration,  in  any 
attempt  to  readjust  wage  conditions  in  this  industry.  Whether 
a  woman  employed  as  a  textile-mill  worker  can  earn  an  income 
sufficient  for  the  maintenance  of  a  fair  standard  of  living,  is  very 
frequently  not  so  much  a  question  of  rate  of  piecework  wages,  as 
it  is  a  question  of  hours  of  employment. 


242  BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND   INDIVIDUALS 

WAGES  OF  TWENTY-SEVEN  REPRESENTATIVE  WOMEN 

TEXTILE-MILL  WORKERS  IN  THE  NORTHEAST 

SECTION  OF  PHILADELPHIA. 

FIGURES  TAKEN  FROM  THE  PAY  ROLLS  OF  THREE  TEXTILE  MILLS. 

The  following  tables,  based  upon  data  obtained  from  the  pay- 
rolls of  three  textile  mills  of  Kensington,  and  showing  the  wages 
of  twenty-seven  representative  women  employed  in  several  lines  of 
textile  work,  are  intended  to  supplement  the  wage  figures  given  in 
connection  with  the  budgets  of  individuals,  in  Chapter  III.  From 
these  tables  some  idea  can  be  had  as  to  what  likelihood  there  is, — 
on  the  basis  of  the  1912-1913  scale  of  piecework  wages, — ^that 
a  woman  employed  in  any  one  of  the  lines  of  textile  work  here 
represented,  will  be  able  to  earn  the  $563.20  necessary  to  enable 
her  to  live  up  to  the  standard  of  living  suggested  as  fair  in  the 
present  chapter.  The  tables,  with  the  accompanying  charts,  also 
illustrate  the  characteristic  tendency  of  weekly  or  bi-weekly  wages 
in  these  different  lines  of  textile  work,  to  fluctuate,  as  the  result 
of  irregularity  in  hours  of  employment. 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


243 


Actual  Wages  (Weekly  or  Bi-weekly),  Average  Wage  per  Week,  and  Total  Wages  per 
Year,  of  27  Women  Textile-Mill  Workers  of  the  Northeast  Section  op  Phila- 
delphia, TOGETHER  WITH  HOTJRS  AT  WORK  PER  WeEK  AND  ToTAL  HOUKS 

AT  Work  per  Year  in  the  Case  op  3  op  the  27  Workers,^ 

FOR  THE  Year  1912-1913,  or  the  Year  1913. 

Amounts  are  recorded  for  weekly  or  bi-weekly  pay  intervals.     In  date  column  is  indicated  the 

first  day  of  each  fourth  week. 


Date. 


Jan.     3,  1913 

Jan.  31 

Feb.  28 

Mar.  28 

April  25 

May  23 

June  20 

July  18 

Aug.  15 

Sept.  12 

Oct.   10 

Nov.    7 

Dec.     5 


Average  wage. 


Burler  No.  1. 

January  3,  1913- 

January  1,  1914. 

(Chart  No.  37.) 


Hours. 


39 
44 
54 
54 
54 
54 
54 
54 
54 
49 
49 
49 
48 
39 
39 

2 

39 
39 
49 
39 
39 
39 
39 
29 
39 
30 
16 

3 

29 
39 
49 
49 
54 
49 
48 
39 
39 
39 
39 
44 
44 
49 
49 
49 
54 
49 
39 
44 
39 
39 
49 
54 


2206 


Amount. 


$6.14 

7.21 

10.25 

12.08 

10.24 

11.76 

10.56 

11.58 

10.06 

10.19 

9.72 

9.95 

9.19 

6.19 

7.71 

2 

6.76 
6.64 
9.09 
5.70 
6.82 
5.29 
5.59 
3.27 
6.12 
4.43 
2.28 

4.71 

6.94 

10.10 

10.12 

10.65 

10.75 

11.15 

7.64 

4.87 

7.07 

7.14 

7.47 

6.36 

8.45 

10.00 

10.59 

10.18 

9.21 

8.07 

9.53 

6.33 

6.62 

9.39 

11.64 


$409.80 


$7.88 


Burler  No.  2. 

January  3,  1913- 

January  1,  1914. 

(Chart  No.  38.) 


Hours. 


39 
44 
54 
54 
54 
54 

2 

54 
54 
49 
49 
49 
49 
39 
49 
49 
49 
49 
49 
49 
39 
39 
31 
29 
39 
39 
24 

26 
39 
49 
49 
54 
49 
49 
39 
39 
39 
39 
44 
44 
49 
49 
49 
54 
49 
39 
44 
44 
49 
54 
54 


2269 


Amount. 


$8.67 
9.83 
12.00 
12.00 
12.00 
12.00 

12.00 

12.00 

10.83 

10.83 

10.83 

10.83 

8.67 

10.83 

10.83 

10.91 

11.59 

10.83 

10.83 

8.67 

8.67 

6.89 

6.50 

8.67 

8.67 

5.44 

6.12 

8.67 

10.83 

10.83 

12.00 

10.83 

10.83 

8.67 

8.67 

8.67 

8.67 

9.82 

9.82 

10.83 

10.83 

10.83 

12.00 

10.83 

8.67 

9.83 

9.83 

10.83 

12.00 

12.00 


$504.73 


$9.71 


Burler  No.  3. 
January  3,  1913- 
January  1,  1914. 
(Chart  No.  39.) 


Hours. 


39 
44 
54 
54 
54 
54 
54 
54 
54 
49 
49 
49 
49 
39 
49 


49 
49 
49 
39 
39 
36 
28 
39 
39 
24 

27 
39 
49 
49 
54 
49 
49 
39 
39 
39 
39 
44 
44 
49 
49 
49 
54 
49 
39 
44 
34 
49 
54 
54 


2318 


Amount. 


$8.67 

9.83 

12.00 

12.00 

12.00 

12.00 

12.00 

12.00 

12.00 

10.83 

10.83 

10.83 

10.83 

8.67 

10.83 

10.83 

10.83 

10.83 

10.83 

10.83 

8.67 

8.67 

8.11 

6.33 

8.67 

8.67 

5.44^ 

6.06 

8.67 

10.83 

10.83 

12.00 

10.83 

10.83 

8.67 

8.67 

8.67 

8.67 

9.82 

9.82 

10.83 

10.83 

10.83 

12.00 

10.83 

8.67 

9.83 

7.67 

10.83 

12.00 

12.00 


$514.72 


$9.90 


*  In    the   case   of   the    othex    twenty-four  2  No  work, 

workers,  no  record  of  the  hours  of  employment  '  Stock  taking. 

was  kept  by  the  employers. 


Actual  Wages  (Weekly  or  Bi-Weekly),  Average  Wage  per  Week,  and  Total  Wages  per 
Year,  of  27  Women  Textile-Mill  Workers  of  the  Northeast  Section  of  Phila- 
delphia, Together  with  Hours  at  Work  per  Week  and  Total  Hours 
AT  Work  per  Year  in  the  Case  of  3  of  the  27  Workers,^ 
FOR  the  Year  1912-1913,  or  the  Year  1913. 
Amounts  are  recorded  for  weekly  or  bi-weekly  pay  intervals.     In  date  column  is  indicated  the 
first  day  of  each  fourth  week. 


Ingrain  Carpet  Weaver 

Ingrain  Carpet  Weaver 
No.l. 
Married.    Age  45. 
Has  no  children.  She 
and  her  husband  board. 
Husband  works  stead- 
ily, and  earns  $35  per 

MlylO.  1912-May8, 

Ingrain  Carpet  Weaver 

No.  2. 
Unmarried.     Age  46. 
Boards,   paying   $4 
per     week   for  room 
and  board.     Parents 
are  dead. 

May  10,  1912-May  8, 
1913. 

No.  3. 

Married.     Age  50. 

Has  no  children.    She 
and  her  hii.sband  rent 
rooms    and    do    light 
housekeeping.        Hiis- 
band  works  "once  in  a 
while."    Wife  has  wid- 
owed mother  in  poor- 
house. 

Ingrain  Carpet  Weaver 

No.  4. 
Unmarried.     Age  50. 
Lives   with    widowed 
mother.        They     rent 
rooms    and     do     light 
housekeeping. 
May  10,  1912-May  8, 
1913. 

1913. 
(Chart  No.  40.) 

(Chart  No.  41.) 

May  10,  1912-May  8, 
1913. 

(Chart  No.  43.) 

(Chart  No.  42.) 

Date. 

< 

Date. 

1 

Date. 

• 
Date. 

1 
0 
S 

<! 

May  10, 1912. 

$23.90 

May  10, 1912. 

$18.86 

May  10,1912. 

$18.46 

May  10,  1912. 

$19.23 

17.79 

18.30 

18.64 

18.72 

June    7 

18.34 

June    7 

17.37 

June    7 

15.48 

June    7 

12.36 

21.99 

16.34 

19.01 

22.37 

July     5 

17.38 

July     5 

21.77 

July     5 

13.76 

July     5 

15.76 

21.69 

15.84 

21.42 

2i.'24 

Aug.    2 

20.41 

Aug.    2 

21.08 

Aug.    2 

19.95 

Aug.    2 

16.04 

18.93 

i7.'84 

2i.87 

15.78 

Aug.  30 

6.90 

Aug.  30 

15.68 

Aug.  30 

17.35 

Aug.  30 

15.92 

4.41 

15.76 

21.72 

15.56 

Sept.  27 

17.51 

Sept.  27 

15.96 

Sept.  27 

2i.l"4 

Sept.  27 

i9.'54 

17.96 

18.36 

26.66 

15.80 

Oct.  25 

17.98 

Oct.   25 

26.80 

Oct.   25 

24.23 

Oct.   25 

26.64 

16.20 

26.00 

i6.b'2 

15.32 

Nov.  22 

2i.V2 

Nov.  22 

i8.'84 

Nov.  22 

26.99 

Nov.  22 

16.04 

13.60 

19.45 

26.l'2 

i5.'76 

Dec.  20 

19.32 

Dec.  20 

16.30 

Dec.  20 

17.72 

Dec.  20 

io.TO 

14.17 

14.57 

26.86 

23.36 

Jan.  17, 1913. 

20.73 

Jan.  17, 1913. 

26.V4 

Jan.   17,1913. 

19.21 

Jan.    17,1913. 

21.62 

18.72 

13.78 

21.45 

27.38 

Feb.  14 

19.27 

Feb.  14 

16.78 

Feb.  14 

22.89 

Feb.  14 

23.77 

20.05 

18.66 

21. l^ 

27.22 

Mar.  14 

20.59 

Mar.  14 

i9."84 

Mar.   14 

22.51 

Mar.  14 

27.7(5 

16.67 

26.68 

27.05 

22.24 

April  11 

23.71 

April  11 

19.20 

April  11 

23.57 

April  11 

27.i2'4 

21.15 

21.28 
$473.48 

24.25 

24.86 

$470.49 

$531.46 

$512.23 

Average 
wage 

$9.05 

Average 
wage 

$9.11 

Average 
wage 

$10.22 

Average 
wage 

$9.85 

'  In  the  case  of  the  other  twenty-four  workers,  no  record  of  the  hours  of  employment  was  kept 


AcTTTAL  Wages  (Weekly  or  Bi-Weeklt),  Average  Wage  per  Week,  and  Total  Wages  psr 
Year,  op  27  Women  Textile-Mill  Workers  of  the  Northeast  Section  of  Phila- 
delphia, Together  with  Hours  at  Work  per  Week  and  Total  Hours 
AT  Work  per  Year  in  the  Case  of  3  of  the  27  Workers^ 
for  the  Year  1912-1913,  or  the  Year  1913. 
Amounts  are  recorded  for  weekly  or  bi-weekly  pay  intervals.     In  date  column  is  indicated  thg 
first  day  of  each  fourth  week. 


1  In  the  case  of  the  other  twenty-four  workers,  no  record  of  the  hours  of  employment  was  kept 
by  the  employers. 


Actual  Wages  (Weekly  ok  Bi- Weekly),  Average  Wage  per  Week,  and  Total  Wages  per 
Year,  of  27  Women  Textile-Mill  Workers  of  the  Northeast  Section  of  Phila- 
delphia. Together  with  Hours  at  Work  per  Week  and  Total  Hours 
AT  Work  per  Year  in  the  Case  of  3  of  the  27  Workers,^ 
for  the  Year  1912-1913,  or  the  Year  1913. 
Amounts  are  recorded  for  weekly  or  bi-weekly  pay  intervals.     In  date  column  is  indicated  the 
.  first  day  of  each  fourth  week. 


Tape  Weaver  No.  5. 

Unmarried. 
Boards.     Parents  are 

dead. 

November  1,  1912- 

October  30,  1913. 

(Chart  No.  48.) 


Date. 


Nov.    1,1912 
Nov.  29 


Dec.  27. 


Jan.  24,  1913 


Feb.  21, 
Mar.  21 . 
AprillS. 
May  16. 
June  13. 
July  11. 
Aug.  8. 
Sept.  5. 
Oct.     3. 


Average 
wage . . 


$16.20 
16.96 
20.56 

ie.s'e 

18.00 
18.00 
19.00 
19.00 
19.00 
19.00 
19.00 
19.00 
19.00 
19.00 
19.00 

ig.bb 

19.00 
19.00 
19.00 
19.00 

i7.i'9 

19.00 
19.00 
19.00 
19.00 
19.00 


$484.27 
$9.31 


Tape  Weaver  No.  6. 

Unmarried. 
Boards  with  sister. 

Mother  is  dead. 

November  1,  1912- 

October  30,  1913. 

(Chart  No.  49.) 


Date. 


Nov.   1,1912 

Nov.  29 

Dec.  27 


Jan.  24, 1913, 
Feb.  21 


Mar.  21. 
April  18. 
May  16. 
June  13. 
July  11. 
Aug.  8. 
Sept.  5. 
Oct.     3. 


Average 
wage. 


$18.51 
12.35 
20.60 
14.39 
12.35 
12.35 
■4.11 
'2.93 
'2.i'6 

i.bi 


10.75 
18.67 

16.89 
18.93 
ii.53 
13.97 
19.57 
13.77 
25.41 
20.61 
20.24 
22.28 

$314.28 

$6.04 


Tape  Weaver  No.  7. 
Unmarried. 
This  woman  and  her 
sister  support  the  fam- 
ily.    Father  is  dead. 
November  1,  1912- 
October  30,  1913. 
(Chart  No.  50.) 


Date. 


Nov.    1,  1912. 
Nov.  29 


Dec.  27. 


Jan. 

24. 1913. 

Feb. 

21 

Mar. 

21..;... 

AprillS 

May 

16 

June 

13 

July 

11 

Aug. 

8 

Sept. 

5 

Oct. 

3 

Average 
wage . 


$19.54 
19.54 
22.V8 
U.U 
17.22 
4.'8b 
9.93 
12.50 
15.41 
2i.'84 
i7.'9b 
13.02 
24.72 
26.'6b 
18.52 
20.60 
26.6b 
2i.V5 
10.04 
22.44 
20.22 
21.65 
21.23 
20.47 
21.46 
21.09 

$474.81 


$9.13 


Tape  Weaver  No.  8. 

Unmarried: 

This  woman  and  her 

mother  work.    Another 

daughter    keeps    the 

house.     Father  is  dead. 

November  1,  1912- 

October  30,  1913. 

(Chart  No.  51.) 


DaHk. 


Nov.    1,  1912 
Nov.  29 


Dec.  27. 


Jan.   24, 1913, 
Feb.  21 


Mar.  21 . 
AprillS. 
May  16. 
Jime  13. 
July  11. 
Aug.  S. 
Sept.  5. 
Oct.     3 . 


Average 
wage. 


$16.41 
14.72 
is.56 
15.22 
i6.21 
9.79 
15.49 
13.20 

is.i's 

16.30 
16.41 
15.10 
i7.l'7 
18.47 
16.39 
18.39 
15.35 
16.00 
6.76 
9.78 
16.53 
17.88 
i6.'64 
19.24 
17.68 
18.96 

$410.78 


$7.90 


*In  the  case  of  the  other  twenty-four  workers,  no  record  of  the  hours  of  employment  was  kept 
by  the  employers. 
2  111. 


Actual,  Wages  (Weekly  or  Bi-Wbekly),  Average  Wage  per  Week,  and  Total  Wages  per 
Year,  or  27  Women  Textile-Mill  Workers  of  the  Northeast  Section  of  Phila- 
delphia, Together  with  Hours  at  Work  per  Week  and  Total  Hours 
AT  Work  per  Year  in  the  Case  of  3  of  the  27  Workers,i 
FOR  the  Year  1912-1913,  or  the  Year  1913. 
Amounts  are  recorded  for  weekly  or  bi-weekly  pay  intervals.     In  date  column  is  indicated  the 
first  day  of  each  fourth  week. 


Tape  Weaver  No.  9. 

iUnmarried. 

Has  three  brothers 

who  also  work.     Par- 

k^       ents  are  living. 

I  [November  1,  1912- 

October  30,  1913. 

^(Chart  No.  52.) 

Tape  Weaver  No.  10. 

Married. 

Has  one  child. 

Husband  is  ill. 

November  1,  1912- 

October  30,  1913. 

(Chart  No.  53.) 

Tape  Weaver  No.  11. 

Unmarried. 

Boards  with  cousins. 

Parents  are  dead. 

November  1,  1912- 

October  30,  1913. 

(Chart  No.  54.) 

Tape  Weaver  No.  12. 

Unmarried. 

Supports  the  family. 

Sister  stays  at  home 

and  keeps  house. 

Father  is  ill.     Mother 

is  dead. 

November  1,  1912- 

October  30,  1913. 

(Chart  No.  55.) 

g 

d 

a 

c 

Date. 

<; 

Date. 

< 

Date. 

< 

Date. 

S 

Nov.  1,  1912 . 

$18.84 

Nov.  1,1912. 

$20.60 

Nov.    1,  1912. 

$21.01 

Nov.    1,1912. 

$17.25 

21.00 

17.04 

i8.l'5 

26.32 

Nov.  29 

18.96 

Nov.  29 

18.00 

Nov.  29...... 

14.68 

Nov.  29 

is.'s'e 

i8.'84 

i6.'3b 

19.26 

14. 'Q5 

Dec.  27 

ie.'sb 

Dec.  27 

15.00 

Dec.  27 

16.63 

Dec.  27 

i2.*4'6 

12. 60 

i6.02 

■8.85 

i4.'2"6 

Jan. 24,  1913 . 

18.84 

Jan. 24, 1913. 

18.46 

Jan.   24,1913. 

22.48 

Jan.   24, 1913. 

i9.'7'5 

21.00 

15.88 

21.67 

ie.e's 

Feb.  21 

18.96 

Feb.  21 

15.1*9 

Feb.  21 

26.V4 

Feb.  21 

20.09 

20.26 

22.10 

22.10 

■2.l'6 

Mar.  21 

21. 64 

Mar.  21 

12.34 

Mar.  21 

22.29 

Mar.  21 

■4.90 

21.00 

15.88 

14.36 

19.68 

April  18 

21.00 

April  18 

22.68 

April  18 

i6.i'8 

April  18 

23.70 

21.00 

20.53 

22.V8 

21. 24 

May  16 

18.30 

May  16 

■3.00 

May  16 

22.82 

May  16 

2i.'2'4 

21.00 

■7.32 

22.24 

UAl 

June  13 

18.96 

June  13 

22.74 

June  13 

25.44 

June  13 

i6.'4'4 

21.00 

20.62 

20.56 

i9.'24 

July   11 

14.22 

July   11 

■9.1b 

July   11 

i3.'2b 

July   11 

i5.'22 

21.00 

18.79 

23.62 

24.82 

Aug.    8 

21.00 

Aug.    8 

21.07 

Aug.    8 

21.62 

Aug.    8 

2i.'9'4 

21.00 

9.57 

22.35 

2b.'5'2 

Sept.    5 

18.96 

Sept.    5 

19.71 

Sept.    5 

16.28 

Sept.    5 

■7.'5'9 

21.22 

18.40 

19.06 

26.05 

Oct.     3 

21.00 

Oct.     3 

17.30 

Oct.     3 

22.67 

Oct.     3 

14.25 

21.00 

21.28 

2i.'64 

■  '.47 

$509.40 

$428.92 

$511.48 

$424.69 

Average 
wage .... 

$9.80 

Average 
wage 

$8.25 

Average 
wage 

■$9.84 

Average 
wage 

$8.17 

1  In  the  case  of  the  other  twenty-four  workers, 
by  the  employers. 


no  record  of  the  hours  of  employment  was  kept 


Actual  Wages  (Weekly  or  Bi-Weeklt),  Average  Wage  per  Week,  and  Total  Wages  per 
Year,  op  27  Women  Textile-Mill  Workers  op  the  Northeast  Section  op  Phila- 
delphia, Together  with  Hours  at  Work  per  Week  and  Total  Hours 
at  Work  per  Year  in  the  Case  of  3  op  the  27  Workersi 
FOR  THE  Year  1912-1913,  or  the  Year  1913. 
Amounts  are  recorded  for  weekly  or  bi-weekly  pay  intervals.     In  date  column  is  indicated  the 
first  day  of  each  fourth  week. 


Tape  Weaver  No.  13. 

Unmarried. 

Boards  with  sister. 

Parents  are  dead. 

November  1,  1912- 

October  30,  1913. 

(Chart  No.  56.) 

Tape  Weaver  No.  14. 

Unmarried. 

Has  two  sisters  who 

also  work.      Parents 

are  living. 

November  1,  1912- 

October  30,  1913. 

(Chart  No.  57.) 

Winder  No.  1. 

Unmarried. 

Has  one  sister  and 

two  brotheis  who  also 

work.       A    widowed 

mother  stays  at  home 

to  keep  house.      This 

daughter  pays  $5  per 

week    to    mother    for 

room  and  board. 

May  10,  1912- 

May  8,  1913. 

(Chart  No.  58.) 

Winder  No.  2. 

Widow.     Age  45. 

Has    no    children. 

Parents  are  dead.   Pays 

$4  per  week  for  room 

and  board. 

May  10,  1912- 

May  8,  1913. 

(Chart  No.  59.) 

• 

Date. 

1 
1 

Date. 

a 
§ 
S 

< 

Date. 

1 

Date. 

S 
<: 

Nov.   1,1912. 

«16.68 

Nov.  1,1912. 

$17.54 

May  10,  1912. 

$20.97 

May  10.  1912.     $ 

19.04 

16.88 

18.62 

22.50 

14.77 

Nov.  29 

18.94 

Nov.  29 

16.69 

June    7 

16.52 

June    7 ] 

5.89 

16.10 

15.03 

15.18 

16.11 

Dec.  27 

14.82 

Dec.  27 

i7.V3 

July     5 

19.98 

July     5 5 

Ji.24 

'6.04 

ii.43 

26.84 

5.V2 

Jan.  24,  1913. 

19.02 

Jan. 24, 1913. 

i9.V3 

Aug.    2 

24.08 

Aug.     2 :         ] 

L7.84 

16.51 

18.93 

2i.V5 

L8.ib 

Feb.  21 

17.82 

Feb.  21 

ii. 29 

Aug.  30 

22.01 

Aug.  30 ] 

L9.i5 

19.78 

16.86 

18.59 

L5.25 

Mar.  21 

17.53 

Mar.  21 

20.30 

Sept.  27 

16.29 

Sept.  27 ] 

13.47 

17.61 

17.31 

17.46 

4.36 

April  18 

17.45 

April  18 

20.29 

Oct.   25 

17.48 

Oct.   25 1 

5.75 

20.58 

21.01 

18.28 

8.27 

May  16 

18.91 

May  16 

26.47 

Nov.  22 

21.29 

Nov.  22 ] 

4.75 

19.33 

18.45 

15.93 

5.36 

Jime  13 

16.47 

June  13 

17.16 

Dec.  20 

12.29 

Dec.  20 ] 

3.82 

15.69 

19.75 

i.5.39 

2.75 

July  11 

9.39 

July   11 

12.78 

Jan.    17.1913. 

ie.Vo 

Jan.    17,  1913.       1 

2.14 

19.80 

26.54 

18.23 

3.51 

Aug.    8 

20.23 

Aug.    8 

21.06 

Feb.  14 

19.95 

Feb.   14 1 

3.24 

20.78 

26.57 

18.55 

4.89 

Sept.    5 

i8.'5b 

Sept.    5 

18.53 

Mar.  14 

26.93 

Mar.  14 1 

8.63 

19.34 

19.92 

2i.51 

4.92 

Oct.     3 

20.39 

Oct.     3 

21. lb 

Apiilll 

22.V6 

April  11 1 

7.40 

18.54 

24.58 

22.82 

9.45 

$476.56 

$453.13 

$497.08 

$41 

5.42 

Average 
wage .... 

$8.71 

Average 
wage .... 

$9.16 

Average 
wage 

$9.56 

Average 
wage S 

7.99 

1  In  the  case  of  the  other  twenty-four  workers,  no  record  of  the  hours  of  employment  was  kept 
by  the  employers. 


Actual  Wages  (Weekly  or  Bi-Weekly),  Average  Wage  per  Week,  and  Total  Wages  per 
Year,  of  27  Women  Textile-Mill  Workers  op  the  Northeast  Section  of  Phila- 
delphia, Together  with  Hours  at  Work  per  Week  and  Total  Hours 
AT  Work  per  Year  in  the  Case  of  3  of  the  27  Worker8,i 
FOR  THE  Year  1912-1913,  or  the  Year  1913. 
Amounts  are  recorded  for  weekly  or  bi-weekly  pay  intervals.     In  date  column  is  indicated  the 
first  day  of  each  fourth  week. 


Bit  Winder  No.  1, 
January  3,  1913- 
January  1,  1914. 
(Chart  No.  60.) 


Date. 


Jan.  3,1913. 
Jan.   31 ...  . 

Feb.  28 

Mar.  28 

April  25 ...  . 

May  23 

June  20 ... . 

July   18 

Aug.  15.  .  .  . 

Sept.  12 

Oct.    10 

Nov.    7 

Dec.     5 


Average 
wage. 


$  5.03 
7.07 
8.33 
8.49 
7.58 
8.61 
7.77 
8.03 
8.96 
8.31 
6.74 
8.62 
8.07 
5.33 
8.42 
6.70 
6.77 
7.20 
8.40 
7.02 

5.24 
4.59 
5.21 
6.10 
5.20 
1.59 

6.45 
6.18 
8.70 
6.07 
8.80 
7.77 
8.31 
6.56 

6.16 
6.46 
5.96 
5.51 
6.55 
6.47 
7.07 
6.51 
5.54 
5.52 
5.57 
4.13 
5.57 
7.30 
7.11 


$329.65 


$6.34 


Spooler  No.  1. 
January  3,  1913- 
January  1,  1914. 

(Chait  No.  61.) 


Date. 


Jan.  3,1913 

Jan.   31 

Feb.  28. . . . 
Mar.  28.... 

April  25 

May  23.... 

June  20 

July   18.... 
Aug.  15.... 

Sept.  12 

Oct.    10 

Nov.    7.... 
Dec.     5 


Average 
wage. 


$  8.05 
8.69 
10.35 
11.04 
10.82 
10.78 
10.69 
7.59 
8.20 
9.19 
7.09 
5.15 
5.16 
5.22 
5.17 
4.75 
5.72 
5.95 
7.56 
5.78 
4.02 
8.45 
2.20 
5.78 
3.89 
5.57 


$360.47 


$6.93 


Spooler  No.  2. 
January  3,  1913- 
January  1,  1914. 
(Chart  No.  62.) 


Date. 


Jan.      3,  1913. 

Jan.   31 

Feb.  28 

Mar.  28 

April  25 

May  23 

June  20 

July   18 

Aug.  15 

Sept.  12 

Oct.   10 

Nov.    7 

Dec.     5 


Average 
wage  . 


7.12 
6.54 
8.54 
8.68 
8.00 
9.09 
8.03 
7.96 
7.00 
7.69 
5.90 
5.81 
4.45 
4.35 
4.72 
4.16 
6.51 
4.30 
6.02 
5.67 
3.00 
5.69 
2.34 
4.40 
4.81 
5.75 
1.37 


$284.61 


$5.47 


Twister  No.  1. 
January  3,  1913- 
January  1,  1914. 

(Chart  No.  63.) 


Date. 


Jan.     3,  1913, 

Jan.   31 

Feb.  28 

Mar.  28 

April  25 

May  23 

June  20 

July  18 

Aug.  15 

Sept.  12 

Oct.    10 

Nov.    7 

Dec.     5 


Average 
wage. 


5.89 
5.83 
2.83 
8.24 
8.29 
8.50 
7.78 
7.91 
4.87 
7.14 
5.96 
4.45 
4.78 
3.73 
4.46 
3.93 
4.38 
5.37 
6.53 
4.41 
3.85 
4.46 
1.56 
4.26 
4.54 
2.63 


7.07 
7.00 
7.30 
6.44 
8.03 
5.43 
6.76 
3.79 
4.85 
4.70 
4.07 
6.38 
4.43 
7.39 
8.38 
7.73 
5.88 
6.04 
5.02 
5.48 
.79 
6.37 
7.51 
4.05 


$277.47 


$5.34 


1  In  the  case  of  the  other  twenty-four  workers,  2  No  work, 

no  record  of  the  hours  of  employment  was  kept  '  Stock  taking, 

by  the  employers.  *  111. 


250 


BUDGETS    OF    FAMILIES    AND    INDIVIDUALS 


Actual  Wages  (Weekly  or  Bi-Wbbklt),  Average  Wage  per  Week,  and  Total  Wages  per 
Year,  of  27  Women  Textile-Mill  Workers  of  the  Northeast  Section  op  Phila- 
delphia, Together  with  Hours  at  Work  per  Week  and  Total  Hours 
AT  Work  per  Year  in  the  Case  of  3  of  the  27  Workers, 
^  FOR  the  Year  1912-1913,  or  the  Year  1913. 

HURLER  NO.  1. 
Weekly  Wages. 


HURLER   NO.   2. 

Weekly  Wages. 


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HURLER   NO.   3. 
Weekly  Wages. 


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OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


251 


INGRAIN   CARPET  WEAVER   NO.    1, 
Bi-Weekly  Wages. 


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INGRAIN   CARPET  WEAVER   NO.   2. 
Bi-Weekly  Wages. 


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252 


BUDGETS    OF   FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 


INGRAIN   CARPET  WEAVER   NO. 
Bi-Weekly  Wages. 


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INGRAIN   CARPET  WEAVER   NO.  4. 
Bi-Weekly  Wages. 


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OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


253 


TAPE  WEAVER   NO.   1. 
Bi- Weekly  Wages. 


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TAPE   WEAVER   NO.   2. 
Bi-Weekly  Wages. 


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254 


BUDGETS    OF    FAMILIES    AND    INDIVIDUALS 


TAPE  WEAVER  NO  3. 
Bi-Weekly  Wages. 


CHART  ^e 


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TAPE  WEAVER   NO.  4. 
Bi-Weekly  Wages. 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


255 


TAPE  WEAVER   NO.   5. 
Bi- Weekly  Wages. 


atiART  4-3 


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TAPE  WEAVER   NO. 
Bi- Weekly  Wages. 


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256 


BUDGETS    OF    FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 


TAPE   WEAVER   NO.   7. 
Bi-Weekly  Wages. 


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TAPE   WEAVER   NO.   8. 
Bi-Weekly  Wages. 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


257 


TAPE  WEAVER   NO. 
Bi-Weekly  Wages. 


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TAPE   WEAVER  NO.   10. 
Bi  Weekly  Wages. 


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258 


BUDGETS   OF   FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 


TAPE  WEAVER   NO.   11. 
Bi-Weekly  Wages. 


CHART  S^ 


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TAPE  WEAVER   NO.   12. 
Bi-Weekly  Wages. 


CtfART  SS 


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OF  KENSINGTON,  PHILADELPHIA. 


259 


TAPE   WEAVER   NO.    13. 
Bi- Weekly  Wages. 


CHART   S6 


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TAPE   WEAVER  NO.    14. 
Bi-Weekly  Wages. 


QHART  S7 


18 


260 


BUDGETS    OF    FAMILIES    AND    INDIVIDUALS 


WINDER   NO.    1. 
Bi-Weekly  Wages. 


C/yw/p/-  SS 


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WINDER   NO.   2. 
Bi-Weekly  Wages. 


CHART  S9 

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BIT  WINDER   NO.    1. 

Weekly  Wages. 


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OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


2(51 


SPOOLER   NO.   1. 
Weekly  Wages. 


CHART  6J 


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Weekly  Wages. 


TWISTER   NO.    1. 
Weekly  Wages. 


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262 


BUDGETS    OF    FAMILIES    AND    INDIVIDUALS 


APPENDIX  A. 


TABLE    GIVING    COST    OF    MAINTENANCE    FOR    A    YEAR    FOR    INDIVIDUALS 
VARIOUS  AGES  FOR  THOSE  THINGS  THAT   VARY   WITH  THE   SIZE 
OF  THE  FAMILY— FAIR  STANDARD.' 


OF 


Sex  and  Age. 

Food. 

Cloth- 
ing. 

Doctor 
and 

Medi- 
cine. 

Insur- 
ance. 

Amuse- 
ments. 

To- 
bacco. 

Church. 

Total. 

Father 

Mother 

Males: 

17  years  and  over 

16  years        .    .    . 

$94.64 
75.71 

94.64 
86.17 
86.17 
75.71 
75.71 
66.24 
56.78 
47.32 
37.85 

75.71 
75.71 
75.71 
66.24 
66.24 
56.78 
47.32 
37.85 

37.85 
28.39 

$45.75 
33.75 

50.50 
42.45 
42.45 
42.45 
30.55 
30.55 
30.55 
17.45 
14.50 

63.80 
37.00 
37.00 
37.00 
25.35 
25.35 
16.85 
13.20 

6.30 
6.30 

$2.33 
2.33 

2.33 
2.33 
2.33 
2.33 
2.33 
2.33 
2.33 
2.33 
2.33 

2.33 
2.33 
2.33 
2.33 
2.33 
2.33 
2.33 
2.33 

2.33 
2.33 

$5.20 
5.20 

2.60 
2.60 
2.60 
2.60 
2.60 
2.60 
2.60 
2.60 
2.60 

2.60 
2.60 
2.60 
2.60 
2.60 
2.60 
2.60 
2.60 

2.60 
2.60 

$7.80 
7.80 

7.80 
7.80 

$5.20 

$5.20 
5.20 

5.20 
5.20 

$166.12 
129.99 

163.07 
146  55 

15  years 

133  55 

14  years 

123.09 

13  years 

111.19 

12  years 

101  72 

10  and  11  years 

92.26 

6  to  9  years 

69.70 

3  to  5  years 

57  28 

Females: 

17  years  and  over 

16  years 

7.80 
7.80 

5.20 
5.20 

157.44 
130.64 
117.64 

14  years 

108.17 

13  years 

96.52 

10  to  12  years 

85.96 

6  to  9  years 

69.10 

3  to  5  years 

54.98 

Children: 

2  years 

49  08 

Under  2  years 

39.62 

1  61st  Congress,  2d  Session,  Senate  Document  No.  645,  Report  on  Condition  of  Woman  and 
Child  Wage-Earners  in  the  United  States,  Vol.  XVI:  Family  Budgets  of  Typical  Cotton-Mill  Workers, 
p.  243. 


OF   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


263 


APPENDIX  B. 

TABLE  GIVING  AVERAGE  RETAIL  PRICES  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  ARTICLES  OF  FOOD 

FOR  THE  CITY  OF  PHILADELPHIA,  PA.,  FOR  MARCH  15,  1913,    MARCH  IS,  1914, 

MARCH  15,  1915,  MARCH  15,  1916,  MARCH  15,  1917,  AND  MARCH  15,  1918.i 


Article. 


Unit. 

1913.   1£ 

14. 

1915. 

1916. 

1917. 

Pound 

$0,286  $0 

300 

$0,281 

$0,308 

$0,345 

235 

257 

.245 

.266 

.309 

214 

219 

.198 

.220 

.256 



178 

.164 

.178 

.215 



119 

.118 

.120 

.145 

203 

215 

.182 

.234 

.294 

238 

257 

.265 

.274 

.326 

297 

296 

.291 

.329 

.395 

150 

152 

.146 

.149 

.235 

186 

195 

.194 

.226 

.266 

218 

238 

.233 

.249 

.293 





.181 

.179 

.193 

Dozen 

254 

347 

.267 

.309 

.368 

Pound 

475 

407 

.416 

.473 

.519 

" 





.239 

.254 

.333 

Quart 

080 

080 

.080 

.080 

.090 

16-oz.  loaf.2 

043 

043 

.064 

Pound 

032 

032 

.044 

.037 

.058 

028 

028 

.029 

.028 

.037 





.095 

.093 

.097 

021 

025 

.019 

.030 

.062 





.027 

.039 

.122 





.072 

.090 

.148 





.140 

.136 

.142 





.118 

.118 

.127 

049 

045 

.061 

.071 

.079 





.295 

.300 

.285 





.560 

.578 

.544 

1918. 


Sirloin  steak , 

Round  steak , 

Rib  roast , 

Chuck  roast 

Plate  beef 

Pork  chops , 

Bacon,  sliced , 

Ham,  sliced 

Lard , 

Lamb 

Hens 

Salmon,  canned.  .  . 
Eggs,  strictly  fresh 

Butter , 

Cheese , 

Milk 

Bread 

Flour 

Corn  meal 

Rice 

Potatoes 

Onions 

Beans 

Prunes 

Raisins 

Sugar 

Coffee 

Tea , 


$0,398 
.374 
.303 
.260 
.190 
.356 
.466 
.489 
.334 
.326 

!265 
.460 
.592 
.377 
.132 
.071 
.070 
.076 
.131 
.028 
.039 
.184 
.171 
.142 
.088 
.279 
.587 


1  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics,  U.  S.  Department  of  Labor,  Monthly  Review,  Vol.  VI,  May,  1918, 
Number  5,  p.  98;  also  Buieau  of  Labor  Statistics,  U.  S.  Department  of  Labor,  Bulletin  Number 
228,  Retail  Prices  1907  to  December,  1916,  pp.  234-243.  (The  figures  here  given  are  average 
prices  charged  in  a  number  of  Philadelphia  stores  on  the  given  dates.  The  averages  given  for 
1913,  1914,  1917,  and  1918,  are  those  of  the  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics;  the  averages  given  foi 
1915  and  1916  have  been  worked  out  by  the  authors  of  this  study  from  data  in  the  bulletin  just 
referred  to,  of  the  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics.) 

2 16  ounces,  weight  of  dough. 


264 


BUDGETS    OF    FAMILIES    AND    INDIVIDUALS 


APPENDIX   C. 

TABLE    GIVING    THE    AMOUNTS    IN    A    SUGGESTED    BUDGET,    FAIR    STANDARD, 

FOR  A  TEXTILE-MILL   WORKER'S   FAMILY   OF   FIVE,  REVISED  BY  THE 

USE   OF  INDEX    NUMBERS  TO   CONFORM   TO   THE   SCALE    OF 

PRICES   FOR   MARCH,    1918,   AND 

MARCH,  1919. 


Item. 

Amounti 

for 

1914. 

(See  p. 

145.) 

Index 
Nimiber 

for 
March, 

1918. 
(March, 

1914 
=  100.) 

Revised 
Amount! 

for 

March, 

1918. 

Index 
Number 

for 
March, 

1919. 
(Mafch, 

1914 
=  100.) 

Revised 
Amount! 

for 

March, 

1919. 

Rent 

$    180.00 

51.00 

380.00 

158.00 

1.15 
1.26 
1.54 
2.00 

$    207.00 

64.00 

585.00 

316.00 

1.15 
1.48 
1.75 
2.00 

$    207.00 

Fuel  and  light .    . 

75  00 

Food 

665.00 

Clothing 

316  00 

Total  for  the  four  principal  items  of 
expenditure 

$    769.00 

$1,172.00 

$1,263  00 

$      27.00 

100.00 

26.00 

10.00 

14.00 

30.00 
55.00 
40.00 

1.52 
1.52 
1.52 
1.52 
1.52 

1.52 

1.002 

1.52 

$      41.00 

15.2.00 

40.00 

15.00 

21.00 

46.00 
55.00 
61.00 

1.64 
1.64 
1.64 
1.64 
1.64 

1.64 

1.002 

1.64 

$      44.00 

Insurance  and  savings    .... 

164  00 

43.00 

Reading  matter 

16  00 

Church  and  charity      .    ... 

23  00 

Furniture,  furnishings,  and  general 
supplies 

49  00 

Recreation  and  pocket  money 

55.00 
66.00 

Total ^i.. 

$1,071.00 

$1,603.00   1 

$1,723.00 

1  These  amounts  are  stated  to  the  nearest  dollar. 

2  Car  fare  and  the  price  of  moving  pictures  and  of  other  cheap  standard  forms  of  amusement 
cannot  be  said  to  have  increased. 


Sources  of  Index  Numbers. 

The  index  number  for  rent  has  been  calculated  from  local  inquiry 
and  from  the  tables  of  the  National  Industrial  Conference  Board  in 
Wartime  Changes  in  the  Cost  of  Living,  pp.  23-44;  the  index  number 
for  clothing  has  been  calculated  from  local  inquiry  and  from  the 
tables  in  Wartime  Changes  in  the  Cost  of  Living,  p.  81 ;  the  index 
number  for  food  has  been  based  upon  the  tables  of  the  Bureau 
of  Labor  Statistics,  U.  S.  Department  of  Labor,  in  the  Monthly 
Review,  Vol.  VI,  May,  1918,  Number  5,  p.  95,  and  the  Monthly 
Labor  Review,  Vol.  VIII,  May,  1919,  Number  5,  p.  127;  the  index 
number  for  fuel  and  light  has  been  based  upon  the  tables  of  the 
Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics,  U.  S.  Department  of  Labor,  in  the 
Monthly  Review,  Vol.  VI,  March,  1918,  Number  3,  p.  107,  and  the 
Monthly  Labor  Review,  Vol.  VIII,  March,  1919,  Number  3,  pp. 
101,  102. 


OP   KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA. 


265 


The  index  number  taken  for  each  of  the  remaining  items  which 
have  increased,  is  the  ratio  of  the  sum  of  the  revised  amounts  for 
the  four  principal  items  of  expenditure  and  the  sum  of  the  same 
four  items  for  the  year  1914:  thus  the  ratio  of  increase  1172/769 
=  1.52,  index  number  for  March,  1918;  and  the  ratio  of  increase 
1263/769  =  1.64,  index  number  for  March,  1919. 


APPENDIX   D. 

TABLE    GIVING    THE    AMOUNTS     IN    A    SUGGESTED    BUDGET,   FAIR    STANDARD, 
FOR  A   WOMAN   TEXTILE-MILL   WORKER   WITH   NO    ONE    DEPENDENT 
UPON  HER  FOR  SUPPORT,  REVISED  BY  THE  USE  OF  INDEX  NUMBERS 
TO   CONFORM   TO   THE  SCALE  OF  PRICES  FOR  MARCH, 
1918.    AND    MARCH,  1919. 


Item. 

Amounti 

for 

1914. 

(See  p. 

238.) 

Index 
Number 

for 
March, 

1918. 
(March, 

1914 
=  100.) 

Revised 
Amount^ 

for 

March, 

1918. 

Index 

Number 

for 
March, 

1919. 
(March, 

1914 
=  100.) 

Revised 
Amount! 

for 

March, 

1919. 

$  65.00 

208.00 

75.00 

1.15 
1.54 
2.00 

$  75.00 
320.00 
150.00 

1.15 
1.75 
2.00 

$  75.00 

Food  (table  board) 

364  00 

Clothing    .  . 

150  00 

Total  for  the  three  principal  items  of 

$348.00 

$545.00 

$589.00 

Medical  attention 

$  15.00 

86.00 

18.00 

10.00 

13.00 

40.00 

5.00 

10.00 

5.00 

5.00 

8.00 

1.57 
1.57 
1.57 
1.57 
1.57 
1.57 

1.002 

1.57 
1.57 
1.57 
1.57 

$  24.00 

135.00 

28.00 

16.00 

20.00 

63.00 

5.00 

16.00 

8.00 

8.00 

13.00 

1.69 
1.69 
1.69 
1.69 
1.69 
1.69 

1.002 

1.69 
1.69 
1.69 
1.69 

$  25.00 

Insurance  and  savings 

145.00 

Lodge  and  union  dues    .  , 

30.00 

17.00 

Church  and  charity 

22.00 

Recreation 

68.00 

Car  fare 

5.00 

Gifts 

17.00 

8.00 

Toilet  supplies 

8.00 

Sundries.  .  . 

14  00 

Total 

$563.00 

$881.00 

$948.00 

1  These  amounts  are  stated  to  the  nearest  dollar. 

2  Car  fare  has  not  increased. 


Sources  of  Index  Numbers. 
The  sources  are  the  same  as  those  referred  to  under  Appendix  C. 


266  BUDGETS    OF   FAMILIES   AND   INDIVIDUALS 


INDEX. 

Page. 
A. 

Accounts,  periods  covered  by,  1,  25,  31,  35,  41,  47,  52,  58,  62,  65,  69,  73,  83,  87,  88,  92,  96, 
101,  106,  111,  115,  116,  119,  123,  124,  126,  128,  131,  182,  187,  192,  200,  204,  211.  213,  216, 

222,  228 
Accounts.     (See  also  Budgets.) 
Age  of — 

Individuals  studied 57,  178,  185,  192,  200,  208,  213,  216,  222,  228 

Members  of  families  studied,  25,  31,  35,  40,  46,  52,  57,  62,  68,  72,  73,  82,  87,  92,ge6,  100, 

106,  111,  115,  118,  123,  125,  127,  131,  216,  222 
Amusements.     (See  Recreation.) 

B. 

Board  (table  board) — 

Discussion  of,  in  connection  with  individuals 168-170,  172 

Expenditures  for,  of  individuals,  61,  168-170,  172,  177,  178,  184,  190,  191,  199,  203,  212, 

213,  215,  221,  222,  227,  228,  229 
Fair  standard  of  expenditure  for,  for  self-supporting  women 231,  238 

Board.     (See  also  Food;  also  Lodging.) 

Boarders  and  lodgers — 

As  sources  of  income,  11,  25,  29, 46,  50,  62,  65,  73,  77,  100,  103,  104,  105,  111,  113,  123,  124, 

127,  129,  145,  222,  224 
Method  of  tabulation  of 10 

Books.     (See  Reading  matter.) 

Budget,  suggested,  fair  standard,  for — 

A  family 133-145 

A  self-supporting  woman 230-238 

Budgets — 

Accuracy  of 8,  9 

Data  supplementary  to 150-166,  242-261 

Number  of,  presented 1 

Of  families 1,2,  10-132 

Of  individuals 2,  3,  167-229 

Periods  covered  by.     (See  Accounts,  periods  covered  by.) 

Summary  of,  of  families 10-24 

Summary  of,  of  individuals 167-178 

Building  and  loan  associations,  36,  39, 40, 42,  45,  69,72,90,92,  101,  103,  106,  107,  110,  111,  114, 

138,  142,  193-196,  212,  229,  232 

C. 

Candy,  ice  cream,  soda  water,  cakes,  etc.,  expenditures  for,  of  individuals,  61,  68,  118,  184, 

190,  191,  199,  203,  207,  212,  215,  221,  227,  228 
Car  fare — 

Discussion  of,  in  connection  with  individuals 174,  175 

Expenditures  for,  of  families,  22-24,  30,  34,  39,  45,  51,  56,  60,  67,  72,  78,  81,  86,  91,  95, 

99,  105,  110,  114,  117,  123,  125,  127,  130,  132,  218,  225 
Expenditures  for,  of  individuals,  61,  68,  118,  174, 175,  177,  178,  184,  190,  191,  199,  203,  205, 

206,  207,  212,  215,  221,  227,  228,  229 

Fair  standard  of  expenditure  for,  for  families 144,  145 

Fair  standard  of  expenditure  for,  for  self-supporting  women 236,  238 

Cemetery  lot,  expenditure  for 81 

Charity — 

Discussion  of,  in  connection  with  families 19,20 

Discussion  of,  in  connection  with  individuals 173,  174 

Expenditures  for,  of  families,  19,  20,  22-24,  30,  34,  39,  45,  51,  56,  60,  66,  72,  78,  81,  86, 

89,  91,  94,  99,  105,  110,  114,  117,  125,  130,  218,  225 
Expenditures  for,  of  individuals,  173,  174,  177,  178,  184,  190,  191,  199,  203,  205,  206, 

207,  208,  212,  215,  221,  227,  228,  229 

Fair  standard  of  expenditure  for,  for  families 143,  145 

Fair  standard  of  expenditure  for,  for  self-supoorting  women 230,  238 

Charts,  wage 29,  33.  50,  158-166,  182,  183,  192,  196,  197,  202,  206,  220,  250-261 

Church — 

Discussion  of,  in  connection  with  families 19,  20 

Discussion  of,  in  connection  with  individuals 173,  174 

Expenditures  for,  of  families,  19,  20,  22-24,  27,  30,  34,  37,  39,  43,  45,  49,  51,  56,  60,  66,  72, 

78,  81,  86,  89,  91,  94,  99,  105,  110,  114,  115,  116,  117,  125,  130,  218,  225 
Expenditures  for,  of  individuals,  61,  118,  173,  174,  177,  178,  182,  184,  188,  190,  191,  193, 

198,  199,  200,  203,  205,  206,  207,  212,  215,  221,  227,  228,  229 

Fair  standard  of  expenditure  for,  for  families 143,  145 

Fair  standard  of  expenditure  for,  for  self-supporting  women 236,  238 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  267 

Clothing — 

Discussion  of,  in  connection  with  families 15-17 

Discussion  of,  in  connection  with  individuals 170-172 

Expenditures  for,  of  families,  16,  17,  22-24,  27,  29,  30,  32,  34,  35,  37,  39,  40,  43,  45,  46,  48, 
50,  51,  54,  56,  57,  60,  63,  64,  66,  70,  71,  72,  75,  78,  79,  81,  82,  84,  86,  87,  89,  91,  93,  94, 
97,  99,  100,  103,  105,  107,  108,   110,  112,  114,   117,  120,  121,  123,  125,    127,  129,  130, 

131,  132,  218,  223,  224,  225 
Expenditures  for,  of  individuals.  61,  68,  118,  171,  172,  177,  178,  182,  184,  185,  190,  191, 

193,  198,  199,  200,  203,  204,  205,  206,  207,  211,  212,  213,  214,  215,  218,  219,  220,  221, 

225,  227,  228,  229 

Fair  standard  of  expenditure  for,  for  families 137,  145 

Fair  standard  of  expenditure  for,  for  self-supporting  women 231,  232,  238 

Coal.     (See  Fuel  and  light.) 

Concerts.     (See  Recreation.) 

Cooperative  enterprise 27,  30,  76 

Cost  of  living.     (See  Standard  of  living.) 

Cost.     (See  also  Expenditures.)  y 

D. 

Data,  budgetary — 

Method  of  gathering  and  tabulating 4-8 

Trustworthiness  of 8,9 

Data,  wage,  obtained  from  pay  rolls 3,  147-166,  239-261 

Debts ; 61,  67,  68,  85,  95,  103,  105,  129,  130 

Dental  services.     (See  Medical  attention.) 

Dentist.     (See  Medical  attention.) 

Department  of  Health,  City  of  New  York,  dietary  plan  of 14,  15,  134-137,  231 

Dietary  plan  of  Department  of  Health,  City  of  New  York. 14,  15,  134-137,  231 

Dietary  values  adopted  by  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture 14,  170 

Doctor.     (See  Medical  attention.) 

Dues — 

Discussion  of,  in  connection  with  families 17-19 

Discussion  of,  in  connection  with  individuals 175,  176 

Expenditures  for.  of  families,  18,  19,  22-24,  27,  30,  34,  39,  45,  49,  51,  56,  60,  66,  71,  72, 
78,  81,  86,  91,  93,  94,  99,  101,  103,  105,  108,  110,  113,  114,  117,  121,  123,  125, 

127,  130,  217,  218,  225 
Expenditures  for,  of  individuals,  175,  176,  177,  178,  184,  190,  191,  199,  203,  207,  212,  215, 

221,  227,  228,  229 

Fair  standard  of  expenditure  for,  for  families 143,  145 

Fair  standard  of  expenditure  for,  for  self-supporting  women 235,  238 

E. 

Earnings — 

Family,  pooling  of 2,  52,  76,  96,  115,  116,  126,  216,  219 

Weekly,  variation  in,  of  men  textile  workers 148-166 

Weekly,  variation  in,  of  women  textile  workers 240-261 

Earnings.     (See  also  Incomes;  Family  income;  Wages.) 

Education — 

Expenditures  for,  of  families 34,  56,  86,  114 

Expenditures  for,  of  individuals 227,  229 

Education.     (See  also  Reading  matter.) 

Embroidery  materials,  expenditures  for 67,  68 

Expenditures — 

Summary  of,  of  families  studied 22-24 

Summary  of,  of  individuals  studied 177,  178 

Tables  of,  5-7,  12,  13,  15,  16,  18,  20-24,  29,  30,  34,  35,  39,  40,  45,  46,  50,  51,  56,  57,  60, 
61,  66,  67,  68,  71,  72,  78,  79,  81,  82,  86,  87,  91,  93,  94,  95,  99,  100,  105,  110,  114,  117, 
118,  120,  121,  123,  125,  127,  129,  130,  132,  172,  174,  177,  178,  184,  185,  188,  190,  191, 

194,  198,  199,  203,  204,  206,  207,  208,  211,  212,  214,  215,  218,  220,  221,  224,  225,  227, 

228,  229 
Expenditures.     (See  also  Fair  standard  of  living;  also  Clothing,  Food,  Fuel,  etc.) 
Explanation  of  tables 10, 167 

F. 

Fair  standard  of  living.     (See  Standard  of  living,  fair.) 

Fall  River  cotton-mill  workers,  fair  standard  of  living  among,  3,  4,  26,  31,  32,  37,  42,  43,  47, 
48,  53,  54,  59,  63,  64,  69,  70,  74,  75,  83,  84,  88,  89,  90,  92,  93,  97,  101,  102,  104,  107,  108, 

111,  112,  115,  120,  121,  126,  128,  129,  137,  217,  223,  231,  262 
Families  studied — 

Composition  and  size  of,  12,  15.  25,  31,  35,  40,  46,  52,  57,  62,  68,  72,  73,  82,  87,  92,  96, 

100,  106,  111,  115,  118,  123,  125,  127,  131,  216,  222 
Incomes  of.     (See  Family  income.) 
Membership  of,  25,  31,  35,  40,  46,  52,  57,  62,  68,  72,  73,  82,  87,  92,  96,  100,  106,  111,  115, 

118,  123,  125,  127,  131,  216,  222 
Occupations  of  members  of,  25,  31,  35,  36,  40,  41,  46,  52,  57,  .58,  62,  68,  72,  73,  74,  82,  83, 

87,92,  96,  100,  102,  103,  104,  106,  111,  115,  118,  123,  124,  125,  126,  127,  128,  131,  216,  222 
Types  of,  1,  2,  25,  31,  35,  40,  46,  47,  52,  57,  58,  62,  68,  69,  73,  83,  87,  92,  96,  100,  106, 

111,  115,  118,  119,  123,  126,  128,  131,  216,  222 
Family  budgets — 

Of  Kensington  textile  workers 1,2,  10-132 

Summary  of,  of  Kensington  textile  workers 10-24 


268  BUDGETS    OF    FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 

Family  earnings,  pooling  of 2,  52,  76,  96,  115,  116,  126,  216,  219 

Family  earnings.     {See  also  Family  income.) 

Family  fund 2,  20,  36,  43,  58,  60,  64,  65,  83,  89,  90,  116,  119,  178,  216,  219,  221,  222 

Family  income — 

Of  f^imilies  studied,  10,  11,  26,  28.  29,  31,  33,  35,  36,  38,  41,  44,  47,  49,  50,  52,  55,  56,  57, 
58,  59,  62,  64,  65,  69,  71,  73,  74,  77,  78,  80,  83,  85,  88,  90,  91,  92,  93,  96,  98,  100,  104, 
105,  106,  108,  109,  111,  113,  116,  119,  122,  124,  126,  127,  128,  129,  131,  132,  216,  217,  218, 

223,  224 

Sources  of,  of  families  studied,  summarized 10,  11 

Family  income.     (See  also  Earnings;   Incomes;  Wages.) 

Family,  normal  type  of,  in  Kensington 145-148 

Family,  the  economic  unit 2,  52,  76,  96,  115,  116,  126,  216,  219 

Fluctuation  in  weekly  earnings.     (See  Variation  in  weekly  earnings.) 
Food- 
Allowance  for,  in  dietary  plan  of  Department  of  Health,  City  of  New  York,  14,  15, 134-137,  231 

Discussion  of,  in  connection  with  families 14,  15 

Discussion  of,  in  connection  with  individuals 168-170,  172 

Expenditures  for,  of  families,  14,  15,  22-24,  26,  27,  30,  31,  32,  34,  37,  39,  42,  43,  45,  47, 
48,  51,  53,  54,  56,  59,  60,  63,  66,  69,  70,  72,  74,  75,  78,  81,  83,  84,  86,*88,  89,  90,  91,  92, 
93,  94,  97,  99,  101,  102,  104,  105,  107,  110,  111,  112,  114,  115,  117,  119,  120,  12t,  125, 

126,  127,  128,  130,  131,  132,  217,  218,  223,  224 
Expenditures  for,  of  individuals,  61,  68,  118,  168-170,  172,  177,  178,  184,  187,  190,  191,  199, 

203,  205,  207,  212,  213,  215,  221,  222,  227,  228,  229 

Fair  standard  of  expenditure  for,  for  families 134-137,  145 

Fair  standard  of  expenditure  for,  for  self-supporting  women 231,  238 

Values  adopted  for,  by  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agricvilture 14,  170 

Fuel  and  light — 

Discussion  of,  in  connection  with  families 12,  13 

Expenditures  for,  of  families,  13,  22-24,  30,  34,  39,  45,  51,  56,  60,  66,  72,  78,  81,  86,  91, 

94,  99,  104,  105,  110,  114,  117,  123,  125,  127,  130,  132,  218,  224 

Expenditures  for,  of  individuals 187,  190,  191,  204,  207 

Fair  standard  of  expenditure  for,  for  families 134,  145 

Fuel  and  light.     (See  also  Housing  conditions  of  families  studied.) 

Funerals,  expenditures  for 34,  204 

Furnishings — 

Discussion  of,  in  connection  with  families 7,  19 

Expenditures  for,  of  families,  30,  34,  39,  45,  51,  53,  56,  60,  66,  72,  78,  81,  85,  86,  91,  94, 

99,  104,  105,  110,  114,  117,  125,  127,  130,  218,  225 

Expenditures  for,  of  individuals 204,  207 

Fair  standard  of  expenditure  for,  for  families 144,  145 

Furnishings.     (See  also  Housing  conditions  of  families  studied.) 
Furniture — 

Discussion  of,  in  connection  with  families 19 

Expenditures  for,  of  families,  30,  34,  39,  45,  51,  53,  56,  60,  66,  72,  78,  81,  85,  86,  91,  94,  99, 

105,  107,  110,  114,  117,  125,  130,  218,  225 

Expenditures  for,  of  individuals 204 

Fair  standard  of  expenditure  for,  for  families 144,  145 

Furniture.     (See  also  Housing  conditions  of  families  studied.) 

G. 

Gas.     (See  Fuel  and  light.) 

General  supplies — 

Discussion  of,  in  connection  with  families 7,  19,  20 

Expenditures  for,  of  families,  19,  20,  22-24,  30,  34,  39,  45,  51,  56,  60,  66,  72,  78,  81,  86,  91, 

94,  99,  105,  110,  114,  117,  125,  127,  130,  132,  218,  225 

Expenditures  for,  of  individuals 190,  191,  207 

Fair  standard  of  expenditure  for,  for  families 144,  145 

Gifts-7 

Discussion  of,  in  connection  with  individuals ' 176 

Expenditures  for,  of  families,  30,  34,  39,  45,  51,  56,  60,  67,  72,  78,  81,  86,  91,  95,  99,  105, 

110,  114,  117,  125,  130,  218,  225 
Expenditures  for,  of  individuals,  61,  118,  184,  190,  191,  193,  198,  199,  203,  207,  208,  212, 

215,  221,  227,  228,  229 

Fair  standard  of  expenditure  for,  for  families 144,  145 

Fair  standard  of  expenditure  for,  for  self-supporting  women 236,  237,  238 

H. 

Health.     (See  Medical  attention.) 

Heating,  expenditures  for.     (See  Fuel  and  light.) 

Home  work 29,  35,  36,  38,  58,  62,  64,  65,  127,  128,  129,  145,  147,  182 

Hours  at  work  of — 

Seventeen  men  textile  workers 150-156 

Three  women  textile  workers 242,  243 

House.     (See  Building  and  loan  associations;  Housing  conditions;  Lodging;  Mortgage;  Rent; 
Savings  and  investments.) 

Household  expenses,  30,  34,  39,  45,  51,  56,  60,  66,  72,  78,  81,  86,  91,  94,  99,  105,  110,  114,  117, 

123,  125,  130,  218,  225 

Household  furnishings.     (See  Furnishings;  also  Furniture.) 

Housing  conditions  of  famiUes  studied,  11,  12,  26,  31,  36,  37,  42,  47,  52,  58,  59,  62,  63,  69,  74, 

83,  88,  92,  96,  101,  103,  104,  107,  111,  115,  119,  124,  126,  128,  131,  217,  223 

Housing  conditions  of  families  studied.     (See  also  Rent.) 

Housing  conditions  of  individuals  studied.     (See  Lodging;   also  Room  rent.) 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  269 

I. 

Ice  cream.     (See  Candy,  ice  cream,  soda  water,  cakes,  etc.) 

Ice  fund,  factory,  expenditures  for 61,  199,  203 

Incidentals.      {See  Sundries.) 

Income — 

Family,  sources  of,  of  families  studied 10,  11 

Family,  sources  of,  of  families  studied.     {See  also  Family  income.) 

Income.     (See  aZso  Earnings;   Family  income;   Wages.) 

Income  charts.  29,  33,  50,  158-166,  182,  183,  192,  196,  197,  202,  206,  220,  250-261 

Income  tables  and  statements,  28,  29,  33,  38,  44,  49,  50,  55,  56,  59,  61,  64,  65,  71,  77,  78,  80,  85, 
90,  91,  93,  98,  105,  108,  109,  113,  116,  118,  122,  124,  127,  129,  132,  150-157,  180-182, 

188,  189,  195,  201,  205,  211,  214,  218,  219,  221,  224,  226,  228,  229,  242-249 

Incomes  and  their  relation  to  standard  of  living  of — 

Kensington  textile  workers'  families 145-148 

Women  textile  workers  of  Kensington 238-240 

Incomes  of — 

Families  studied,  10,  11,  26,  28,  29,  31,  33,  35,  36,  38,  41,  44,  47,  49,  50,  52,  55,  56,  57,  58, 
59,  62,  64,  65,  69,  71,  73,  74,  77,  78,  80,  83,  85,  88,  90,  91,  92,  93,  96,  98,  100,  104,  105, 
106,  108,  109,  111,  113,  116,  119,  122,  124,  126,  127,  128,  129,  131,  132,  216,  217, 218, 223.  224 
Individuals  studied,  179,  180-183,  186,  187,  188,  189,  192,  193,  194-197,  200,  201,  202,  204, 

205,  206,  208,  209,  210,  211,  214,  216,  217,  219,  220,  221,  222,  226,  228,  229 

Nineteen  men  (figures  obtained  from  pay  rolls) 150-166 

Twenty-seven  women  (figures  obtained  from  pay  rolls) 242-261 

Incomes.     (See  aZso  Earnings;   Family  income;   Wages.) 

Individuals  studied — 

Incomes  of.     (See  Incomes  of  individuals  studied.) 

Occupations  of 178-180,  185-187,  192,  200,  204,  208-211,  213,  216,  222,  228 

Types  of 2,  3,  178-180,  185-187,  192,  200,  204,  208-211,  213,  216,  222,  228 

Insurance — 

Discussion  of,  in  connection  with  families 17,  18,  19 

Discussion  of,  in  connection  with  individuals 175 

Expenditures  for,  of  families,  17,  18,  19,  22-24,  30,  34,  39,  45,  51,  56,  60,  66,  72,  78,  81,  86, 

91,  94,  99,  101,  103,  105,  108,  110,  114,  117,  123,  125,  127,  130,  131,  132,  217,  218,  225 
Expenditures  for,  of  individuals,  61,  175,  177,  178,  184,  190,  191,  199,  203,  207,  212,  215, 

221,  227,  228,  229 

Fair  standard  of  expenditure  for,  for  families 138-142,  145 

Fair  standard  of  expenditure  for,  for  self-supporting  women 232-235,  238 

Insurance,  furniture,  expenditures  for 7,  72,  110 

Investigation — 

Method  of 4-8 

Number  of  families  and  individuals  included  in 1 

Period  covered  by 1 

Purpose  of 1 

Questionnaire  used  in 4,  5 

Investigators,  qualifications  of 8,  9 

Investments.     (See  Savings  and  investments.) 

J. 

Jewelry,  expenditures  for 56,  57,  95 

L. 

Laundry — 

Discussion  of,  in  connection  with  individuals 167,  168,  176 

Expenditures  for,  of  families,  "22-24,  30,  34,  39,  45,  51,  56,  60,  66,  72,  78,  81,  86,  91,  94,  99, 

105,  110,  114,  117,  125,  130,  131,  132,  218,  225 
Expenditures  for,  of  individuals,  167,  168,  176,  177,  178,  184,  190,  191,  199,  203,  207, 

212,  213,  215,  221,  227,  228,  229 

Fair  standard  of  expenditure  for,  for  families 144,  145 

Fair  standard  of  expenditure  for,  for  self-supporting  women 237,  238 

Light  and  fuel — 

Discussion  of,  in  connection  with  families 12,13 

Expenditures  for,  of  families,  13,  22-24,  30,  34,  39,  45,  51,  56,  60,  66,  72,  78,  81,  86,  91,  94, 

99,  104,  105,  110,  114,  117,  123,  125,  127,  130,  132,  218,  224 

Expenditures  for,  of  individuals 187,  190,  191,  204,  207 

Fair  standard  of  expenditure  for,  for  families 134,  145 

Light  and  fuel.     (See  also  Housing  conditions  of  families  studied.) 

Lighting,  expenditures  for.     (See  Light  and  fuel.) 

Liquor 28,  39,  83,  92,  101,  119,  144,  214 

Living,  cost  of.     (See  Standard  of  living.) 

Living,  standard  of.     (See  Standard  of  living.) 

Loans 68,  200,  203 

Lodge  and  union  dues — 

Discussion  of,  in  connection  with  families 17-19 

Discussion  of,  in  connection  with  individuals 175,  176 

Expenditures  for,  of  families,  18,  19,  22-24,  27,  34,  39,  45,  49,  51,  56,  66,  71,  72,  78,  81, 

86,  91,  93,  94,  101,  103,  105,  108,  110,  113,  114,  121,  123,  125,  127,  217,  218 

Expenditures  for,  of  individuals 175,  176,  177,  178,  184,  190,  191,  215,  221,  227,  228,  229 

Fair  standard  of  expenditure  for,  for  families 143,  145 

Fair  standard  of  expenditure  for,  for  self-supporting  women 235,  238 

Lodgers.     (See  Boarders  and  lodgers.) 


270  BUDGETS    OF    FAMILIES    AND    INDIVIDUALS 

Lodging — 

Discussion  of,  in  connection  with  individuals 167,  168,  172 

Expenditures  for,  of  individuals,  61,  167,  168,  172,  177,  178,  184,  187,  190,  191,  199,  203, 

207,  212,  213,  215,  221,  222,  227,  228,  229 

Fair  standard  of  expenditure  for,  for  self-supporting  women 231,  238 

Of  families.     (See  Building  and  loan  associations;  Housing  conditions;   Mortgage;   Rent; 
Savings  and  investments.) 

Lost  money 207 

Luncheons.     (See  Food.) 

M. 

Magazines.     (See  Reading  matter.) 

Meals,  character  of.     (See  Food;  also  Menus.) 

Medical  attention — 

Discussion  of,  in  connection  with  families 17,  18,  19 

Discussion  of,  in  connection  with  individuals 172,  173,  174 

Expenditures  for,  of  families,  17,  18,  19,  22-24,  27,  30,  32,  34,  37,  39,  45,  48,  49,  51,  56,  60, 

66,  70,  72,  78,  81,  84,  86,  91,  94,  99,  105,  110,  114,  117,  121,  123,  125,  127,  130,  132,  218,  225 
Expenditures  for,  of  individuals,  61,  172,  173,  174,  177,  178,  182,  184,  190,  191,  198,  199, 

203,  207,  212,  215,  221,  22^  228,  229 

Fair  standard  of  expenditure  for,  for  families 137,  138,  145 

Fair  standard  of  expenditure  for,  for  self-supporting  women 232,  238 

Medicine.     (See  Medical  attention.) 

Membership  of  families  studied.     (See  Families  studied,  membership  of.) 

Menus  of — 

Department  of  Health,  City  of  New  York; 136,  231 

Kensington  families 32,  42,  43,  47,  48,  53,  54,  59,  74,  75,  102,  112,  119,  120 

Method  pursued  in  the  study 4-8 

Mortgage — 

Payments  on 36,  39,  42,  45,  69,  72,  107,  110,  111,  114,  194,  195 

Placed  on  house  to  obtain  capital 41 

Moving,  expenditures  in  connection  with 53,  56,  104 

Moving  pictures.      (See  Recreation.) 

Music,  earnings  from  the  teaching  of 68 

Music  lessons  and  sheet  music,  expenditures  for 30,  54,  56,  66,  68,  72,  91,  110,  188 

N. 
Newspapers.     (See  Reading  matter.) 

New  York  City,  dietary  plan  of  Department  of  Health  of 14,  15,  134-137,  231 

Normal  type  of  family  in  Kensington 145-148 

Nutritive  value  of  food  in  dietary  plan  of  Department  of  Health,  City  of  New  York 134-136 

O. 

Occupations  of — 

Individuals  studied 178-180.  185-187,  192,  200,  204,  208-211,  213,  216,  222,  228 

Members  of  families  studied,  25,  31,  35,  36,  40,  41,  42,  46,  52,  57,  58,  62,  68,  72,  73,  82,  87. 

92,  96,  100,  102,  103,  104,  106,  111,  115,  118,  123,  125,  127,  131,  216,  222 

Nineteen  men  whose  wage  data  were  obtained  from  pay  rolls 150-157 

Twenty-seven  women  whose  wage  data  were  obtained  from  pay  rolls 242-249 

Oculist.     (See  Medical  attention.) 

Optical  services.     (See  Medical  attention.) 

Outline  for  family  budgets 6,  7 

P. 

Pay  rolls,  wage  data  obtained  from 3,  147-166,  239-261 

Period  covered  by  the  investigation 1 

Physician.     (See  Medical  attention.) 

Pocket  money — 

Amounts  allowed  to  members  of  families,  21,  22-24,  28,  30,  31,  34,  36,  39,  43,  45,  49,  51,  56, 
60,  64,  65,  67,  68,  69,  72,  76,  78,  81,  84,  86,  91,  94,  99,  100,  101,  105,  108,  110,  114,  115, 

116,  117,  118,  119,  125,  130,  132,  216,  217,  218,  225 

Discussion  of,  in  connection  with  families 20-22 

Expenditures  of,  by  members  of  families 65,  68,  116,  118 

Fair  standard  of  allowance  of,  for  members  of  families 144,  145 

Pooling  of  family  earnings 2,  52,  76,  96,  115,  116,  126,  216,  219 

Postage.     (See  Reading  matter.) 

Prices.     (See  Retail  prices  of  food  in  Philadelphia.) 

Purpose  of  the  study 1 

Q. 

Qualifications  of  investigators 8,9 

Questionnaire  used  in  investigation 4,  5 

R. 

Reading  matter — 

Discussion  of,  in  connection  with  families 19,  20 

Discussion  of,  in  connection  with  individuals 173,  174 

Expenditures  for,  of  families,  19,  20,  22-24,  30,  34,  39,  45,  51,  56,  60,  66,  72,  78,  81,  86,  91, 

94,  99,  101,  105,  110,  114,  117,  123,  125,  130,  132,  217,  218,  225 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  271 

Expenditures  for,  of  individuals,  61,  68,  173,  174,  177,  178,  184,  190,  191,  199,  203,  207, 

212,  215,  221,  227,  228 

Fair  standard  of  expenditure  for,  for  families 143,  145 

Fair  standard  of  expenditure  for,  for  self-supporting  women 235,  238 

Recreation — 

Discussion  of,  in  connection  with  faniilies 20-22 

Discussion  of,  in  connection  with  individuals 173,  174 

Expenditures  for,  of  families,  21,  22-24,  27,  28,  30,  33,  34,  37,  38,  39,  45,  49,  51,  55,  56,  60, 
66,  68,  70,  72,  78,  79,  81,  86,  90,  91,  94,  97,  99,  103,  105,  108,  110,  113,  114,  115,  116,  117, 

122,  123,  125,  127,  130,  132,  217,  218,  225 
Expenditures  for,  of  individuals,  61,  173,  174,  177,  178,  179,  184,  190,  191,  198,  199,  203, 

205,  206,  207,  211,  212,  213,  214,  215,  221,  226,  227,  228,  229 

Fair  standard  of  expenditure  for,  for  families 144,  145 

Fair  standard  of  expenditure  for,  for  self-supporting  women 236,  238 

Rent- 
As  source  of  income 109,  194,  199 

Discussion  of,  in  connection  with  families 11,12 

Expenditures  for,  of  families,  11,  12,  22-24,  26,  30,  31,  34,  47,  51,  52,  56,  62,  63,  66,  74,  78, 
81,  83,  86,  92,  94,  96,  99,  101,  104,  105,  117,  119,  123,  125,  126,  127,  128,  130,  131,  132, 

217,  218,  223,  224 

Fair  standard  of  expenditure  for,  for  families 134,  145 

Repairs,  expenditures  for,  of  families 39,  45,  60,  72,  81,  91,  104,  105,  109,  110,  114,  224 

Retail  prices  of  food  in  Philadelphia 263 

Room  rent — 

Discussion  of,  in  connection  with  individuals 167,  168,  172 

Expenditures  for,  of  individuals,  61,  167,  168,  172,  177,  178,  184,  187,  190,  191,  199,  203, 

207,  212,  213,  215,  221,  222,  227,  228,  229 

Fair  standard  of  expenditure  for,  for  self-supporting  women 231,  238 

Rooms  occupied  per  family  and  number  used  for  sleeping  purposes 12 

S. 

Savings  and  investments — 

Fair  standard  of,  for  families 138-142,  145 

Fair  standard  of,  for  self-supporting  women 232-235,  238 

Of  families  studied,  25,  28,  30,  36,  40,  49,  53,  54,  56,  70,  76,  78,  81,  90,  92,  93,  97,  99,  101, 

103,  106,  107,  108,  109,  110,  111,  113,  114,  116,  122,  125,  130,  217 
Of  individuals  studied 65,  188,  193-197,  199,  200,  203,  207,  212,  227,  229 

School.     (See  Education.) 

School  books 19,  143 

Scope  of  the  study 1-4 

Sex  of — 

Individuals  studied 178,  185,  192,  200,  204,  208,  213,  216,  222,  228 

Members  of  families  studied,  25,  31,  35,  40,  46,  52,  57,  62,  68,  72,  73,  82,  87,  92,  96,  100, 

106,  111,  115,  118,  123,  125,  127,  131,  216,  222 

Sleeping  accommodations  of  families  studied 11,  12 

Soda  water.     (See  Candy,  ice  cream,  soda  water,  cakes,  etc.) 

Spending  money.      (See  Pocket  money.) 

Standard  of  living  as  related  to  incomes  of — 

Kensington  textile  workers'  families 145-148 

Women  textile  workers  of  Kensington 238-240 

Standard  of  living,  fair,  among  Fall  River  cotton-mill  workers,  3,  4,  26,  31,  32,  37,  42,  43,  47,  48, 
53,  54,  59,  63,  64,  69,  70,  74,  75,  83,  84,  88,  89,  90,  92,  93,  97,  101,  102,  104,  107,  108,  111, 

112,  115,  120,  121,  126,  128,  129,  137,  217,  223,  231,  262 

Standard  of  living,  fair,  likelihood  of  attainment  of,  by — 

Kensington  textile  workers'  families 145-166 

Women  textile  workers  of  Kensington 238-261 

Standard  of  living,  fair,  for  Kensington  textile  workers'  families 1,  4,  133-145 

Car  fare 144 

Charity 143,  145 

Church 143,  145 

Clothing 137,  145 

Contingent  fund 144 

Determination  of 1,4,  133,  134 

Food 134-137,  145 

Fuel 134,  145 

Furnishings 144,  145 

Furniture 144,  145 

General  supplies 144,  145 

Gifts 144 

Insurance 133,  134,  138-142,  145 

Laundry 144 

Light 134,  145 

Lodge  dues 137,  138,  143,  145 

Medical  attention 137,  138,  145 

Pocket  money 144,  145 

Reading  matter 143,  145 

Recreation 144,  145 

Rent 134,  145 

Savings 133,  134,  138-142,  145 

Summary  of 145 

Tobacco 144 

Union  dues 143,  145 


272  BUDGETS    OF    FAMILIES   AND    INDIVIDUALS 

Standard  of  living,  fair,  for  Kensington  textile  workers'  families,  revised  for  1918  and  1919,  264,  265 

Standard  of   living,  fair,  for  self-supporting  women  textile  workers  of  Kensington,  1,  4,  230-238 

Carfare 236,  238 

Charity 236,  238 

Church 236,  238 

Clothiixg 231,  232,  238 

Contingent  fund 237 

Determination  of 1,4,  230 

Food  (table  board) 231,  238 

Gifts 236,  237,  238 

Insurance 232-235,  238 

Laundry 237,  238 

Lodge  dues 235,  238 

Lodging  (room  rent) 231,  238 

Medical  attention 232,  238 

Reading  matter 235,  238 

Recreation 236,  238 

Savings 232-235,  238 

Summary  of 238 

Sundries 237,  238 

Toilet  supplies |37,  238 

Union  dues 235,  238 

Standard  of  living,  fair,  for  self-supporting  women  textile  workers  of  Kensington,  revised  for 

1918  and  1919 265 

Standard  of  living  of — 

Kensington  families  studied,  28,  32,  33,  38,  43,  49,  54,  55,  60,  64,  70,  71,  76,  84,  85,  90,  93, 

97,  108,  113,  116,  122,  124,  126,  127,  129,  131,  217,  224 
Kensington  individuals  studied 187,  188,  213,  214,  218,  219,  225,  226,  229 

Stationery.     (See  Reading  matter.) 

Stolen  money 45 

Strike  assessments 34,  78 

Summary  of — 

Budgets  of  individuals 167-178 

Family  budgets 10-24 

Sundries — 

Expenditures  for,  of  families 39,  81 

Expenditures  for,  of  individuals 68,  184,  190,  191,  199,  203,  212,  213,  214,  215,  227,  229 

Fair  standard  of  expenditure  for,  for  self-supporting  women 237,  238 

Supplies.     (See  General  supplies;  also  Toilet  supplies.) 

T. 

Table  board — 

Discussion  of,  in  connection  with  individuals 168-170,  172 

Expenditures  for,  of  individuals,  61,  168-170,  172,  177,  178,  184,  190,  191,  199,  203,  212, 

213,  215,  221,  222,  227,  228,  229 
Fair  standard  of  expenditure  for,  for  self-supporting  women 231,  238 

Tariff 41,  149,  241 

Taxes,  expenditures  for 45,  58,  60,  72,  91,  101,  105,  109,  110,  114,  194 

Telephone  calls.      (See  Reading  matter.) 

Theater.     (See  Recreation.) 

Tobacco — 

Expenditures  for 28,  30,  31,  51,  114,  119,  214,  215,  229 

Fair  standard  of  expenditure  for 144,  145 

Tobacco.     (See  also  Recreation;  also  Pocket  money.) 

Toilet  supplies — 

Discussion  of,  in  connection  with  individuals 176,  177 

Expenditures  for,  of  individuals,  61,  68,  177,  178,  184,  190,  191,  199,  203,  207,  212,  213, 

215,  221,  227,  228,  229 

Fair  standard  of  expenditure  for,  for  self-supporting  women 237,  238 

Of  families 7 

Of  families.     (*Sce  also  General  supplies.) 

Trips.     (See  Recreation.) 

Trustworthiness  of  data 8,9 

Types  of  families  studied.     (See  Families  studied,  types  of.) 

Types  of  individuals  studied.     (See  Individuals  studied,  types  of.) 

Union  dues.     (See  Lodge  and  union  dues.) 

V. 

Vacations.     (See  Recreation.) 

Variation  in  weekly  earnings  of — 

Men  textile  workers 148-166 

Women  textile  workers 240-261 

W. 

Wage-earners — 

Children  as 145 

Earnings  of.     (See  Earnings;  Family  income;  Incomes;  Wages.) 

Number  of,  in  families  studied 10,  11,  145-147 

Number  of,  in  families  studied.     (See  also  Occupations  of  members  of  families  studied.) 


OF    KENSINGTON,    PHILADELPHIA.  273 

Occuptations  of,  in  families  studied.      {See  Occupations  of  members  of  families  studied.) 
Variation  in  weekly  earnings  of 148-166,  240-261 

Wage  data  obtained  from  pay  rolls 3,  147-166,  239-261 

Wages  of — 

Nineteen  men  (data  obtained  from  pay  rolls) 3,  147-166 

Twenty-seven  women  (data  obtained  from  pay  rolls) 3,  239-261 

Wages.     (iSee  aZso  Earnings;  Family  income ;  Incomes.) 

Water  rent,  expenditures  for,  of  families 39,  45,  58,  60,  72,  91,  109,  110,  114 

Weekly  earnings,  variation  in — 

Of  men  textile  workers 148-166 

Of  women  textile  workers .    240-261 


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